Canola NutritionCanola Nutrition- some issues to consider

Rob Norton, IPNI Regional Director ANZ, g

Canola Expos, Dookie and Corowa, March 2012

So what will 2012 bring?So what will 2012 bring?

• Not possible to predict the future• But there are some observations that help refine

the 2012 strategy– Profiles are wet– Losses were high – offtake, leaching, stubble tie-up and

denitrification.– Mobile nutrients (N, S, B) probably deeper in the profile

• Objective should be to suck all that water out and need to t h t iti t th t d idmatch nutrition to that and consider:

– Potential Yields– Rotation/History/Stubbley– Equipment available and logistics

Setting a yield potential – water limitedSetting a yield potential water limited

• A yield potential sets a nutrient budgety p g• WUE 12-14 kg/ha/mm (9.5)• “SE” – 150 mm (120)

• Stored water – 150 mm• “Expected” rain = 300 mm• Water Supply = 450 mm• Yield Potential

= 12 (450–150) = 3600 kg/ha10*(450 120) 3300 k /h= 10*(450-120) = 3300 kg/ha

Norton 1995; Robertson & Kirkegaard 2005

Nutrients to meet that yield potentialNutrients to meet that yield potential

• Say 3.5 t/ha canola targety g

Crop Yield N kg/ha P kg/ha K kg/ha S kg/haCanola kg/t 40 6 8 4g

3.5 t/ha 140 21 28 14Wheat 5.0 t/ha 105 15 18 6

• Large nutrient demand – so just to balance off-take.

20 f ( ) ( )– P – 20 kg P plus any soil fixation (PBI), losses (erosion, sol.P)– If PBI >200 (about), will need extra P to account for fixation– Bound to use P at sowing - About 100 kg DAP or MAP or TSPg g

» CAUTION HERE

Rate for N SourceSource

RateRate

Rate for N

• N use efficiency ~ 50%

SourceSource

TimeTime

PlacePlace

N use efficiency 50%• So N replacement will be about twice N removal

– Need 80 kg N per tonne of yield potential– 3.5 t/ha = N supply of 280 kg N

• From at sowing N – deep soil N test– 50 kg N/ha50 kg N/ha

• In-crop mineralisation – depends on season and organic matter content

OC*Rain/6 = 2*300/6 = 100 kg N/ha– OC Rain/6 = 2 300/6 = 100 kg N/ha• Fertilizer supply

– 130 kg N/ha to be suppliedIf 40 k MAP 40 k N li d– If use 40 kg MAP = 40 kg N supplied

– Balance of 90 kg N to be provided = Rate of N

So what is the cautionSo what is the caution

• Can 100 kg/ha DAP be applied safely at sowing?g pp y gRow Spacing Safe

RateSoil Type SBU

10 25 40DAP H 25 45 65

Fertilizer Spread

SBU = %FS/RS

DAP Heavy 25 45 65

Medium 15 30 50

MAP Heavy 35 65 95Spread20 cm 30 cm

125 mm Share 33 22S P i t 13 8

Medium 10 20 35

Urea Heavy 15 30 45

Medium 10 20 35Spear Point 13 8

Medium 10 20 35

AmS Heavy 65 125 185

Medium 35 85 135

http://anz.ipni.net/articles/ANZ0042-EN

OptionsOptions

• Predrill the N source – lower efficiency(placement & losses)losses)

• Use lower N fertilizer source in the seed row (eg TSP)Use lower N fertilizer source in the seed row (eg TSP)

• Twin Chuting – 2-3 cm separation OKTwin Chuting 2 3 cm separation OK

• Minimal N at seedingg– 50 kg N enough to get to5 leaf stage of the crop.

Right TimeSourceSource

PlacePlace

RateRate

Right Time

Rate

TimingAll d ill TD TD l t * Split S lit l t * Nil N LSD

TimeTime

predrilled early* TD late* p

early* Split late* Nil N (5%)

High (90 kg N) 2.11 2.30 1.92 2.10 2.16( g )

1.36 0.33Moderate (50 kg N) 1.80 2.11 1.63 2.03 1.69

Low (9 kg N) 1.60 1.37 1.67 1.55 1.32(9 kg N)

Wallup Ag Group, 2011

Right ProductSourceSource

PlacePlace

RateRate

Right Product

• Losses from Urea topdressed – 10% (Turner et al. 2010)

TimeTime

p ( )• Loss reduced to 1% with NBPT

• Losses 8-10% 80 kg N li d– Rain >7 mm 50% reduction

– Bury to 5 cm – 75% reduction– NBPT – 90% reduction

applied

NBPT 90% reduction– Polymner coating – 50-98%– UAN – 30% reduction(Bi h d M i 2011)(Bishop and Manning, 2011)

• Degree of loss depends on conditions after spreading!

Classic view of N d fi ideficiencyIf your crop looks y plike this – and there is rain coming

h d- then you need to do some very quick thinking

S Marcroft, MGP

thinking

"Nobody in football should be called a genius. A genius is a guy g g g ylike Norman Einstein."

Mick Malthouse – CollingwoodP Hocking, CSIRO

Diagnosing nutrient deficienciesDiagnosing nutrient deficiencies

• Nutrient mobilityy• Determines if seen in

older or younger lleaves

• Symptoms in older leaves occur withleaves occur with mobile nutrients (egNitrogen)

• Symptoms in younger leaves occur with less mobile nutrients (egob e ut e ts (egIron (Fe))

Sulphurp

• First seen in NSW on red-brown earths.

• Soils naturally low in S ( d OM)(and OM).

• Reduced use of single super

A Good, Incitec Pivot

super.• High demand for S by

canola.• Typically on

– Red Brown EarthsLeached sands– Leached sands,

– Higher rainfallT Jensen IPNI

Right place & right time for sulfurRight place & right time for sulfur

• Where the plant can get it –p g– Root zone – control release rates to avoid leaching

• In synchrony with plant demand – ability to recover from nutrient stress – eg Canola

S appliedKg/ha

Sowing 5-6Leaf

Buds Visible

Stem Elongati

on10 1 73 1 62 1 56 1 41 LSD10 1.73 1.62 1.56 1.41 LSD

0.4340 2.15 2.26 2.11 2.19

Hocking et al 1996Hocking et al., 1996

Right productRight product

• Deliver sulphate to the rootzone at the right time

Product N P K SSuperphosphate 0 8.8 0 11MAP 10.0 21.9 0 1.50 0 9 0 5DAP 18.0 20.0 0 1.6Triple Superphosphate 0 20.7 0 1.0A i S l h t 20 2 0 0 24Ammonium Sulphate 20.2 0 0 24Sulphur Bentonite 0 0 0 90Sulphate of Potash 0 0 41 18

•A range of S fortified products – sulphur coated urea, sulphurcoated MAP & DAP.•Usually coated with S0 (elemental) which requires oxidation•Usually coated with S0 (elemental) which requires oxidation to release sulphate & it all happens at once!•Nutrient co-location can be important (P/S – Friesen 1989)

Rates of sulphate release from different sources

Potassium deficiencyPotassium deficiency

Uncommon in Wimmera & Mallee & NE• general levels >500 kg K/ha in our soils.Has been seen on light acid soilsHay paddocks = much removal

A Johnston IPNI

"He's a guy who gets up g y g pat six o'clock in the morning regardless of what time it is."

A Johnston IPNI

Kevin Sheedy on James Hird

Trace ElementsTrace Elements

• Both deficiencies and toxicities• Soil pH a key• Drought (restricts roots)

*• Waterlogging (changes chemical forms)

*

• Interactions among nutrientsDeficiencies Mn B Mo Zn Wet cold soil

*Light soils High pH Low pH

**

Peaty soils Drought

o

Boron Deficiency/ToxicityBoron Deficiency/Toxicity

ToxicToxic

Deficient

P Parker NSW DPI

I've never had major knee surgery on any other part of my body

Luke Darcy

325 canola tissues –20% <YML B of 22 mg B/kg (Weir 1994) –20% <YML B of 22 mg B/kg (Weir 1994) –2010 Nutrient Advantage Labs

• So was it a problem?• Growth stage and root access to deeper B – maybe

subsoil B?• 1-2 kg boric acid (do for 2-5 years) – even application!

Zinc & CopperZinc & Copper

Classic high pH deficiencyClassic high pH deficiency

Also under high P use

Bronzing of upper surface of younger leaves

Canola relatively more efficient than wheat at getting soil zinc (Brennan and Bolland 2002)

B Holloway SARDI

No confirmed Cu deficiency for canola reported –probably able to access Cu

If history repeats itself, I should think we can expect the same thing again.

p yefficiently as well. Andrew Demetriou

Manganese ToxicityManganese Toxicity

M t i it• Manganese toxicity• pH < 5.5• Seasonal waterlogging• Seasonal waterlogging• Soils with reducible Mn D McCaffery NSW DPI

I want you guys to line up alphabetically by height.

Barry Hall, then Sydney Captain at training

Tools to address these issuesf 2012for 2012

• Matching potentials with water and nutrient continually during the season – realistically

• Deep N & S soil tests to assess potentials (mineralisationa weakness still)

S• Be prepared to apply N and S early in crop• Keep an eye out for micronutrients

Use test strips to see if strategies worked• Use test strips to see if strategies worked.