© M. Jutz-Effizienzagentur Schweiz AG

     

Can  3D  Prin*ng  Go  Green?      

producing  be5er  products  with    less  resources  and  impact  

   Prof.  Maurice  Jutz  Swiss  Centre  for  Efficiency  Ltd      

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Content  

•  Introduction •  Eco-efficiency and sustainability - key points for the design of new

products and processes

•  How much do we have to reduce our resource consumption when global population reaches 10 billions => IPAT calculator

•  Life Cycle Assessment: a powerful tool to evaluate the environmental impact of products and processes

•  What are the most important key factors to be respected in order to be able to say : ”3-d printing is sustainable”?

 

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Ø Contaminated sites in Switzerland: 2012

•  3% have to be rehabilitated

•  5 % have to be controlled

•  24% have to be analyzed in detail

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Paradoxa We are becoming more energy efficient and are still

consuming more energy Technology helps to make things smaller – but needs

for space are increasing We are producing faster and are more productive – but

still are working more We know many natural resources are limited but we are

still spoiling them We know hunger is a huge global problem but over 30%

of the food production ends as waste

5 3.12.12 Ressourcen/th

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2002-2010, NASA 2011

Mother earth is burning

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Quelle:  NASA  2008  

at day and night

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London Metall Exchange (LME): Preisentwicklung für Cash Buyers Kupfer: Juli 2000 – Juli 2010

Copper The prices for natural ressources are rising

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Global Material Extraction

9"

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The  demand  for  natural  resources  is  also  rising  

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DDT: a Persistent Organic Pollutant

Abb.:Ch. Simon, DDT, CMV

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Up-concentration in the food chain: oersistent lipophilic mobile

DDT and its metabolites: concentration in the tissue of the respective organisms

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Ecological footprint

source: Global Footprint Network

The Ecological Footprint is an accounting system that tracks, on the demand side (Footprint), how much land and water area a human population uses to provide all it takes from nature. This includes the areas for producing the resource it consumes, the space for accommodating its buildings and roads, and the ecosystems for absorbing its waste emissions such as carbon dioxide Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/footprint_basics_overview/

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mine is: 2.6 16%: food 30%: travelling 19%: lodging 35%: diverse

Check your personal footprint: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/personal_footprint/

Quelle: COOP

Ecological footprint…

…what is yours??

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Cleantech Masterplan Switzerland (2011)

The vision is to reduce Switzerland’s use of resources to a sustainable level (footprint 1) and so become a leading business location and centre for innovation in the cleantech sector. Switzerland will set a global example in resource efficiency and resource management.

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Can  3D  Prin*ng  Go  Green?      Is  3D  Prin*ng  sustainable  ?    …under  which  condi*ons  can  3D  Prin*ng  become  a  

sustainable  technology?      1.  seCng  the  target  2.  measure  the  impact  

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Sustainability Sustainable development is development that meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:

The concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs

of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology

and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs.Source: Brundtland Report of 1987

The drawback to the Brundtland definition is it’s more

inspirational than practical. It’s not precise and measurable

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Eco Efficiency "eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of

competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and..

bring quality of life, while progressively reducing

ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle…

to a level at least in line with the Earth’s estimated

carrying capacity."

Source: World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

creating more value with less impact

21 21 Source: WBCSD: eco-eficiency learning module

22 © FHNW - 2007

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Cleaner Production

Clean Technologies

Source: WBCSD: eco-eficiency learning module

How to get there?

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 I  =  PAT  is  the  leFering  of  a  formula  put  forward  to  describe  the  impact  of  human  acKvity  on  the  environment.  I  =  P  ×  A  ×  T    Human  Impact  (I)  on  the  environment  equals  the  product  of  P=  PopulaKon,  A=  Affluence,  T=  Technology.  This  describes  how  our  growing  populaKon,  affluence,  and  technology  contribute  toward  our  environmental  impact.    • The  variable  P  represents  the  populaKon  of  an  area,  such  as  the  world.  • The  variable  A  stands  for  affluence.  It  represents  the  average  consumpKon  of  each  person  in  the  populaKon.  • The  T  variable  represents  how  resource  intensive  the  producKon  of  affluence  is;  how  much  environmental  impact  is  involved  in  creaKng,  transporKng  and  disposing  of  the  goods,  services  and  ameniKes  used.    The  equaKon  was  developed  in  the  1970s  during  the  course  of  a  debate  between  Barry  Commoner,  Paul  R.  Ehrlich  and  John  Holdren.    (source  Wikipedia)  

SeCng  the  target:  IPAT  calculator  

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SeCng  the  target:  IPAT  calculator  

 I  =  PAT  is  the  leFering  of  a  formula  put  forward  to  describe  the  impact  of  human  acKvity  on  the  environment.  I  =  P  ×  A  ×  T    

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years from now

population growth

devel. affluence devel. technology

population growth

devel. affluence

devel. technology

impact

Economy It is well known that the purchase price is just one part.

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Avarage Low High

Mileage

€/ Y

ear

Costs of a small passanger car per year

Acquisition

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Avarage Low High

Mileage

€/ Y

ear

Costs of a small passanger car per year

MaintenanceOperationTax, insurancesAcquisition

For sound decisions the life cycle costs or total costs of owner ship (TCO) have to be taken into account.

Measure  the  impact:  Life  Cycle  Assessment  

How about ecology?

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Costs Climate CO2 Eco Indicator

Economy Ecology

Costs & impacts for a small car per year

Maintenance

Operation

Fix costs (taxes resp. roads)

Acquisition and disposal

The impacts in the use phase can be even more important.

A global product

Figures

To be manufactured, this product needs: •  12 locations in 5 time zones

•  38 main components

•  Approx. 4'500 employees

•  27'880 km of components travelling by ship, plane, truck and train

A global product

The product is an …

electronic toothbrush of

161 grams

The whole life cycle of a product or service The relevant impacts like:

•  toxic emission to the water •  climate change •  reduction of forests •  toxic releases to the air •  reduction of soil fertility •  water pollution •  use of resources .....

For a sound decisions it is important to take into account:

Life Cycle Analysis LCA is the methodology fulfilling this tasks

Importance of LCA

•  Better decision-making for product/production systems

•  Identifies key impacts and life-cycle stages of system

•  Provides a basis for environmental improvements of system

•  Identifies trade offs •  Identifies information gaps

LCA framework according ISO 14'040

•  LCA of product or service is complex, it undergoes subjectivity

•  There was a need in the 90’s to elaborate a standardized assessment process

•  It was elaborated by Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)

•  And standardized by International Standardization Organization (ISO)

LCA Methodology

Environmental impacts of primary and secondary aluminium

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aluminium,  primary  EAA,  at  plant aluminium,  secondary,  from  old  scrap,  at  plant  EAA  2005

relativ

e  en

vironm

ental  im

pacts

CED:  non-­‐renewable

GWP  100a

Eco-­‐indicator  99,  (H,A)

ReCiPe  Endpoint  (H,A)

ecological  scarcity  2006

All indicators show that the environmental impacts of secondary aluminium is much lower than the impacts of primary aluminium.

evaluating recycling

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Summary  

Source: A guide to eco-innovation for SMEs and business coaches, European Commission 2013

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IPAT  calculator    Technology  assessment  

Climate change is a fact – but resource efficiency can be sexy

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Thank you for your attention