Carbohydrates Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell and Farrell Chapter 20.
Campbell: Chapter 15
-
Upload
belicia-romero -
Category
Documents
-
view
34 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Campbell: Chapter 15
![Page 1: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CONCEPT 3: APPLYING THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE TO ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF SEX CHROMOSOMES, LINKED GENES, AND RECOMBINED RECOMBINES GENES
Campbell: Chapter 15
![Page 2: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Intentions
Goal: to analyze mechanisms of chromosomal inheritance
You must know: How the chromosome theory of inheritance
connects the physical movement of chromosomes in meiosis to Mendel’s laws of inheritance
The unique pattern of inheritance in sex-linked and linked genes
![Page 3: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Remember...Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
What is the relationship between a pair of alleles and a homologous pair of chromosomes?
![Page 4: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Remember...Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Alleles are located on chromosomes. The homologous pair of chromosomes
code for the same genes, each having one allele.
Homologous chromosomes
![Page 5: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Remember...Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Since genes have specific locations on chromosomes (loci), when chromosomes segregate and assort independently so do the genes!
![Page 6: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sex-Linked Genes
A sex linked gene is a gene located on the X sex chromosome.
Would this individual be a male or a female? How do you know?
![Page 7: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Morgan’s Sex-Linked Discovery in 1910!
![Page 8: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
He got a Nobel Prize... He’s kind of a big deal.
Thomas Hunt Morgan 1866-1945
The Fly Room!
![Page 9: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The gene for fly eye colour is found on the “X” sex chromosome!
![Page 11: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sex-Linked Genes – Checking In... Can Fathers pass sex-linked genes to
their sons?
For males, do the terms homozygous and heterozygous apply?
Do most genes on the “X” sex chromosomes haveto do with sex characteristics?
![Page 12: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sex-Linked Genes
NO. Fathers pass sex-linked genes to their daughters but not their sons.
NO. For males, the terms homozygous and heterozygous do not apply for sex-linked genes since males only have one copy of the gene.
NO. Most genes on the “X” sex chromosomes havenothing to do with sex characteristics.
![Page 13: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene
Can you read the number?
![Page 14: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene
What happens if you cross a normal female with a colour blind male?
![Page 15: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene
All females are carriersAll males are normal
![Page 16: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene
What happens if you cross a carrier female with a normal male?
![Page 17: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene
½ females are carriers½ females are normal ½ males are colour-blind½ males are normal
![Page 18: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene
What happens if you cross a carrier female with a colour-blind male?
![Page 19: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene
½ females are colour blind½ females are carriers ½ males are colour blind½ males are normal
![Page 20: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene
All females are carriers
½ females are carriers and ½ males are colour-blind
½ females are colour blind, ½ females are carriers. ½ males are colourblind
![Page 21: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Other examples of Sex-Linked Genes:
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy Progressive muscle weakening,
loss of coordination
Hemophilia Reduced ability to clot blood
![Page 22: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Try This!
Neither Tom nor Rhonda has muscular distrophy, but their firstborn son has it. What is the probability that a second child
will have this disease?
What if the child was a boy? A girl?
![Page 23: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Try This!
Neither Tom nor Rhonda has muscular distrophy, but their firstborn son has it. What is the probability that a second child
will have this disease?
What if the child was a boy? A girl?
![Page 24: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Try This!
Neither Tom nor Rhonda has muscular distrophy, but their firstborn son has it. What is the probability that a second child
will have this disease? 1/4
What if the child was a boy? 1/2 A girl? 0, but ½ carrier
![Page 25: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
X-Inactivation
Since females get two copies of the “X” sex chromosomes, they need to inactivate one of them! Done by adding methyl groups to DNA...
Bunches up the chromosome
Happens randomly in each cell when the female is an embryo
Inactive chromosome is called a Barr body
![Page 26: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Example of X-Inactivation: Calico Cats!
![Page 27: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The kitten on the left “CC” is an identical clone of the cat on the right “Rainbow”. How can you explain the different colouring?
http://scientificcuriosity.blogspot.com/2006/09/that-cute-kitten-is-copycat-or-cc-first.html
CC (copy cat) was born in 2001. She is the first cloned cat.
![Page 29: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Discuss...
During early embryonic development of female carriers for colour blindness, the normal allele is inactivated by chance in about half the cells. Why, then, aren’t half of female’s colour blind?
![Page 30: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Discuss...
During early embryonic development of female carriers for colour blindness, the normal allele is inactivated by chance in about half the cells. Why, then, aren’t half of female’s colour blind?
Eye cells must come from multiple cells in early embryo
Having ~1/2 of mature eye cells expressing proteins for colour detection must be enough for normal colour vision
![Page 31: Campbell: Chapter 15](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5681306f550346895d96509d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Try This!
Handout with questions... “Sex Linked Practice”
Chapter 15!
Next Class: Linked Genes