Biology - WSDblog.wsd.net/kikelson/files/2016/12/Carbon-Compounds... · •carbohydrates •lipids...
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Transcript of Biology - WSDblog.wsd.net/kikelson/files/2016/12/Carbon-Compounds... · •carbohydrates •lipids...
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Biology
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
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The Chemistry of Carbon
The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.
MonomersPolymers
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Macromolecules
Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
•carbohydrates•lipids•nucleic acids•proteins
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Carbohydrates
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Source of Energy
Structure
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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Carbohydrates
Different sizes of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Glucose
Starch Examples:CelluloseStarchGlycogen
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Lipids
Lipids
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.The common categories of lipids are:
fatsoils waxessteroids
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Lipids
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
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Lipids
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
•a 5-carbon sugar
•a phosphate group
•a nitrogenous base
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Proteins
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
•polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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Proteins
Amino acids
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Proteins
The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.
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Proteins
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
AminoAcids
Protein Molecule
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Proteins
Some functions of proteins:
–Control rate of reactions – Enzymes
–Used to form bones and muscles
–Transport substances into or out of cells
–Help to fight disease - antibodies
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2–3
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2–3
Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as
a. lipids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. proteins.
d. polysaccharides.
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2–3
Many lipids are formed from glycerol and
a. fatty acids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. amino acids.
d. nucleic acids.
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2–3
Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules becausea. they contain both amino groups and carboxyl
groups.b. they can twist and fold into many different
and complex structures.c. they contain nitrogen as well as carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.d. their R groups can be either acidic or basic.
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2–3
Which of the following statements about cellulose is true?a. Animals make it and use it to store energy.b. Plants make it and use it to store energy.c. Animals make it and use it as part of the
skeleton.d. Plants make it and use it to give structural
support to cells.
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2–3
A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is thata. plants make polysaccharides, while animals
make proteins.b. proteins are made of monomers, while
polysaccharides are not.c. polysaccharides are made of
monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids.
d. proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.
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