I. C chua (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) 1. Cu to hoa Hoa: Hoa mc thnh chm, lng tnh, t th phn l chnh. S th phn cho c chua kh xy ra v hoa c chua tit nhiu tit t cha cc alkaloid c nn khng hp dn cn trng v ht phn nng khng bay xa c. S lng hoa trn chm thay i ty ging v thi tit, thng t 5 - 20 hoa. 2. Tp tnh n hoa Hoa c ra n trc hoa ci. T khi gieo n lc hoa n khong 55 ngy (hoa c) v khong 60 ngy (hoa ci). Cy c chua ra hoa khi t n tui xc nh, tui ca cy c tnh bng s l xc nh. + Dng v hn: Thn di hn 2 m, c chm hoa u tin l th 9-11 sau cch 3-4 l sau mi c chm hoa tip theo. Dng ny c tim nng cho nng sut cao. + Dng hu hn: Thn cng, mc ng, c chm hoa u tin l th 7-9, sau cch 1-2 l cho chm ho k tip cho n khi cy c 4-6 chm hoa th xut hin chm hoa ngon, cy ngng cao. Dng c chua ny cho tri sm v tp trung. + Dng bi: C chua c lng rt ngn, m chi mnh, t chm hoa, cho tri tp trung, phc v cho vic trng dy v thu hoch c gii. + Dng bn hu hn: Tng t nh dng hu hn nhng s chm hoa ca loai ny nhiu hn khong 8-10 chm. 3. k thut lai iu kin sn xut ht c chua u th lai cho cht lng ht ging tt l ma kh vi nhit ban ngy 21 25oC v nhit ban m 15 - 20oC, nhit trong thi gian u qu khng vt qu 30oC. m khng vt qu 60% trong thi gian qu chn, nu m vt qu 60% s tng kh nng b bnh v gim nng sut. Ht lai sn xut trong ma ma nhn chung cho nng sut v cho lng rt km. Khng trng c chua rung trng cc cy h c hoc t v trc trnh tch lu bnh. Trng c chua sau trng la s gim bnh giun trn, trng c chua trn t c pH t 6,0 7,0 l thch hp.

a) K thut vn m, gieo trng v chm sc: K thut p dng tng t nh sn xut ht ging c chua thun, tuy nhin phi c hai khu vc gieo trng dng b v dng m ring, trnh ln ging b m khi trng ra rung sn xut. b) K thut c th sn xut ging c chua u th lai: Xc nh thi im gieo trng dng b m sao cho b m ra hoa trng nhau. xc nh da vo thi gian sinh trng ca c chua b v m. V d dng b c thi gian sinh trng t gieo n ra hoa la u l 55 ngy dng m l 60 ngy. Nh vy gieo m trc b 5 ngy nhng m bo lng phn c th tn 2 thi v b, mt b n hoa trng vi m v thi v b 2 gieo sau thi v b 1 khong 3 - 5 ngy. Cy sinh trng pht trin tt cho nng sut qu v ht tt do vy cn p dng y v kp thi cc bin php k thut nh bn phn, ti nc, phng tr su bnh theo nhu cu ca ging. Bn phn v chm sc tt trong sn xut ht lai lm cho hoa m ln hon thin, kh c d dng v b phn th cho m. Rung trng c chua dng b thng khc rung trng c chua dng m nhng khng xa nhau to iu kin th phn b thun li. Trng mt tha cy sinh trng pht trin tt, nhiu hoa, hoa to, nhiu phn, dng b v m u trng hng i trn lung cao 20cm (trong ma kh), rng 150cm. Trng cy m cy cch cy 50 cm, cy b cy cch cy 40cm. t trng cy b m l t tt, thot nc giu mn v dinh dng khong, pH thch hp 6 6,5; cn i dinh dng N, P v K. Cch ly khu sn xut ht ging u th lai vi khu sn xut cy cng h 50 m, rung gieo trng b v m cch nhau t nht 2 m. c) Lm gin v ta cnh: Lm gin cc cy m thun li trong qu trnh kh c th phn v mang qu, qu khng b chm t d gy thi. Gia cc cy b ch nhng dng sinh trng v hn mi cn lm gin cn sinh trng hu hn cy thp khng cn lm gin. Dng b v m phi c 100% s cy c thun di truyn cao, ng u, khng su bnh, sinh trng pht trin tt. thun xc nh qua kiu cy, l v qu, c bit l dng qu kch thc qu, mu sc qu, ng u. Cy b m phi in hnh ca dng v mi c im. Kh b ton b cy khc dng, cy su bnh trc khi thc hin lai.

d) Kh c: T th phn rt nguy him trong sn xut ht u th lai. ngn nga t th phn phi kh c trn ton b cc cy m trc khi tung phn, phn ri trn u nhy l mt k thut quan trng trong sn xut ht lai F1. Thi im kh c thng 55 - 65 ngy sau gieo, cc n hoa t chm hoa th 2 c chn kh c, nhng hoa c cnh hoa h ra khi n nhng cha m, mu ca trng hoa hi vng hoc vng nht. Nhng hoa ca chm hoa th nht khng lai v ct b ton b. Dng c kh c nh panh, ko, gng lay c kh trng bng cn 95% trc khi thao tc trnh nhim phn. S dng im nhn, sc ca panh m n hoa kh c, sau m nn bao phn. Thn trng ly nn phn ra ngoi n li nguyn i, trng v cnh hoa, ch khng lm v bao phn trong qu trnh kh c. Sau khi kh c mt hoa, li lm sch dng c trc khi kh c hoa tip theo. Thao tc kh c nhanh, chnh xc l yu cu trong sn xut ht lai v nu chm tn cng lao ng, gi thnh ht lai cao. Nu thao tc khng chnh xc, kh c khng trit , v bao phn s to ra ht t th ch khng phi l ht lai. nhn bit qu lai vi qu t th phn ti thi im th hoch, s dng ko ct mt s l i nh du. Khi thu hoch ch thu nhng qu c nh du mi l ht lai. e) Thu hoch, s dng v bo qun phn b: Thu thp hoa t cy b ly phn vo bui sng. Ly bao phn t cc hoa b cho vo ti bng knh, hong kh phn bng cch t di bng n 100W khong cch 30 cm trong 24 gi, c th hng phn di nng. a phn hong kh vo cc, trm ln mt li mt nh v bt kn n vi mt ci cc khc va kht nh mt ci vung. Sau lc cc 10 20 ln phn ri ra cc v ly phn thu c a vo cc nh hn thun tin cho vic th phn. Phn c chua c th bo qun c mt ngy trng iu kin nhit phng, nhng th phn ti t l u qu tt hn phn bo qun. Nu thi tit khng thun li cho th phn, ng gi kn bo qun trong lnh c th gi c phn mt thng. g) Th phn: Sau khi kh c 2 ngy th tin hnh th phn, trnh ngy ma. Khi trng hoa mu sc vng sng, y nhy ni r l thi im th phn ph hp. Qu trnh th phn thc hin 3 ln/ tun, thc hin 3-5 tun. Nu th phn

thnh cng th sau 1 tun, qu c hnh thnh, ct b ht nhng hoa khng lai, trnh ln tp khi thu hoch. h) To qu: S qu trn cy lai ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh dng b m, kt qu lai. Thng trn mt cy m 30 qu vi ging qu to 40 qu vi ging qu trung bnh v 50 qu vi ging qu nh. Ct b sm nhng qu qu nh, d dng, su bnh dinh dng tp trung nui qu ging. i) Thu hoch: Thng thu hoch sau khi th phn 50 - 60 ngy, nhng c th di hn khi nhit thp (mt). Gi qu cho n khi chn hon ton ht ging pht trin bnh thng v y . Nu thu hoch sm, cn trong mt c che y khong 3 hoc 4 ngy cho qu chn hon ton mi tin hnh tch ht. k) Tch ht, lm kh, ng gi v bo qun: Tch ht bng tay: cho qu chn vo ti nilong, lm nt tht qu v ln men. Sau m ht v tht qu ra chu hoc x ri cho nc sch vo khuy tan ra ht, gn nc ra khi x chu, ht ging li pha di chu. K thut tch ht, lm sch, phi kh ht c chua u th lai tng t nh i vi sn xut ht ging c chua thun. Lm kh ht: t ht trong ti li sch rc ht nc trong mt mt ngy, c th lm rc nc nhanh bng cch quay ti sau ht ra khay phi kh. Khay c ph li ni lng trnh cn trng v ln ht ging trong khi phi. Khi thi tit khng ph hp cho phi ht ging cn s dng my sy m bo cht lng. Duy tr sy nhit 28 30oC trong 3 - 4 ngy, nu cao hn nh hng n kh nng ny mm ca ht. Trong qu trnh sy hoc phi phi thng xuyn o ht kh ng u. ng gi v bo qun: ht c ng trong ti manila, ti giy thic, ti ni lng, l thu tnh. Tt nht l ng ht trong ti giy thic, tui kim loi nhng phi kn chn khng v khng b ht m. t ht ng gi trong kho bo qun mt, kh, nhit kho bo qun khng vt qu 20oC v m khng vt qu 30%. II. Cy lc (Arachis hypogaea) 1. Cu to hoa:

Hoa lc mu vng, khng c cung, gm 5 b phn: L bc, i hoa, trng hoa, nh c v nh ci. L bc mu xanh, gm l bc trong di 2cm, u mt ch i, v l bc ngoi ngn hn bao bc pha ngoi ng i. thi k n, l bc c tc dng bo v n v quang hp. i hoa pha trn chia lm 5 l i, 4 l dnh nhau lm thnh mi trn nm sau cnh c, l th 5 hp, tch bit, mu xanh nht, xanh m hoc xanh tm nm di cnh tha, phi di i hoa cc l i kt thnh 1 ng nh, di gi l ng i. ng i di ngn khc nhau tu ging v hoa sm hay mun, thng l 3cm nhng c ging di trn 6cm, hoa ra mun c ng i ngn nht. ng i mu vng xanh, c lng t, pha trn mang trng hoa nn d nhm l cung hoa. Trng hoa hnh cnh bm gm: Cnh c, cnh bn v cnh tha. Cnh c to nht mu vng, c vn vng nu, s lng vn khc nhau tu ging (20-30 vn) c th dng lm ch tiu phn bit cc ging. Cnh bn mu vng c chiu rng bng 1/4 chiu rng cnh c v chiu di cnh c. Cnh tha hi trong sut, hu nh khng mu, pha trn cong li thnh hnh m chim m nh c v nhy. Nh c gm 10 ci, thng c 2 b thoi ho cn li 8 ci di ngn xen k, pht dc hnh thnh bao phn. 4 nh c di c bao phn hnh bu dc di, 3 ci c bao phn 2 ngn, 1 ci c bao phn c 1 ngn. Bn nh c ngn c cc bao phn pht dc km, hnh tr, 1 ngn, lc hoa n phn hoa vn cha chn hon ton. Cung nh c kt nhau thnh 1 ng nh c. ng nh c lm vi ng i thnh 1 gc thay i tu theo loi hnh lc. Ht phn mu vng dnh, d dnh vo u nhy. Bu hoa c kch thc 0,5-1,5mm, thuc loi bu thng, nm gc ng i, mt ngn. cy lc thng c 1 s hoa mc gc b t che ph kch thc thng b, mu nht, ng i ngn, cnh hoa khng m, gi l hoa di t. Hoa ngm th tinh kt qu bnh thng. Loi hoa ny hu nh ch gp cc ging chn sm. Nhy, chia lm nm nhy, vi nhy v mm hoa. Nm nhy phnh to v hi cong, vt ln trn nh c, pha di nm khong 3mm c lng nh. 2. Tp tnh ra hoa ca lc: Hoa lc pht trin thnh chm gm 2-7 hoa c khi ti 15 hoa. Chm hoa mc t cnh dinh dng nch mt l pht trin y hoc cha y . Trn

mi t ca chm hoa mang 1 l bao v nch l mt cnh hoa rt ngn pht trin, cnh hoa mang 1 l thng l ch i v nch l ny l mm hoa. Cnh hoa pht trin trn trc chm hoa theo cng thc dip t 2/5. Nh vy, chm hoa pht trin nh 1 cnh dinh dng c khch thc rt nh. Sau mc 25-45 ngy (hoc 50 ngy), cy lc bt u n hoa. Thi gian ny sm hay mun ph thuc c tnh ging v iu kin sinh thi. Trong iu kin nhit i, nhng ging chn sm thuc nhm spanish v valencia ra hoa sm hn nhng ging chn mun nhm virginia. Thi gian phn ho mm hoa rt sm. Qu trnh ny ko di, lc cng ra hoa ko di trong thi gian nht nh. Thi k n: N hoa xut hin vo bui chiu khong 16 gi, i hoa hi h m l cnh hoa. N hoa ln dn ln v t kch thc ti a vo khong 21 gi, ng thi, ng i vn ra khi hoa n di ti 3-4 cm. S tung phn tin hnh trc khi hoa n 4-6 gi. Lc ny bao phn chn, tch ra gii phng cc ht phn. Bu nhy cng iu kin tip nhn ht phn. Qu trnh th phn xy ra khi cc cnh hoa m kn u nhy v nh c. Lc th phn trc khi hoa n 5-10 gi, hoa lc hu nh t th phn hon ton, (t l 0,1%). Thi gian ra hoa ca lc ko di 25-50 ngy tu theo c im di truyn ging v iu kin sinh thi, s lng hoa c th thay i t 50-200 hoa. Theo mt s tc gi nc ngoi cho thy, s hoa c th t ti 800-1000 hoa/ cy, thi gian ra hoa c chia lm 3 giai on: - Giai on chm hoa: Ko di 2-3 ngy, mi ngy ra 1-3 hoa/ cy/ ngy. - Giai on r hoa: Ko di 15- 20 ngy, thi gian ny hoa ra lin tc, trung bnh dt 5-10 hoa/cy/ngy. Thi gian ny c 2-3 t hoa r t 10-15 hoa/cy/ngy, xen k cc t r mt vi ngy c t hoa 3-7 hoa /cy. Trong thi gian ny c th ra 7090% s hoa /cy t t l hoa c ch cao nht. - Giai on ht hoa: Sau cc t r hoa, s lng hoa gim hn, lc ny s hoa t 1-3 hoa/cy/ngy ri ht hn, c nhiu ngy khng c hoa, thi gian ny ko di 5-15 ngy, cng c ging c th ra hoa ko di n khi thu hoch. Lc n hoa theo th t t di ln trn, t trong ra ngoi. Hoa trn cng mt cnh 2 v tr khc nhau n cch nhau 3-4 n 7-8 ngy. Hai hoa cng 1 v tr trn cnh pha

gc n cch nhau 1-2 ngy. Hoa cng mun n cch nhau cng di, i vi cnh pha trn, thi gian n cch nhau ca 2 hoa cng 1 v tr l 11-12 ngy. 3. K thut trng lc K thut trng lc L18 c che ph nilon 1. S dng ging: - Ging lc L18 c Trung tm nghin cu v thc nghim u Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip Vit Nam nhp ni t Trung Quc. Ging sinh trng pht trin tt, s cnh nhiu, l xanh m, thi gian sinh trng t 100-125 ngy. Qu to, v hi dy, nng sut t cao t 40-50 t/ha, thm canh tt t 60 t/ha. - Lng ging cho 1 ha : 200-240kg/ha 2. Thi v gieo: - V Xun: T u thng 01-20/02 - V thu-ng: Gieo cui thng 8-30 /9. 3. Phn bn: - Phn chung (hoai mc cng nhiu cng tt) thng t 14-16 tn/ha. - Phn v c: Supeln 400-500kg/ha, m ur 60-80kg/ha, phn kali 120-140 kg/ha (c th thay bng 1.000-1.200kg NPK 3:9:6), vi 500kg/ha. 4. Chn t, lm t: - Chn t ct pha, tht nh hot tht trung bnh, thot nc tt, ch ng nc ti. - t cy ba k, ti xp, sch c, phng. 5. Mt gieo trng: - thot nc tt cng nh ti khi cn thit v s dng nguyn l hiu ng hng ra, tt nht nn lm lung rng 0,6m, rnh 0,3m. Rnh cao 10-12cm. Gieo hai hng dc lung cch mp lung 10-15cm, khong cch: hc x hc = 13-15 cm, mi hc 2 ht. Nu t ct pha thot nc tt c th lm lung rng 1m, rnh 0,3m, rnh cao 7-10cm. Gieo 4 hng dc lung khong cch: Hc x hc = 18-20 cm/hc, mi hc 2 ht. 6. K thut che ph nilon: a. Lm t ln lung:

- Cy v, ba san phng, lm t nh, nht sch c. Bn 50% lng vi ri u trn mt rung. Dng thc chia lung rng 0,6m ( trng 2 hng), 1m ( trng 4 hng), rnh rng 0,3m dng cy ln lung cho nhanh, m bo cao ca lung. Bn lt ton b phn chung, m, ln, kali. Ln lung lp phn san phng mt lung. Dng cy hoc cuc rnh dc lung (2 hng vi lung 60cm, 4 hng vi lung 1m). Gieo ht su 3-4 cm, mt nh phn 5. i vi lc thu, ng sau khi ph ni lon mi gieo. Dng que c l theo khong cch 13-15cm (gieo hai hng) 20cm (gieo 4 hng). Gieo ht vo l c, su 3-4 cm, mi l 2 ht. b. Phun thuc tr c: - C th dng Achetoclo, Ronstar, Bontavi... phun theo ch dn trn l thuc. Ch nu t kh phun nc l trc t 2-3 bnh/so sau mi phun thuc. c. Ph nilon: Cng phng nilon trn mt lung, vt t rnh lp c nh nilon hai bn mp lung. Ch nu lung rng 0,6m dng nilon kh 40 hoc 45cm, nu lung rng 1m dng nilon kh 60cm. Nilon phi sn xut t nha PE nguyn cht, dy 0,007mm m bo thong, gi nhit, m, nh sng xuyn qua n hi tt, m bo khng rch. Tuyt i khng dng nilon ti sinh. 7. Chm sc: - Sau gieo 7-10 ngy: kim tra bc nilon i vi lc v xun, kim tra bc nilon nhng cy b kt i vi lc thu ng. - Khi lc 3-5 l, kim tra bc nilon cho cnh lc pht trin thun li. Phun vi a lng t 1. - Khi lc 8-9 l, kim tra a cc cnh b kt ln trn nilon. Phun vi a lng t 2. - Bn 50% s vi cn li sau khi lc ra hoa c 15-20 ngy, vi trc tip ln cy lc kh sng. - Phun thuc tr su nu lc b su ph hi nhiu, phun tr bnh m l, g st t 1 vo 40-45 ngy sau trng. t 2 sau t 1 l 15 ngy bng Daconil, Bocdo v cc thuc tr bnh l khc. - Chng hn cho l: Khi lc b hn cn ti nc cho lc lc sinh trng pht trin tt. Ch giai

on ra hoa v lm c cy lc rt cn nc. 8. Thu hoch: T ngy th 90 tr i kim tra nu s qu gi, bnh t trn tng s qu t 75% th thu hoch lc lm ging, 85% th thu hoch lc thng phm. Tranh th ngy nng ro thu hoch.