CC CHT PH GIA

Phn loi1. Cht ph gia, tng cng hiu qu ca x phng v cc hn hp ty ra khc khi s dng. 2. Cht n, khng lm thay i hoc ng gp rt t vo tnh cht ca x phng v cc cht ty vi mc ch lm tng khi lng, h gi thnh.

Ngi ta cng c th chia cc thnh phn mt cch t m hn thnh: 1. Cc thnh phn lm tng kh nng ty ra ca cht hot ng b mt 2. Cc thnh phn ngn cn s bm cc cht bn tr li vi. 3. Cc thnh phn lm tng kh nng to bt 4. Cc thnh phn ngn cn s n mn ca cht hot ng b mt i vi cc chu, thng, hoc b mt my git bng kim loi, trng men.

CC CHT PH GIA V C Natri cacbonat Cc loi mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim to ra mi trng kim kh mnh v c kh nng thy phn cc cht bn c ngun gc l du m, m hi

2 phng php sx chnh: phng php Solvay v phng php dng xt lm nguyn liu

Mui natri cacbonat dng trong cng nghip x phng c cc dng nh sau: - Soda khan, dng bt trng mn, t trng 2,53 - Natri cacbonat monohidrat Na2CO3H2O dng bt trng, t trng 1,55 - Sodahidrat ha Na2CO3.10H2O

2. Cc mui photphat ngng t cng thc chung l Nan+ 2 (Pn O3n+1) trong natri c th c thay th tng phn bng hidro, n c th dao ng t 1 n 10. Trong thc t, ngi ta thng dng cc photphat mch ngn c n t 1 n 3. Cht ph bin nht trong s cc mui photphat ngng t l natri tripoliphotphat Na5P3O10

lm tng c kh nng ty ra v c tnh kim. Tripoliphotphat v hexametaphotphat lm gim cng ca nc do to thnh nhng phc cht canxi, magie, st di dng ha tan chng ngn cn khng cho cht bn bm tr li vi. Ngi ta thng cho thm 25 40% natri tripliphotphat hoc hn hp ca n vi tetranatri pirophotphat.

3. Natri Silicat: Natri silicat l cc sn phm c thnh phn thay i, ty theo t l SiO2 v Na2O gi l modun ca nhng cht a vo n pha ch x phng, n c tc dng n nh bt v ngn cht bn bm ngc li vi. Trong bt git tng hp, n lm tng bn ca ht, ngn khng cho chng b dnh vo nhau, bo m cho bt lun lun ti xp.

Trong qu trnh git gi, thy tinh lng c xem nh cht c ch hin tng n mn xy ra do tc dng ca cc cht hot ng b mt sunfonat ha trn cc thng, chu bng nhm, ng hoc b mt trng men Nu cht ty git c cha thnh phn ty trng l hp cht ca clo, n che du mi clo kh ngi ivi ngi tiu th. Ngoi ra nh tnh kim, n c tc dng thy phn cht bn l du m

4. Natri sunfat v Natri clorua Natri sunfat l tinh th mu trng v khi dng trong sn xut cc cht ty git phi khng c cha cc cht c hi nh mui st, mui mangan thng c xem nh mt cht n r tin, nhng tc dng natri sunfat thc ra nhiu hn th. L cht in ly r tin nht n lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung dch, gim lng cht hot ng b mt cn thit v tng kh nng ty ra ca chng.

5. Cc mui peoxit Cc mui peoxit c tnh cht ty trng, kh khi vi si cc cht bn c mu sc nh nc ch, nc hoa qu Natri peborat c thm vo x phng tm, thuc nh rng v nc gi u. C trng hp t l natri peborat trong hn hp ln ti 10% tng ng vi 0,9 1,0% oxi hot ng.

6. Bentonit : Nh tnh nh ha, bentonit gi trong dung dch cc cht bn m x phng hay cc cht ty ra khc li ra. Tuy nhin, bentonit c th b hp th mt phn trn vi si.

II- CC CHT PH GIA HU C :1. Colophan: Colophan c th coi nh ph gia, ng thi cngc th xem nh nguyn liu trong sn xut x phng. Colophan l mt loi nha thc vt, thu c t m thng sau khi chng ct hoc li cun hi nc thu hi tinh du thng. Colophan gm 90% l axit abielic v 10% cc cht khc, nh hidrocacbua, este, ru bc hai

X phng colophan mm, c tnh to bt v ty ra kh tt. Phi hp vi x phng ca axit bo, tnh cht ca sn phm tng ln r rt nh tng c tan trong nc cng, tng kh nng ty ra v lm x phng mm hn

2. Cacboximetilxenluloza (CMC) Cacboximetilxenluloza l mui natri ca este gia xenluloza v axit glicolic, iu ch bng cch cho xenluloza kim tc dng vi axit monocloaxetic kim tc dng vi axit monocloaxetic gi c cht bn trong dung dch git ra Cacboximetilxenluloza cn c tc dng bo v da tay v n nh bt.

3. Cc cht n nh bt Cc cht n nh bt thng dng v c hiu qu cao nht l sn phm ngng t ca cc axit bo C10 - C16 vi monoetanolamin, izopropanolamin hoc dietanolamin. Cht ph bin nht, l sn phm cng hp gia

4. Cc cht ty trng quang hc : Chng l nhng cht khng mu, vi thnh phn rt nh, thng khng vt qu 0,1%. cht ty trng quang hc phi: Khng cha cc cht c hi i vi c th. Khng c tc dng vi x phng v cc cht ty git tng hp khi sn xut cng nh khi bo qun. Bm chc ln vi si. Hp th tia t ngoi nhng khng hp th tia sng trng thy. Bn vi nh sng

Trong cng nghip x phng v cc cht ty git tng hp, ngi ta thng ch dng cc cht nh triazinistilben, aroilstilben, benzidilsunfon, triazol v aminocumarin.

5. Natri toluensunfonat 6. Ur Trong ngnh sn xut cht ty git tng hp, ur c thm vo thnh phn lng ngn cn hin tng phn lp ca cc cht hot ng b mt trong dung dch.

7. Cc cht thm

l cc cht hu c thin nhin hoc tng hp a vo x phng v cc hn hp ty git khc vo giai on cui cng trc khi ng bao, lm sn phm c mi thm d chu, c trng cho tng mt hng thng phm

C. CC LOI MEN lm cht xc tin qu trnh phn hy vt bn. Thng dng trong cng nghip cc cht ty git l men proteinaza v amilaza, y nhanh phn ng phn hy cc vt bn loi protein (vt mu, sa, cacao, trng) hoc vt bn loi polisaccarit.