Canadian History

World War One – The World

• Triple Entente – France, UK, Russia• The Alliance – Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy• Fought on the Western Front• Trench Warfare with No-Mans Land in

between• Second Battle Ypres 1915 Gas • Battle of Somme 1916 Old vs New• Passchendale 1917 “Victory”?

Canada in WW1

• Automatic declaration of War with UK• Total War – whole economy and everybody• Battle of Vimy Ridge 1917 – 1st Canadian

victory• Conscription crisis 1917 – Men had to go to

war• Quebec did not want to conscript into English

War – Voted for Laurier in 1917 election• Robert Borden – Prime Minister

After World War One

• Main leaders met at Versailles for Paris Peace Conference

• Wilson (US), Clemenceau (Fr) and Lloyd George (UK)

• Based on Wilson’s 14 points• Treaty of Versailles- Germany punished – War

Guilt Clause – land taken and reparations ($)• League of Nations set up

Canada after World War One – Independent?

• Borden fights for and gets own seat at Paris Peace Conference and League of Nations

• Chanak Affair – Canada doesn’t fight with UK• Halibut Treaty – 1st treaty signed by Canada as not

part of UK 1923• King - Byng Affair 1926. GG not as powerful after • Imperial Conference and Balfour Declaration

which led to: asking for automony• Statute of Westminster – 1931 - Canadian laws

decided in Canada not UK; control own F. Policy

Canada in 1920s – progress for some

• Winnipeg General Strike 1919. Put down by police because of fear of Red Scare

• Roaring 20s and Jazz Age – Good economy and freedom of new ideas

• Consumerism – buying cars, entertainment etc.• Suffragette movement for women rights• Person’s Case – women officially people under

the law• Group of 7 – Canada’s own art and culture

Canada in 1920s – No progress for others

• Residential schools – “take the Indian out of the Indian”

• Restricted immigration – Head Tax/ Exclusion Act and limit on Japanese immigration

• Women get vote but still limited in professions.

1930s – Boom leads to Bust• 1920s - Laissaz Faire – let it be. Economy will

take care of itself• 1929 –Wall Street Crash – Companies overvalued– People Buying on the Margin (borrowing to buy

shares)• Leads to Great Depression • Hits everyone but especially countryside• Drought and dustbowl at same time

The Political Reaction

• Mackenzie King does nothing – Laissez-Faire• Bennett Elected – copies Roosevelt’s New Deal• CCF-Woodsworth; Social Credit-Aberhart• Opens Relief Camps to get people out of city• People Protest – Onto Ottawa Trek and Regina

Riot• Mackenzie King re-elected• Not really solved before World War Two

1930s in the World

• Depression everywhere but esp. bad in Germany—elevates Nazi Party

• People unhappy at Versailles – called politicians who signed November Criminals

• Hitler promised to take back land lost at Versailles, strong nation and work

• Rise of Fascism in Germany and Italy (Mussolini)

How did World War Two Happen?• WW1 meant to be ‘the war to end all wars’• League of Nations meant to solve probs

through politics• US didn’t join – not strong enough• Germany and Japan kept breaking rules by

invading other countries• Appeasement in Munich• Failed – Germany invaded Czechoslovakia and

then Poland

World War Two – Canada showing independence?

• Independent Declaration of War – Canada joins war 1 week after UK

• BCATP – Canada training UK Air Force• Hyde Park Declaration—US/Canada economic

and defense agreement• Total War – Economy organised by govt and

CD Howe (effect on post WWII)

World War Two Part One• Germany and Japan make gains• Western front - Germany quickly gets France

and tries to attack UK• Eastern Front – Germany can’t invade UK so

attacks Russia• Gets as far as Stalingrad – winter 1942/3• In Pacific – Japan is dominant• December 1941 – attacks US at Pearl Harbour

World War Two Part 2• Battle of Atlantic – ships from US supplying UK attacked

by U-Boats• Dieppe – failed attack on French Coast led by Canadian

troops• Canada involved in Ortona (Italy) and in Netherlands

(after D-Day)• D-Day 1944 – use Dieppe as lesson and successfully

land in France• Eastern Front – Russia starts pushing Germany Back.• Pacific – slowly take back islands• Ended August 1945 – Atomic Bomb

Discrimination in WW2• Hitler used Jews as common enemy• Discrimination getting worse through 1930s in

Germany• Ends in concentration camps and Holocaust

• Also anti-Semitism in Canada during 1930s• Japanese Internment – property taken to pay for

internment and sent to camps• After war – sent to certain areas or returned to

Japan

World After World War Two

• Split into two – Cold War• Eastern Europe - Communist – Warsaw Pact-

USSR• Western Europe- Democracy – NATO – US• Proxy-Wars fought between US and USSR in

other countries – Korea (1950s) Vietnam (1960s and 70s) Afghanistan (1980s)

• United Nations formed 1945

Canada in the Cold War• Middle power in UN• Fights with UN Forces under US in Korea• Peacekeeping in Suez• Idea of Lester B Pearson – Canada leading the world• Doesn’t go to Vietnam with US – Pearson upsets LBJ• Debates about how close to US with defence• Agrees to NORAD – Dew, Pinetree and Mid-Canada

Line• Avro Arrow and BOMARC missiles

Canada – Own Culture?

• Massey Commission sets up CBC TV (1949-51)• CRTC – Certain amount of content has to be

Canadian• Baby Boom – lots of kids between 1945 and 1970• All fighting against Americanisation of Canadian

culture• Flag Debate – Maple Leaf design without British

Flag mid-1960s

Canada and Quebec – Nation or Nations?

• Led by baby boom – lots of young Quebecers• Didn’t like old Quebec politics of Union Nationale

led by Duplessis• 3 options• Stronger Quebec in Canada – Jean Lesage (Liberals)• Separate from Canada politically – Rene Levesque

(Parti Quebecois)• Separate using force –very few – FLQ• 1960’s – Quiet Revolution – Quebec gets more

power in economy and big projects

Quebec - Nation or Nations• October Crisis – FLQ terrorist campaign 1970s• Trudeau (Prime Minister) puts army on streets• FLQ members arrested• Bi and Bi commission – Canada officially bi-Lingual and Bi

cultural. Official Languages Act• Bill 101 – French signs in Quebec• 1980 referendum – PQ loses but says “until next time”• 1982 – Constitution crisis• Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords – “distinct society”• 1995 Referendum – just over 50% stay; just over 49% leave

Canada

First Natiuons in Canada• White Paper – Trudeau – Multiculturalism and all Canadians

not special. 1969• Red Paper – response asking for FN specific rights like

Quebec had• Organise Native political groups in 1960s• Bill C 31 –more self government; 1985• Nisga'a Treaty – First Nations self government 2000• Land Claims – Canadian government took too much land

after treaties• Oka Crisis – protest at land claim 1990• Delgamuukw – Land all First Nation unless govt. can prove

otherwise 1997• Residential Schools ended 1982 – official apology 2008

Canada and the Constitution

• 1982 – Trudeau patriates Constitution (brings Constitution to Canada)

• Charter of Rights and Freedoms• Amending Formula• Notwithstanding Clause – provinces can opt

out of parts of Constitution

Canada’s Economic Path

• Trudeau’s Just Society and social spending with post-War II Boom challenged by 1970s world economic problems.

• Mulroney brings Canada closer to USA economically. Also less spending on social side and lower taxes. Debt still a problem.

• Free Trade with USA (1988/89) and NAFTA (1993/4) further open Canada.

• Liberals cut down debt in 1990s, but Canada less generous society.

• Question still for today: what should Canada be?

After the Cold War – Peacekeeping Myth?

• Peacekeeping big Canadian success story• Fails in 1990s• Former Yugoslavia—NATO needed• Rwanda – 800,000 and Dallaire• Somalia—killing of young boy• Do peacekeepers have enough power to stop

genocide?