N O T E B O O K #13 /107

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ImperialismAP European History

Mr. Konecke

Name_________________________________________ Period____

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Project #13: End Imperialism NowIntroduction: Willie Lynch, a slave-owner living in the West Indies, produced a handbook for use by

slave-owners living in the United States. Willie Lynch's plan directly explains the process used to break the minds, bodies, and spirits of black people during slavery: “Let us make a slave. What do we need? First of all we need a black nigger man, a pregnant nigger woman and her baby nigger boy. Second, we will use the same basic principle that we use in breaking a horse, combined with some more sustaining factors. We reduce them from their natural state in nature; whereas nature provides them with the natural capacity to take care of their needs and the needs of their offspring, we break that natural string of independence from them and thereby create a dependency state so that we may be able to get from them useful production for our business and pleasure.”

Directions: The mentality of Willie Lynch was all too common amongst the leaders promoting imperialism in Africa. They saw the continent as a prize to be divided amongst the players and exploited for everything its worth (without regard to the safety and needs of the inhabitants). With this in mind, you will use this project to fight against the evils of imperialism. Your project has two parts:1. You will create a protest sign featuring a unique slogan (created by you) illustrating your hatred of imperialism. In short, create a slogan designed to convince people that imperialism is wrong.2. Then you will take on the role of journalist. You will write a story – an exposé, if you will – outlining the various dangers of imperialism to all those involved and why you believe it should end.

Options: 1. Your poster must contain an original slogan – but you may write it, paint it, draw it, etc.2. You may use pictures in your poster, but you do not have to3. Your slogan may be on any size paper as long as it is larger than 8.5 x 114. Your article must be at least 3 pages in length (typed, double-spaced, 10-12 TNR)5. If you want to hand write your article, it must be at least 3 pages in length (single-spaced)6. Attach your article to the back of your poster (tape, staples, glue, etc.)

Grade: 1. Poster contains an original, neatly-created, eye-catching, convincing slogan – 50 points2. Article follows the criteria for spacing, font, and length, outlines many of the problems caused by imperialism for all people involved (home country and colony), and explains in detail why you believe it is wrong and should be ended – 150 points

Due Date: ________________________________________________________

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Notebook #13: Imperialism1. Emergence of the New Imperialism

Expansion European history has long been one of expansion It has also been struggle for domination of others

Revolutionary wars had liberated U.S. and Latin America – seemed to start new era of trade and investment without political control

Free trade argument dominated – whoever produced best goods most cheaply would get commerce

European Influence Continues to Grow Meanwhile, European influence over rest of world grew

Industrialization led to expansion of world trade Previously untouched people were now drawn into the network of supply and demand

of raw materials, finished goods, and capital

Masses of European immigrants made new homes in North & South America, Australia, and New Zealand

The Switch to Conquest

Conflicting Interpretations

Late 1800s, many politicians believed annexing overseas territories was only way for their nations to improve their economies

For Europeans, the main trading and investment areas were Europe and America – not Asia or Africa

Some individual businesses made colonial made profits in colonies – but most were unprofitable

Colonies did not attract surplus European populations –

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Justifications of Imperialism

Newly unified states – Germany & Italy – demanded colonies to prove their Great Power status

They were convinced Britain was only strong because of its colonies (and its navy)

They knew about the heavy tax burden on British people, the expense of empire, and possibility of war with rival nations and resistant colonists

o Nevertheless, they chose to pursue empire

Many leaders hoped imperialism would win them loyalty of their own people Some argued the well-being of workers depended on colonies Others argued about strength – U.S. defeated Spanish in the Philippines and Cuba

And others argued for imperialism based on weakness – Russia pushed to Pacific and India for ports and resources

WHY IMPERIALISM?IMPERIALISM: A GERMAN VIEWPOINT

The passage below is a summary of a passage written by Friedrich Fabri in his book, Does Germany Need Colonies? The book was published in 1879 and identifies some of the motives for European Imperialism. After reading the passage, answer the questions with your group. Worth 10 points.

Should Germany begin on the road to Imperialism? I believe we should. For one, we are an industrial nation. In order to maintain our factories and produce our goods we need access to natural resources. Resources like rubber, petroleum, manganese for steel, and palm oil for machinery is necessary and can be found in Africa and Asia.

Obtaining colonies will also benefit our economy. Obtaining colonies in faraway lands will open up new markets to trade our goods, and buy items that we do not produce. Colonies will provide our bankers with new business enterprises and projects to invest money in. Participating in Imperialism will strengthen our military and defend our nation. Our steam powered merchant ships and naval vessels require coal to operate. Colonies spread throughout Africa would provide all of our ships with a place to pick up coal and supplies.

By engaging in Imperialism we can limit the power of our competitors, Britain and France. We can prevent territory from falling into their hands, and halt further expansion. Germany would weaken their trade and keep colonial profits from going to Britain and France. Lastly, taking part in Imperialism would increase national pride in Germany. If we successfully obtain colonies we will show the world that we are a strong nation. We will provide a place for our increasing population to live and work. By obtaining colonies, we can restore Germany’s position as the most prestigious, important, and influential nation in Europe.1. How did the Industrial Revolution encourage Imperialism?

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2. How does the economy benefit from colonies?

3. What are the military benefits of having colonies?

4. Britain and France had many colonies, why should the Germans try and get some?

5. What is the relationship between Imperialism and Nationalism?

IMPERIALISM: A FRENCH VIEWPOINTThe passage below is paraphrased from Paul Leroy Beaulieu- late 19th-century. After reading, work with your group to answer the questions that follow. Worth 6 points.The great part of the world is inhabited by barbarian tribes or savages who participate in wars without end and brutal customs. They know very little about the arts or sciences. They do not know how to work, invent, or exploit their land and its natural resources. They live in little groups in poverty spread throughout large territory which if used correctly, could provide muchfood and riches. This area of the world needs civilized people to intervene. It is not natural for the civilized people of the west to gather the marvels of science, art, and civilization and not share the opportunities with the savages in need. We have a duty to spread knowledge of medicine, law, and Christian religion. Such a transformation of a barbarian country cannot be accomplished by business or economic relations alone.1. Who is the author speaking about? How does he describe them?

2. What does the author say is the responsibility of civilized people like him?

3. What kinds of people might be inspired by what the author wrote?

The Predominance of the Anglo-Saxon RaceThe following is an excerpt from Josiah Strong 1891. After reading, work with your group to answer the questions that follow. Worth 4 points.The Anglo-Saxon race is the greatest representation of Christian civilization, liberty, and freedom. We are divinely commissioned to watch over our brothers. God is training his Anglo-Saxon people to prepare for a day when the races of the world will compete for total domination. We are being schooled for the final competition of races. Once there was unpopulated land in the western world in which a great many people have migrated. There is no New World anymore. Today unoccupied lands are disappearing, and will soon be taken. Therefore it is our responsibility to seize these lands and secure our dominance.

1. How would Europeans and Westerners feel after reading what Josiah Strong wrote?

2. Why did Josiah Strong write this?

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Lenin and Capitalism Many socialists – including Vladimir Lenin (revolutionary Marxist who would become one of

the leaders of Russian Revolution in 1917) –

o

o Monopoly capitalism was condemned to periodic depressions due to lack of materials, markets, and capital

o Unless capitalist govts. could ensure high wages and profits for their own people by exploiting colonists, working-class revolutions would form

o Lenin also said imperialism increased development of capitalism and opposition to it among its victims

Nationalistic Competition Nationalistic competition also led Europeans to branch into Africa & Asia

o

British tried to keep Germans out of the Middle East – it might open Indian Ocean (British dominated) to them

Had to keep Russians out of Afghanistan too Bismarck encouraged French expansion in Africa – hoped conflict with Britain

and Italy would distract them from losing Alsace and Lorraine But when Germany expanded its navy, Britain moved quickly to ally

with France

o In Russia, a small group of nobles and officers pushed for expansion – knew moving into Asia would cause conflict with Britain

o Later, such a move meant conflict with Japan – driving British and Japanese together

Social Darwinism Most extreme expression of nationalism and imperialism was Social Darwinism

o

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o Social Darwinists pushed for empire – strong nations would survive and others would not

o Argued all white men were more fit than nonwhites to prevail in struggle for dominance

o

o But others worried if their people were good enough

Not So Social Darwinist Not all advocates of empire were Social Darwinists – didn’t think of themselves as racists

o

Europeans in this stage of imperialism rarely adopted the languages and customs of locals

Had no respect for other cultures

Christian Duty

o Missionaries were first to meet and learn about many peoples and the first to develop writing for those without written language

o Christian missionaries were opposed to slavery – preached all over Africa about it But preaching would not end slavery

Travel to Exotic Places Some passion for imperialism stemmed from interest in exotic places

o

o Early 1800s, expeditions were about adventure and scientific curiosityo After midcentury, national prestige played a part in these adventures

Storytelling Individuals and nations competed to find highest mountain, longest river, highest waterfall,

and land never seen by white men Press spread stories of exotic lands and people, European bravery, and heroes

o English authors Rudyard Kipling and H. Rider Haggard stimulated passion for faraway places

Also wrote about Gunga Din –

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o

In 20th century, Joseph Conrad, George Orwell, and others would look at the dark side of imperialism

A Global Economy Western economy became global by end of 19th century – thanks to new markets, new technology,

and overseas trade Even small, backward European countries exploited raw materials and markets in rest of

world

Underdeveloped Areas Underdeveloped areas found markets for crops and could buy European goods

Participating in world market brought wealth to a few – poverty to many It also meant loss of traditional customs and social relationships

Increasing Crop Production Increasing crop production to satisfy European and American markets created problems

o

o Often led to consolidation of small peasant holdings in the hands of richer peasants or landlords

Market forces thus drove many peasants off the land and into cities

o Desire to escape this bondage has fueled revolutionary movements around the world

The Perks Economic interdependence was advantage to Europeans and Americans – enriching lives of

consumerso Many Europeans and Americans dressed in Egyptian cotton, Australian wool, Chinese

silk, and Argentinian leather and consumed Chinese tea or Colombian coffee

o Europeans and Americans could travel anywhere, using gold or foreign currency (exchanged at rate always beneficial to them)

o They could invest in raw materials or govt. bonds and expect good returno They also expected their investments to be secure and they and their property

protected

o In some non-Western areas, governors had to grant extraterritoriality –

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o Europeans also lived in segregated areas closed to native inhabitants

Control and Resistance Changing technology widened gap between industrialized states and Asia & Africa

European states could mobilize support of all their citizens These facts made it unlikely that a non-European country could resist a European state

Controlling the Natives Europeans established varying degrees of political control over rest of world

Control could mean annexation and governing territory as a colony In this way, Germany controlled East Africa after 1886, France governed

Algeria, and Britain ruled India

In this way, British controlled Egypt after 1882 and maintained authority over Indian princes and how France guarded Tunisia

Russians and British – each recognizing the other’s sphere of influence – divided Persia (Iran)

Some areas were so dependent for trade and finances that they took no action that might upset their imperial masters (like Cuba and Philippines and their connections to U.S. in 1930s)

The Natives are Getting Restless Many non-Europeans resisted foreign economic and political control

o In many areas (Ottoman Empire, China, Japan), govts. found ways to limit the influence of West

Some countries – like Egypt and Turkey – tried to become economically independent by modernizing

These types of resistance were carried out by rulers who could command loyal subjects

o Such resistance was a statement of national and individual identity EX: Sudanese Muslim holy war led by the Mahdi Mohammed Ahmed

His followers attacked Egyptian fellow Muslims as agents of European nonbelievers

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Boxer Rebellion in China and the Sepoy Mutiny in India are other examples

o EX: Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Kemal Ataturk

Resistance is Futile

o When their interests were threatened, Westerners usually annexed the rebellious region or set up a protectorate

But resistance still continuedo Whole groups in Africa moved from place to place to escape European religion, taxes,

and laws But by the start of WWI, western domination seemed like a relentless force

2. European Domination of AsiaIndia

When Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish came to Mogul Empire, they found it ruled by advanced, wealthy, and religiously tolerant Muslim princes

When British arrived in 18th century, empire was falling apart

Rivalries of powerful native princes – each wanted to succeed the emperor – worked to foreign advantage

India fell prey to Europeans By end of century, British cleared out rivals one at a time

Sepoy Mutiny & Its Effects At first, British rule was indirect

Indians call this massive act of resistance the Great Rebellion This major popular uprising joined Muslim and Hindu soldiers with some native

princes – finally realized British posed true threat to their authorityo Peasants also participated

In a fierce war, British (with help of faithful troops from the Punjab) stopped the rebellion

Men of East India Company had mixed with Indians – married locals and adopted customs

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Civil service was British – trained in England and sent to govern according to English laws and customs

Later, elite Indians – educated in English and trained in law and administration – became part of civil service

Indian civil service ran 300 million Indians of 200 language groups and several religions, races, and cultures

British created a powerful state with a single system of law, administration, and language

Indian Economy India gained a modern railroad and communications system and an economy geared

toward meeting the needs of world marketo Rest of the economy tried to meet local and regional demands

o

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Restoring Order? British rule also ended war and disorder of the fall of the Mogul Empire

o But it did not end control of landlords over their peasants

o

Moneylenders cheated the pooro And the increase in population outdid the increase in food

If people did not starve, they still suffered from malnutrition

o

British Racism

o Top govt. positions also denied to them Many Indians resented lack of respect for India’s culture

o 1880s, educated Indians demanded equality and self-government

o

But it was not national – its members were all upper-class Hindus And it was not a congress – had no power to represent

o At first, they wanted home rule (self-government within the Empire)

The Anticolonial Campaign11 | P a g e

o The victory inspired Indian nationalists WWI brought greater solidarity among Indians

o

o Indian elite found grounds for cooperation among different communitieso But masses remained divided over religion, class, and culture

Legislative Assembly 1919, partly in response to agitation and partly as reward for loyalty during WWI, British

granted India a legislative assembly – would represent 1 million of the 300 million peopleo Representation was by groups (Hindus, Muslims, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, Sikhs)

and by economic and social functions (rural, urban, university, landholding, and commercial classes)

Agitation and Unrest 1919, agitation and unrest became bitter

o At Amritsar in the Punjab, British officer ordered his Gurkha troops to fire into a peaceful demonstration until ammo was gone

Govt. punished the officer – but British community gave him a fortune for his deeds

o

Mohandas Gandhi Out of this tense era came a gentle but determined revolutionary leader – Mohandas

Gandhi

o

o He truly believed Indians’ love for one another would overthrow British ruleo He called on the Indian elite to give up their privileges, resign from jobs in British

firms & govt., boycott British schools, and boycott all foreign goods Freeing India required mass support and sacrifice

o

Thrown in jail, Gandhi & his followers fasted for spiritual discipline (threatening British that they would starve to death, causing more civil disturbances)

o

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o He was also able to join traditional religious and cultural beliefs into political tactics that inspired Indian nationalism

The Philosophy of GandhiDirections: Working in groups, each group will examine one of Gandhi’s philosophies below. Then you must list people (specific or general) that exemplify those values as well as people who violate those values. Together, you should come up with a list of about 20 names/titles in total. Then you will share your findings with the rest of the class. Make sure you copy down the names/titles listed by the other groups as well. Worth 20 points.

Key Concepts of Gandhian PhilosophyDr. S. Jeyapragasam

Love: of self, God, nature, fellow humans; love as compassion, warmth, kindness, friendship, empathy, fraternity, altruism, service, mercy, help, sharing, trusteeship, non-possession; love as healing, patience, tolerance, reconciliation, forgiving, repentance, sacrifice, mutual aid, solidarity.

EXAMPLIFY THOSE VALUES VIOLATE THOSE VALUES

Nonviolent action: in lifestyle, economics, politics, society, defense policy, institutions and organizations, education and communication, child upbringing, approaches to crime and punishment, direct action for peace w/justice, peaceful resolution of conflicts, constructive work to build up a nonviolent world order, relief and rehabilitation work; removing structural (indirect) violence. Non-killing: disarmament, preventing accidents and calamities, non-injury in both human and non-human contexts.

EXAMPLIFY THOSE VALUES VIOLATE THOSE VALUES

Nonviolent Ethics and values: spiritual and ethical religion; joy with conscience, reasoning and responsibility; human-centered, eco-friendly, holistic, ethical and sustainable science and technology, economics, politics, society; human rights and responsibilities; purity of means and ends; welfare of all and welfare of last first.

EXAMPLIFY THOSE VALUES VIOLATE THOSE VALUES

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Truth: Truthfulness, honesty, transparency, accountability, expanding conscience, awareness and responsibility; justice with compassion; taking responsibility for past mistakes, errors, sins; repentance and apology; avoidance of repetition of mistakes, freedom from ignorance, errors, mistakes, sins; pluralism; understanding of the multiplicity of truth; humility and respect for others’ truths; holding on to relative truth but continuing quest for further truth; attempting to arrive at a consensus on key issues; quest for truth; testing truth with reason.

EXAMPLIFY THOSE VALUES VIOLATE THOSE VALUES

Independence

o But even Gandhi could not prevent partition of country into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India

o Nor could he prevent bloody communal massacres and his own assassination at hands of a Hindu nationalist

China European intervention in China was very different

For centuries, Europeans admired Chinese wealth, art, and culture (and its imperial govt. – which ruled through mandarins – men who passed tests of Chinese learning)

You’re Trading Opium – What Good Can Come from This?

Previously, emperor granted trading privileges to native monopolists When Chinese destroyed Indian opium traded by the East India Company, British

asserted their right to trade In the war that followed, Britain seized several trading cities along coast (Hong Kong)

Also, British subjects in China would be tried according to British law (extraterritoriality)

o This undermined emperor’s ability to control foreigners in his country

Time for a Change, Emperor Defeat forced emperor to change

o He revitalized Manchu bureaucracy and cleaned up corruption

o

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This uprising seriously threatened the dynasty – called on westerners to suppress the rebels

Britain and France extorted additional concessions

Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 For a while, Europeans seemed happy with trading rights in coastal towns & good treatment

for their subjects

o

Britain, Russia, France, and Germany all scrambled for concessions, protectorates, and spheres of influence

Avoiding carving up China, each Western nation did not want any other to gain an advantage

To ensure American interests, the U.S. proclaimed “Open-Door Policy” –

The Boxer Rebellion Chinese traditionalists organized secret societies to expel foreigners and punish Chinese

who accepted westernization

o

International army of Europeans, Japanese, and Americans suppressed the rebellion, seized Chinese treasures, and forced China to pay

Also made China station foreign troops on its soil

Chinese Discontent Increases

o When Japan defeated Russia in 1905, many Chinese wanted to imitate Western ways (like Japan)

o Nationalism led to a boycott of U.S. goods in 1905 (to protest U.S. restrictions on Chinese immigrants)

o 1911, nationalist revolutionaries overthrew Manchu dynasty and declared a republic

Struggling for Control

o Russia was claiming Mongoliao Britain was claiming Tibeto Japan posed threat as wello Northern warlords resisted any attempt to strengthen republic’s army b/c it might

diminish their power But in south, republic maintained control

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Chiang Kai-shek

o But faced with civil war – and attacked from right and communist left under Mao Tse-tung and by the Japanese after 1931 – the Guomindong made slow progress

Japan Japan was also forced to open by the west

Late 1850s, social dissension in Japan and foreign pressure forced country to admit outside trade

Japanese granted westerners extraterritoriality and control over tariffs

Meiji Restoration Flood of violence ensued

They thought trade would increase status of merchants – social class they hated

In response to samurai actions, U.S. & European ships destroyed important Japanese fortresses

Samurai seized the govt. to preserve Japan’s independence

The New Government New government enacted series of reforms –

o Large landowners gave estates to emperor in exchange for compensation and high-level govt. positions

o All classes were made equalo Universal military service was required – imbued Japanese of all classes with

nationalism

o

Modernization Meiji regime introduced modern industry and economic competition

o

o Govt. built defense industries, heavy industry and mining, and built modern communication system (railroads, roads, telegraph)

o Govt. encouraged competitive consumer industries too

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o It sold factories to wealthy family monopolies – zaibatsu – which dominated Japanese economy

o

Within a generation of Meiji Restoration, Japan went from economic backwardness to top ten industrial nation

Japan Becomes Imperialist By 1900, Japan ended humiliating treaties with West and became imperialist power

o

o Great Powers grabbed greater spheres of influence from helpless China – angering Japanese

o 1904, conflict over influence in Manchuria brought Japan and Russia to war (Japan won)

Japan in WWI and After In WWI, Japan fought on side of Allies –

o It took over former German holdingso 1920s, strong economy strengthened middle class

o In 1930s, nationalists in Burma, India, Indochina, and Indonesia looked to Japan for support against Western imperialism

WWII, however, brought Japanese occupation and exploitation

The Ottoman Empire

They claimed parts of Balkans, central Asia, North Africa, and Middle East By early 20th century, rivalry between Russia and Britain over central Asia was

overshadowed by German & British conflict in Middle East

Britain & German Conflict German financiers proposed railroad from Turkey to Baghdad (with connection down

Euphrates River to Persian Gulf) Because it would further open Turkey to world market, sultan supported it Germans offered British, French, Turks, and themselves 25% control each

Germans now saw Britain as their main rival

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Partly because of German influence in Turkey Partly because of fear of a Russian presence in Caucasus, Balkans, and Black

Sea

Dividing Up the Ottoman Empire

o To weaken Ottoman contribution to German war effort, British sponsored Arab independence movements in Arabian peninsula, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel

o

Allies also promised Greece and Italy Turkish lands

Israel and Palestine: A Never-Ending BattleDirections: Look at the map below to see how Israel has gradually taken over much of what used to be Palestinian land. Then shade in the map below with how you think the land should be divided (if at all).

Finally, answer the discussion questions that follow. Worth 13 points.

1. Why were the Israelis given all of this land in 1947?

2. If it was your job to divide the land between the Israelis and the Palestinians, how would you do so? Why?

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3. Put yourself in the Palestinians’ shoes. How would you feel about basically losing almost all of your land?

4. Obviously, neither side will be happy in this conflict. What might be a solution that would make both sides content?

Post-WWI

o Turks drove Allies out of Anatolia, declared republic 1923 with Ataturk as president, and moved capital to Ankara (far away from Constantinople)

o During Ataturk’s presidency, Turkish govt. banned traditional practices (veils, harems, polygamy)

European education and ideas flourished

Self-Determination

o Arab chiefs welcomed British aid against Turks – but resented interference with their spiritual and political affairs

Arab nationalism could not be controlled by Europeans

o

3. The Scramble for AfricaThe Mad Dash

Most rapid European expansion took place in Africa 1880, Europeans ruled 1/10 of continent

Early 19 th Century In early 19th century, European powers laid some claims to Africa

French moved into Algeria 1830 – spent generation trying to conquer the people During Napoleonic Wars, Britain gained Capetown in South Africa

To get away from them, Boers moved north – Great Trek – warring with natives along way

o

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In general though, until 1870s, interest in Africa was minimal

The Belgian Congo

o 1876, he formed International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa

o

o Stanley had earlier led expedition to find David Livingstone (no word from him for 6 years)

The story amazed hundreds of thousands of people – imperialism became fashionable

o For Stanley, Leopold’s enterprise promised profit and adventure

o

“THE HORROR…THE HORROR”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_NwvO1UxN8&feature=related

Directions: In this scene from the end of Apocalypse Now, Marlon Brando (Colonel Kurtz) tries to explain to a soldier why America is losing the Vietnam War. This film was based on Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Kurtz’s explanation sums up the point of the book and the film – humanity has an evil, dark, horrific side. Watch the scene and we will discuss the questions that follow. Worth 18 points.

1. Colonel Kurtz says it’s impossible to explain horrible things (war) to someone who has never experienced them. Do you agree or disagree that people who haven’t fought in a war can’t understand

it?

2. Why would the Vietnamese cut off the arms of children?

3. How could normal soldiers commit such terrible acts?

4. If your enemy is willing to do ANYTHING to defeat you and you follow the rules, can you win?

5. Kurtz says that if he had a few thousand of the Vietnamese soldiers fighting with him, he could easily end the war. What did he mean?

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6. How can judgment defeat a soldier?

The Berlin Conference Scramble for Africa threatened European stability

Leopold was declared personal ruler of Congo Free State

The Agreement

Before long, however, Congo Association was trying to turn profit with practices as vicious as slavery

Edward Morel & Roger Casement waged victorious campaign against Leopold

Public outcry forced Belgian parliament to declare the territory a Belgian colony 1908 – putting end to Leopold’s private enterprise

Britain in Africa In 2nd half of 19th century, Britain had only few outposts along West Africa & still controlled South

Africa From time to time, British navy interfered with slave traders But overall, British interest here was minimal

Egypt

Mohammed Ali – governor of Egypt – struggled for independence from sultan of Ottoman Empire

Foreign investment and influence grew – khedives spent tons to modernize Egypt fell deeply in debt to Europeans

Building of Suez Canal (khedive and British & French capitalists were main stockholders) brought country close to bankruptcy

In short run, it was too expensive

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When Europeans demanded cuts in army to pay for debts, Egyptian soldiers rebelled

Suez Canal was the important waterway to India for British

Egyptian Anger Prime Minster William Gladstone promised to withdraw British troops once situation was

stableo But Egyptian anger increased dailyo Egyptian opposition took two forms:

Others hated modernization – it was a threat to Islam

o

British Expand Rather Than Withdraw British did not leave Egypt –

o They hated foreign, non-Muslim influence over the khediveo British were only making things worse by trying to strengthen authority of khedive

(to get tax money, balanced budget, and debts paid)

o

Egyptians were annihilated

Costly Occupation Costly occupation angered British financiers

o Gladstone’s Liberal party rejected further action in Sudan – but public wanted action

o

At Khartoum, the garrison was killed & Gordon beheaded (skull placed on a pike)

o Gladstone still refused to annex Sudan (despite public opinion)o 1898, Conservative govt. sent Gen. Herbert Kitchener to Africa

11,000 Sudanese, 28 British, & 100s of Egyptians died in the battle

TECHNOLOGICAL SUPERIORITYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lyf5FJPtCY

Directions: We will watch a clip from the 1964 film, Zulu. The scene depicts 150 British soldiers defending a mission from 3000 Zulu warriors at the Battle of Rorke’s Drift. After watching the clip, answer the questions that follow. Worth 16 points.1. Why do you think the Zulu are chanting as they prepare for battle? What purpose does the chanting

serve?

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2. How do the British respond to the Zulu’s chanting? Why do they do this?

3. How effective is psychological warfare in battle? How important is morale in a battle?

4. If you were one of only 150 soldiers and you looked across the battlefield at 3000 chanting warriors ready to attack you, how would you feel? What would keep you from running away?

5. What happens during the battle?

6. Why were the British so successful against the Zulu?

7. If guns were the key to British success, why do you think the Zulu and other similar groups did not make their own guns?

8. Many of the men in the British squad were given the highest military award in Britain for their defense at Rorke’s Drift. Do you think they deserved it or was it an unfair fight? Explain.

Diplomatic Crisis 1898 became year of ugly confrontations

o After Battle of Omdurman, British confronted French exploratory mission under Maj. Jean Baptiste Marchand at Fashoda in Sudan

French were marching from West Africa to Red Sea laying claim to territory along way

British were moving south from Egypt and north from Kenya into same area

o

French cabinet eventually ordered Marchand to retreat (preoccupied with Dreyfus Affair back home)

Behind scenes, British and French politicians tried to reconcile differences between them

The Boer War

o British relations with Boers were bad since Great Trek

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o

Paul Kruger – Boer president of the Transvaal – wanted independence, power, and access to sea

o Wanted to restrict foreign prospectors who were flooding into Boer territory

Prime minister of Cape Colony – Cecil Rhodes (who made fortune in diamonds and gold in South Africa) – acquired Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) for British

o

Raid failed, both men were disgraced Everything about Boer War was bad for British

o

o War was costly in money and liveso It also inspired anti-imperialismo Humanitarians in London found British tactics shameful

EX:

o British won major battles but had to deal with guerrilla resistance The war ended in 1902

o

o Also offered amnesty to any Boer who would swear allegiance to British king This was bad news for black occupants of South Africa

Costs of Colonialism

o Defeat at Adowa (1896) by Ethiopians destroyed Italy’s dreams of empireo Germany gained little from their colonies – Namibia, Tanzania, the Cameroons, and Togo

They were the most efficiently governed – but with few benefitso Belgians gained no prestige from horrors in Congo

o Germany expressed its aggressive imperialism in a naval arms race with Britain The “Teutonic cousins” became more and more suspicious of each other as WWI

neared

4. Latin AmericaAnother Type of Imperialism

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European influence in Latin America in 19th century was another variety of imperialism

o

Late 18th century, Latin American colonies rebelled against Spaino Britain & U.S. encouraged them (to get in on trade there)

For entire 18th century, European trade and immigration penetrated South Americao Europeans also invested heavily – U.S. would compete by end of century

o Brazil used African slave labor to produce for European markets – last American nation to abolish slavery

o Native Indians were pushed off their land just like in U.S.

o They relied on funds from Europe to run their governments and build railroadso And Europeans were happy to gain profits without intervention

The exception to general policy of nonintervention came in 1867

o Mexicans – led by Benito Juarez – resisted French invasion

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