CAPPS - UGA

Consortium for Accelerated Pine Consortium for Accelerated Pine Production Studies (CAPPS)Production Studies (CAPPS)

Long-Term Trends in Loblolly Pine Stand Productivity and

Characteristics in Georgia

CAPPS - UGA

Consortium for Accelerated Pine Consortium for Accelerated Pine Production Studies (CAPPS)Production Studies (CAPPS)

B.E. Borders, R.L. Hendrick,

R. Will, D. Markewitz, A. Clarke,

T.B. Harrington, R.O. Teskey

CAPPS - UGA

CAPPS ProgramCAPPS Program

Five year program – started in July 1998Members – International Paper,

Champion International, Temple-Inland, Boise Cascade, The Timber Company, Rayonier, Mead Coated Board, Westvaco, Gilman Paper, Jefferson Smurfit, Weyerhaeuser Co, U.S. Alliance

CAPPS - UGA

Objective of CAPPSObjective of CAPPS

Improve our understanding of tree responses to intensive cultural treatments

Use this improved understanding to develop more efficient management guidelines

Develop simulation models that provide realistic yields on a localized level

CAPPS - UGA

Objectives (cont.)Objectives (cont.)

Provide information for the improvement of process level simulators

Evaluate and characterize wood quality of fast grown loblolly pine trees

CAPPS - UGA

FundingFunding

CAPPS received funding for a 5 year period starting in July 1998 extending through June of 2003

The total extramural funding for this project comes from DOE (approximately $300,000), and forest industry (approximately $500,000)

CAPPS - UGA

Funding (cont.)Funding (cont.)

Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources at the University of Georgia is also providing approximately $500,000 of actual and in-kind support for this project

CAPPS - UGA

CAPPS Field PlotsCAPPS Field Plots

Four separate installations located at 2 locations in Georgia

Two Piedmont installations (near Eatonton, GA in Putnam county)

Two Lower Coastal Plain installations (near Waycross, GA in Ware county)

CAPPS - UGA

Treatments Treatments

H - complete vegetation control throughout the life of the stand using herbicides

F - annual fertilization treatment HF - both H and F C - check plot (a very intensive mechanical

treatment that include bedding in Waycross and a 3-pass operation in Eatonton)

CAPPS - UGA

Fertilizer TreatmentFertilizer Treatment

250 lbs/ac DAP plus 100 lbs/ac KCl spring of year 1 and 2 plus 50 lbs/ac ammonium nitrate mid summer of year 1 and 2;

In each subsequent growing season 150 lbs/ac ammonium nitrate each spring

CAPPS - UGA

ReplicationReplication

Two complete blocks of 3/8 acre treatment plots at each location

3 time replicates at each locationEatonton - 1988, 1990, 1995 (one block

only)Waycross - 1987, 1989, 1993

CAPPS - UGA

Plot HistoryPlot History

All plots established on cutover forestland

All plots planted at the equivalent of 680 trees/acre

At Waycross half-sib family 7-56 usedAt Eatonton half-sib family 10-25 used

CAPPS - UGA

Waycross – Dry Site Age 9 - C

CAPPS - UGA

Waycross – Dry Site Age 9 - HF

CAPPS - UGA

Picture 2Picture 2

Waycross, Dry siteHerbicide and Fertilization Plot at Age 11

CAPPS - UGA

Waycross West Site

Age 11 - HF

CAPPS - UGA

Site Descriptors - SoilsSite Descriptors - Soils

WAYCROSS Slopes < 1% Dry site –Bonifay in

close associate with Blanton – Greater than 40” sand – MW – WD

Wet site – Pelham in association with Rigdon with intermittent spodic – PD to SPD

EATONTON Slopes < 15% Cecil is predominant,

with Pacolet and Appling and limited areas of Davidson

CAPPS - UGA

Site Descriptors - SoilsSite Descriptors - SoilsLocation

Component Waycross Eatonton

Texture A Sand to Loamy sand

Sandy loam toLoam

Texture B Loam Clay-Clay loam

Depth to Argillic 40 to 80 cm 15 to 30 cm

Drainage class SPD to MWD1 WD1SPD-somewhat poorly drained; MWD-moderately well drained; WD-well drained

CAPPS - UGA

Location

Component Waycross Eatonton

----------mm----------

Rainfall 1223 1310

Potential Evapotranspiration 980 814

Actual Evapotranspiration 916 814

Plant Available Soil MoistureCapacity (upper 1 m of soil)

100 150

Site Descriptors - ClimateSite Descriptors - Climate

CAPPS - UGA

Site Descriptors - Water BalanceSite Descriptors - Water Balance

Average Annual Water BalanceEatonton, GA 1987-1999

020

4060

80100

120140

160180

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

mm

of w

ater

PptPETAET

WaterSurplus Soil moisture

utilization Soil moisturerecharge

CAPPS - UGA

Average Annual Water BalanceWaycross, GA

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

mm

of

wat

er

Ppt

PET

AET

Water Surplus

Soil moisture utlilization

Soil moisturedeficit

Soil moisturerecharge

Site Descriptors - Water BalanceSite Descriptors - Water Balance

CAPPS - UGA

Stand Development – Stand Development – Treatment ResponseTreatment Response

Eatonton (piedmont) – HF, H, F, C highest production to least production through age 12, however by age 13 F is starting to overtake H

Waycross (LCP) – HF, F, H, C most production to least production through age 14 – note that H had higher production than F through age 4

CAPPS - UGA

Dominant Heights - feetDominant Heights - feet

 

Location Age C F H HF

Eatonton Monitor

13 46 52 55 60

Eatonton Powerline

13 45 53 57 60

Waycross

Dry

14 52 65 59 66

Waycross Wet

14 52 70 53 72

CAPPS - UGA

Stand DevelopmentStand DevelopmentTotal VolumeTotal Volume

WCW

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

AGE

VO

L (

ft^

3/a

c)

C

F

H

HF

BFM

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

AGE

VO

L (

ft^

3/a

c)

C

F

H

HF

WCD

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

AGE

VO

L (

ft^

3/a

c)

C

F

H

HF

BFP

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

AGE

VO

L (

ft^

3/a

c)

C

F

H

HF

CAPPS - UGA

Stand DevelopmentStand DevelopmentMean Annual Volume IncrementMean Annual Volume Increment

BFM

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

AGE

MA

VI

(ft^

3/a

c/yr

)

C

F

H

HF

WCW

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

AGE

MA

VI

(ft^

3/a

c/yr

)

C

F

H

HF

CAPPS - UGA

Stand DevelopmentStand DevelopmentCurrent Annual IncrementCurrent Annual Increment

BFM

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

AGE

CA

VI

(ft^

3/a

c)

C

F

H

HF

WCW

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

AGE

MA

VI

(ft^

3/a

c)

C

F

H

HF

CAPPS - UGA

Stand DevelopmentStand DevelopmentTREES PER ACRE (BFM)

500

550

600

650

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Age

tre

es/

ac

C

F

H

HF

TREES PER ACRE (WCW)

500

550

600

650

700

750

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Age

tre

es/

ac

C

F

H

HF

CAPPS - UGA

Stand Development - WaycrossStand Development - WaycrossStand Table-Age 14 (WCW)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DBH (inch)

tre

es/

ac

C

vol<=9"=100%

Stand Table-Age 14 (WCW)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DBH (inch)

tre

es/

ac

H

vol<=9"=100%

Stand Table-Age 14 (WCW)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DBH (inch)

tre

es/

ac

F

vol<=9"=89.44%9"<vol<=12"=10.56%

Stand Table-Age 14 (WCW)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DBH (inch)

tre

es/

ac

HF

vol<=9"=87.23%9"<vol<=12"=12.77%

CAPPS - UGA

Stand Development - EatontonStand Development - EatontonStand Table-Age 13 (BFM)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DBH (inch)

tre

es/

ac

C

vol<=9"=100%

Stand Table-Age 13 (BFM)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DBH (inch)

tre

es/

ac

H

vol<=9"=100%

Stand Table-Age 13 (BFM)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DBH (inch)

tre

es/

ac

Fvol<=9"=97.86%9"<vol<=12"=2.14%

Stand Table-Age 13 (BFM)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DBH (inch)

tre

es/

ac

HF

vol<=9"=97.86%9"<vol<=12"=2.14%

CAPPS - UGA

Stand StructureStand StructureLAI vs Basal AreaLAI vs Basal Area

Both sites show a positive correlation between projected leaf area index and stand basal area

CAPPS - UGA

Stand Structure – LAI vs BAStand Structure – LAI vs BA

LAI vs BA (BFM)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 50 100 150 200 250

Basal Area (ft^2/acre)

LAI

LAI vs BA (WCW)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 50 100 150 200 250

Basal Area (ft^2/ac)

LA

I

LAI for 1998 needle cohort

CAPPS - UGA

Stand Structure – Crown SizeStand Structure – Crown Size

Crown length is slightly greater for F treatments

Height to live crown is greater on more responsive treatments

For a given treatment – crown length vs stand basal area increases and flattens out whereas crown height continues to increase as basal area increases

CAPPS - UGA

Stand StructureStand StructureEatonton – CL vs BAEatonton – CL vs BA

BFM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

5 16 22 38 51 65 79 90 103 114

TRT=C

BFM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

8 20 28 53 74 90 109 125 139 150

TRT=F

BFM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10 30 54 70 91 109 118 133 141 152 158

TRT=H

BFM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

15 42 67 82 104 120 130 144 154 162 167

TRT=HF

CAPPS - UGA

Stand StructureStand StructureWaycross – CL vs BAWaycross – CL vs BA

WCW

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

5 16 30 42 52 65 74 82 92 99 107

TRT=C

WCW

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

24 56 87 112 134 153 167 178 189 185 187

TRT=F

WCW

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

12 27 50 67 80 91 101 109 118 125 131 136

TRT=H

WCW

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

24 47 79 105 126 141 159 170 184 192 199 199

TRT=HF

CAPPS - UGA

Stand StructureStand StructureEatonton – Ht to Crown vs BAEatonton – Ht to Crown vs BA

BFM

05

10152025303540

5 16 22 38 51 65 79 90 103 114

BA (ft^2/ac)

he

igh

t to

liv

e c

row

n (

ft)

TRT=C

BFM

05

101520

25303540

8 20 28 53 74 90 109 125 139 150

BA (ft^2/ac)

he

igh

t to

liv

e c

row

n (

ft)

TRT=F

BFM

05

10

15202530

3540

10 30 54 70 91 109 118 133 141 152 158

BA (ft^2/ac)

he

igh

t to

liv

e c

row

n (

ft)

TRT=H

BFM

05

101520

2530

3540

15 42 67 82 104 120 130 144 154 162 167

BA (ft^2/ac)

he

igh

t to

liv

e c

row

n (

ft)

TRT=HF

CAPPS - UGA

Stand StructureStand StructureWaycross – Ht to Crown vs BAWaycross – Ht to Crown vs BA

WCW

0

10

20

30

40

50

5 16 30 42 52 65 74 82 92 99 107

BA (ft^2/ac)

he

igh

t to

liv

e c

row

n (

ft)

TRT=C

WCW

0

10

20

30

40

50

24 56 87 112 134 153 167 178 189 185 187

BA (ft^2/ac)

he

igh

t to

liv

e c

row

n (

ft)

TRT=F

WCW

0

10

20

30

40

50

12 27 50 67 80 91 101 109 118 125 131 136

BA (ft^2/ac)

he

igh

t to

liv

e c

row

n (

ft)

TRT=H

WCW

0

10

20

30

40

50

24 47 79 105 126 141 159 170 184 192 199 199

BA (ft^2/ac)

he

igh

t to

liv

e c

row

n (

ft) TRT=HF

CAPPS - UGA

Stem CharacteristicsStem Characteristics

20 trees from each plot in the oldest time replicate were cored at 4.5 feet from the Waycross sites early summer 1998 and from Eatonton early summer 1999

We currently have wood density information available for the Waycross location

CAPPS - UGA

Stem Characteristics - Stem Characteristics - WaycrossWaycross

EW/LW ratios and ring density by growth ring show that:– HF and F treatments have lower density wood

than C and H treatments– All treatments have started producing mature

wood by age 6

CAPPS - UGA

Stem CharacteristicsStem Characteristics

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ring Number

EW

/LW

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Rin

g D

en

sity

R-C R-F R-H R-HF D-C

D-F D-H D-HF

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ring Number

EW

/LW

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Rin

g D

en

sity

R-C R-F R-H R-HF

D-C D-F D-H D-HF

Waycross Dry Site Waycross Wet Site

CAPPS - UGA

Stem CharacteristicsStem Characteristics

Four trees from each plot were harvested and intensively measured for development of biomass prediction equations as well as for leaf area determination (in total more than 192 trees were taken from the Waycross sites and 160 from the Eatonton sites)

CAPPS - UGA

Stem Characteristics – Stem Characteristics – BranchesBranches

There is not a great deal of difference in the number of branches by height for the different treatments

Maximum branch diameter tends to be larger on F and HF treatments

Most differences reflect differences in tree height and height to crown

CAPPS - UGA

Stem CharacteristicsStem Characteristics

AGE 12

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

C F H HF

TREATMENT

MA

X. A

VG

. DIA

MET

ER (

IN)

LOG 1

LOG 2

LOG 3

LOG 4

Waycross Site – Largest live branch diameter in each 16 foot log

CAPPS - UGA

Stem CharacteristicsStem CharacteristicsEatonton Site – Largest live branch diameter in each 16 foot log

AGE 12

0

0.20.4

0.6

0.8

11.2

1.4

1.6

C H F HF

TREATMENTS

MA

X A

VG

. DIA

MET

ER

(IN

CH

ES)

LOG 1

LOG 2

LOG 3

LOG 4

CAPPS - UGA

Stem CharacteristicsStem Characteristics

Eatonton Site – Number of branches >1” by log

Age 12

02468

1012

C H F HF

Bra

nch

es>

1"

LOG 1

LOG 2

LOG 3

LOG 4

CAPPS - UGA

Stem CharacteristicsStem Characteristics

Waycross Site – Number of branches >1” by log

Age 12

0

5

10

15

C F H HF

Bra

nch

es

> 1

"

LOG 1

LOG 2

LOG 3

LOG 4

CAPPS - UGA

Basic Ecophysiological Basic Ecophysiological RelationshipsRelationships

B.F. Grant (Piedmont)

Stand Age4 9 11

Pro

ject

ed L

eaf A

rea

Inde

x

0

1

2

3

ControlFertilizeCompetition ControlFert + CC

Waycross (Flatwoods)

Pro

ject

ed L

eaf A

rea

Inde

x

0

1

2

3

6 10 12

Waycross (Flatwoods)

Cu

rre

nt A

nnu

al I

ncr

em

en

t (m

3 h

a-1

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

7012 - Control12 - Fert12 - Comp Cont12 - Fert + CC10 - Control10 - Fert10 - Comp Cont10 - Fert + CC6 - Control6 - Fert6 - Comp Cont6 - Fert + CC

B.F. Grant (Piedmont)

All-sided Leaf Area Index

1 3 5 7 9 11

10

20

30

40

50

60 11 - Control11 - Fert11 - Comp Cont11 - Fert + CC9 - Control9 - Fert9 - Comp Cont9 - Fert + CC4 - Control4 - Fert4 - Comp Cont4 - Fert + CC

Waycross B.F. Grant

BWPE = Bolewood Production Efficiency (ft3 ac-1 projected LAI-1 year-1)

Age BWPE Age BWPE

6 277 4 480

10 226 9 220

12 189 11 203

Age No Fert Fert Age No Fert Fert

6 249 306 4 586 374

10 224 229 9 231 209

12 197 181 11 207 197

Waycross B.F. Grant

Bolewood Prod. Eff.(ft3 ac-1 proj. LAI-1 yr-1)

Bolewood Prod. Eff.(ft3 ac-1 proj. LAI-1 yr-1)

Waycross

Average Tree Height (ft)

20 30 40 50 60 70

Bol

ewoo

d P

rod.

Eff.

(t

on o

f bol

ewoo

d / t

on le

af)

1

2

3

4

5

No FertilizerFertilizer

B.F. Grant

Average Tree Height (ft)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Bo

lew

oo

d P

rod

. Eff.

(m

3 ha

-1 L

AI-1

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

11 - Control11 - Fert11 - Comp Cont11 - Fert + CC9 - Control9 - Fert9 - Comp Cont9 - Fert + CC4 - Control4 - Fert4 - Comp Cont4 - Fert + CC

B.F. Grant

Average Tree Height (ft)

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

2

4

6

8

11 - Control11 - Fert11 - Comp Cont11 - Fert + CC9 - Control9 - Fert9 - Comp Cont9 - Fert + CC4 - Control4 - Fert4 - Comp Cont4 - Fert + CCB

olew

ood

Pro

d. E

ff.

(m3 h

a-1 L

AI-1

)

Waycross (Flatwoods)

6 10 12

Nitr

ogen

(pe

rcen

t)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0ControlFertilizeCompetition ControlFert + CC

B.F. Grant (Piedmont)

Stand Age

Nitr

ogen

(pe

rcen

t)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

5 10 12

Waycross (Flatwoods)

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

All-

sid

ed

LA

I

0

2

4

6

8

10

1212 - Control12 - Fert12 - Comp Cont12 - Fert + CC10 - Control10 - Fert10 - Comp Cont10 - Fert + CC6 - Control6 - Fert6 - Comp Cont6 - Fert + CC

B.F. Grant (Piedmont)

Nitrogen Concentration (percent)

0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9

All-

side

d LA

I

0

2

4

6

8

10 12 - Control12 - Fert12 - Comp Cont12 - Fert + CC10 - Control10 - Fert10 - Comp Cont10 - Fert + CC6 -Control6 - Fert6 - Comp Cont6 - Fert + CC

Waycross (Flatwoods)

Dormant Season Nitrogen Content (kg ha-1)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Cur

rent

Ann

. In

c. (

kg h

a-1)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

12 - Control12 - Fert12 - Comp Cont12 - Fert + CC10 - Control10 - Fert10 - Comp Cont10 - Fert + CC6 - Control6 - Fert6 - Comp Cont6 - Fert + CC

Age No Fert Fert

6 226 263

10 203 190

12 188 135

Waycross

Nitrogen Use Efficiency(ton ac-1 stem growth / ton ac-1 nitrogen

Waycross

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Dry

Wei

ght

(ton

s ac

re-1

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

wood bark branch Leaf

C

6 -Year-old

F H HF C

12 -Year-old

F H HFC

10 -Year-old

F H HF

Waycross

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Nitr

ogen

(to

ns a

cre-1

)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Stem WoodStem BarkBranchLeaf

C

6 -Year-old

F H HF C

12 -Year-old

F H HFC

10 -Year-old

F H HF

CAPPS - UGA

Extremely rapid growth in coastal plain sites and clearly greater than in piedmont.

Contrasting response to H and F treatments– F greatly out performing H in sandy coastal plain soils– H out performing F in clay rich piedmont soils but F

catching up by age 13– Accelerated growth apparently decreasing wood

density at Waycross but all treatments are producing mature wood by age 7

ConclusionsConclusions

CAPPS - UGA

Conclusions con’tConclusions con’t

Growth efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency decrease with tree size.

At Waycross, fertilization increased efficiency when trees of equal size were compared.

CAPPS - UGA

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?Comments?Comments?