C-MORE Schofield Lecture 2

7/31/2019 C-MORE Schofield Lecture 2

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HOT DAYS ALONG THE WEST ANTARCTIC PEN

Monday, July 2, 12



Current team

PI Hugh Ducklow (MBL)Bacteria-Biogeochemistry

Oscar Schofield (Rutgers) - Phytoplankton

Doug Martinson (LDEO) - Ocean PhysicsDebbie Steinberg (VIMS) - Zooplankton

Bill Fraser (Polar Associates)- Penguins & Fish

Scott Doney (WHOI)- Ocean Modeling

Sharon Stammerjohn (UCSC)

- Climate and Ice

Karen Baker (Scripps)- Data management

& Informatics

Beth Simmons (Scripps)- Education &

Outreach

Our Current g

Acknowledgements to past LTE

Barbara Prezelin, Robin Ross, Langdon QueVernet, Eileen Hoffman, John Klinck

The Boss!

Monday, July 2, 12



The man!

Monday, July 2, 12



Winter 2007 Summer 2007

The central hypothesis when the LTER began was that sea ice timing and magnitude structurand composition of the Antarctic ecosystem. The ice dynamics are driven by large-scale int

atmosphere and ocean.

Monday, July 2, 12



Temperature Trends (degrees C per year)

-0.2 0.2Monday, July 2, 12



The WAP peninsula is experiencing the largest winter warming

Black is British Faraday & Ukraine Vernadsky StationRed is US Palmer Station

Mean Winter TemperaturesSea ice duratio

Air temperatureincreases over the

peninsula

Monday, July 2, 12




Monday, July 2, 12



Larson-B ice shelf after its collapseThanks to BAS & A. Clarke


Monday, July 2, 12



!4.00%

!3.00%

!2.00%

!1.00%

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

WAP$Wind$Speed$DJF$Wind%Speed%

SAMDJF

Linear(Wind%Speed)

Linear(SAMDJF)

Correlation = 0.55

Monday, July 2, 12



Melt pools on surface of King George VI Sound(from a BAS twin otter, January 2004)

Monday, July 2, 12



Y e a r

1 9 8 0

2 0 0 0

M a y 1

F e b 1

5% I c e c o v e r

Seasonal ice hasdeclined over the

few decadesresulting to a

climate migration

to the South

Sea ice dataSea ice data

courtesy of E.courtesy of E.

ChapmanChapman

Monday, July 2, 12



Y e a r

1 9 8 0

2 0 0 0

M a y 1

F e b 1

5% I c e c o v e r

Seasonal ice hasdeclined over the

few decadesresulting to a

climate migration

to the South

Sea ice dataSea ice data

courtesy of E.courtesy of E.

ChapmanChapman

Key Implications:Regional shifts in the seaice has major ecological

implicationsMonday, July 2, 12



1990

As a grad studentMonday, July 2, 12


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/c-more-schofield-lecture-2 15/75Monday, July 2, 12



Palmer Station in the present

photo by Bill Fraser

Monday, July 2, 12



Plants at Palmer Stathe greening of Anta

Monday, July 2, 12



Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - world’s largest ocea~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensification of

favorable winds.

Monday, July 2, 12




favorable winds.

Monday, July 2, 12




favorable winds.

The WAP is theonly location in theAntarctic where theACC is adjacent tothe shelf break. TheACC is Antarctica’s

warmest water

Monday, July 2, 12



10 year analysis annual trends

ice decline

Monday, July 2, 12



State of the Climate Report, 20

Barnett et al., 2001

Monday, July 2, 12



Tmax

UCDW

WW

A n t a r c t i c P e n i n s u l a

Distance Offshore (km)

D e p t h ( m )

thankMonday, July 2, 12



Upwelling favorable winds result in Ekman mass transport

Monday, July 2, 12



2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

Identified from Q characteristics

and Tmax values ( ~6.66 day)

5.2

5.0

4.8

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.0

Eddies, based on Tmax and Q transients (300.100) 7

T ( ˚ C )

Q

( x 1 0 9 J

m - 2 )

∆

Month/day (2008)thank

Monday, July 2, 12



2011: Eddies moving across shelf?

~ 1.5 days~40-50 km

~ 1 day~30 km

~ 1 day~30 km

~ 1 day~30 km

Monday, July 2, 12



Red = offshore transportBlue = onshore transport

Monday, July 2, 12



The decadal changes have resulted changes in the phytoplankto

Montes Hugo et al. Science 2009

The change in chlorophyll since the 1970’s

The changes driven by a decice, wind and sun

Monday, July 2, 12



When chlorophyll is high, phytoplankton cells are big and ardiatoms

M

Monday, July 2, 12



15 yeaseries o

carmeasuralso su

North grad

Vernet et al. DSR 2008

Monday, July 2, 12



Time series at Palmer Station

Monday, July 2, 12



S A M ,ME I

P C 1 S e a W I F S C h

l - a

!1.5%

!1.0%

!0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

-0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

EOF_1

(SAM - DJF) & MEI - Yearly

Correlation = 0.53

-63-65-67-69

SeaWiFS Chl-a EO

Thanks GraceMonday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12

Wh l h l k bl i hi i



0 10 20 30 40 50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

mixed layer dep

I n t e

g r a t e d c h l o r o p h y

l l a

a b o v e t h e m i x e d l a y

e r

2

0

DEC JAN FEB

CHL a

NO3

PO4

25

0

3

0

mg m-3

mol l-1

mol l-1

UML

What regulates phytoplankton blooms in this regio

0

1000

0

100

100

Monday, July 2, 12



B) cryptoph

D) prasinoph

A) diatoms

C) mixed flagellates

100

50

0100

50

0

% c

h l o r o p h y l l a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p h y t o p l a n k t o n t a x a

01/01/95 01/01/05

Date (day/month/year)01/01/95 01/01/05

E) type-4 haptophytes

80% of the chlorophyll varcan be explained by diato

The next most significant pare the cryptomonads (~1

Monday, July 2, 12



Cryptomonas cryophila

Thalassiosira antarctica

Corethron criophilum

Palmer Cryptophytes --> 8 ± 2µm

10µm

100µm

SEM Micrographs from McMinn and Hodgson 1993

Monday, July 2, 12



W a t e r c

o l u m n I n t e g r a t e d A l l o x a n t h i n

Watercolumn Integrated Fucoxanthin

Data from the 20 yearPalmer time series

Monday, July 2, 12

Fucoxanthin (mg m-2) Alloxanthin (mg m-2)



0

250

12/1/910

50

03/1/92

1991-1992

0

40

10/25/92

1992-1993

0

4

02/8/93

0

200

11/21/940

40

02/27/95

0

400

11/15/95

0

40

01/08/96

1994-1995

1995-1996

Date (month/day/year)

0

150

11/18/960

50

03/24/97

1996-1997

0

20

12/01/970

50

04/10/98

0

20

10/01/980

50

02/01/99

1997-1998

1998-1999

0

1000

11/01/990

10

04/01/00

0

200

11/01/02 0

2002-2003

0

400

11/01/05

2005-2006

0

400

10/01/05

2006-2007

0

20

11/01/08 0

2000-2001 2008-2009

Fucoxanthin (mg m ) Alloxanthin (mg m )

Monday, July 2, 12



modified UCDW

sea ice melt

winter water

Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12

A l f t i th i WAP



Temperature (°C) Salinity (ppt) Density (σ)

A general feature in the warming WAP

V illafañe et al., 1995;

Kang, S-H et al., 1997;

Kang, J-S et al., 1997

Location Reference

South Shetland Islands

Lancelot et al., 1991;

Nothig et al., 1991Tréguer et al., 1991;

Buma, 1992;

Mura et al., 1995;

Kang and Lee, 1995;

Aristegui et al., 1996

Weddell-Scotia-

BellingshausenConfluence Areas

McMinn and Hodgson, 1993Ellis Fjord

Kang and Lee, 1995;

Kang et al., 1995

Bransfield Strait

Krebs, 1983Anvers IslandWhitaker , 1982Signy Island

Historical Data

Monday, July 2, 12

Salinity (p.p.t)



% Cryptophytes

0 25 50

33.3 33.6 33.8

64°W

Palmer Station

Antarctic

Peninsula

65°S

65°S

Monday, July 2, 12

Shi id (N l l )



Ship grid (Not as clear a result)

Monday, July 2, 12



Cryptophyte (morph A)

Cryptophyte+

log10 area

F r e q u e n c y

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

Monday, July 2, 12

C



Cryptostrai ht mor h

Monday, July 2, 12



Classification

summary

Classified as Larger category

C ry pt op hy te A F la ge ll at e al l

C ry pt op hy te F F la ge ll at e al l

C ry pt op hy te H F la ge ll at e al l

Diatom Diatomall

Diatom(charisma6c) Diatomall

D ia to m (f uz zy ) D ia to m all

Diatom (pot en6al) Diatom al l

D ot fl ag el la te F la gel la te a ll

D ot fl ag el la te 2 F la ge ll at e al l

Flagell at e st raight Flagell at e al l

Fuzzy Discard

G ym no di ni um 1 F la ge ll at e al l

G ym no di ni um 2 F la ge ll at e al l

Gyrodinium Flagellateall

Junk Discard

LRT Other

N an ofl ag el la te F la ge ll at e al l

Pigment Discard

P ra si no ph yt e F la gel la te a ll

Telonemaspp. Other

T or od in iu m sp p F la ge ll at e al l

Unknown Other

Airbubble Discard

Bead Discard

Ciliate Discard

C or eth ro ns pp. D ia to m all

D in ofl ag ell at e F la gel la te a ll

G on ya ul ac ac ea e F la ge ll at e al l

Phaeocys6sspp.(cells) Other

Phaeocys6sspp.(colony) Other

Spines Discard

Tin6nnid Discard

Group Count %

Cryptophytes 11484 51

Diatoms 7360 32

Dinos 555 2.4

Flag. predator 486 2.1Others 2850 12.5

Total 22735

Flagellate Diatom Dinoflagellate

Flagellate 3939 940 115

Diatom 5 803 31

Dinoflagellate 202 7 119

Other 487 323 73

Discard 33 1392 2

%agree 70 71 32

Automatic class

H u m a n c l a s s i fi c a t i o

n

Automatic classification matches 74% of

All particles were classified/corre

Human classification has an error/uncert

Monday, July 2, 12

Relative abundance of major groups



Relative abundance of major groups

−75 −70 −65

− 6 9

− 6 8

− 6 7

− 6 6

− 6 5

− 6 4

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0

0. 2

0 . 2

0 . 4

0. 4

0.6

0. 8

Cryptophytes

−75 −70 −65

− 6 9

− 6 8

− 6 7

− 6 6

− 6 5

− 6 4

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0

0. 0 5

0. 1

0 . 1 5

0 . 2

CryptAH

−75 −70 −65

− 6 9

− 6 8

− 6 7

− 6 6

− 6 5

− 6 4

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0

0. 0 5

0 . 0

5

0 . 0 5

0 . 0

5

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1 5

0 . 1 5

0 . 1 5

CryptF

−75 −70

− 6 9

− 6 8

− 6 7

− 6 6

− 6 5

− 6 4

0

0

0. 2

0. 4

0 .6

FlagStraight

−75 −70 −65

− 6 9

− 6 8

− 6 7

− 6 6

− 6 5

− 6 4

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 . 1

0. 2

0.3

0 . 4

0. 4

0 . 5

0 . 6

0 . 7

Diatom

−75 −70 −65

− 6 9

− 6 8

− 6 7

− 6 6

− 6 5

− 6 4

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0 .0 5

0 .1

0 . 1

5

Dinoflagellate

−75 −70 −65

− 6 9

− 6 8

− 6 7

− 6 6

− 6 5

− 6 4

0.020

0.025

0.030

0 .0 2

0 . 0 2

0. 0 2 5

0.025

0 .0 3

0 . 0 3

Predator

−75 −70

− 6 9

− 6 8

− 6 7

− 6 6

− 6 5

− 6 4

0 . 1

0 . 1 6

0

. 1 8

0 . 2

Other

Monday, July 2, 12



Zooplankton are dominated by krill or salps

Krill greatest biomass o

Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12



020406080

100

McClatchie and Boyd 19

020406080

100 Boyd et al. 1984

01020304050

Quetin and Ross 1985

% R

e t e n t i o n b y K

r i l l

5-10

Phytoplankton Size (µ m)

>15

5-10 >15

5-10 >15

Monday, July 2, 12

From Loeb et al., 1997



80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

K r i l l : S a l p

Year

I c e I n d e x

K r i l l : S a l p

Ice Index

K r i l l : S a l p

Mean Air Temperature (°C)

,

Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12

Is there an impact on higher trophic levels?



Is there an impact on higher trophic levels?

Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12

One focus idea of the LTER is testing, is that system is undergoing climate m



have structured sampling around the major Adelie penguin breeding areapeninsula.

To be expanded by NASAgrant awarded in Dec.

Summerforaging

areas for Adeliepenguins

Winterforaging

areas for Adeliepenguins

Monday, July 2, 12



Anvers Island

Monday, July 2, 12



Anvers Island

Monday, July 2, 12

Changing diets for the



g gAdelie penguins

Monday, July 2, 12




98%

1%

1%

Krill

Fish

Other

1994-

present

g gAdelie penguins

Monday, July 2, 12




98%

1%

1%

Krill

Fish

Other

1994-

present

54%

45%

1%

1995-

present

g gAdelie penguins

Monday, July 2, 12



16-25

26-30

31-35

36-40

41-45

46-50

51-55

56-65

8 7 - 8 8

8 8 - 8 9

8 9 - 9 0

9 0 - 9 1

9 1 - 9 2

9 2 - 9 3

9 3 - 9 4

9 4 - 9 5

9 5 - 9 6

9 6 - 9 7

9 7 - 9 8

9 8 - 9 9

9 9 - 0 0

0 0 - 0 1

0 1 - 0 2

0 2 - 0 3

0 3 - 0 4

0 4 - 0 5

0 5 - 0 6

0 6 - 0 7

0 7 - 0 8

0 8 - 0 9

0 9 - 1 0

1 0 - 1 1

1 1 - 1 2

S I Z E

C L A S S

YEAR

Krill cohorts over time

* * * * * *

High chlorophyll anomaly years

Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12



-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1 9 7 4

1 9 7 5

1 9 7 6

1 9 7 7

1 9 7 8

1 9 7 9

1 9 8 0

1 9 8 3

1 9 8 7

1 9 8 8

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

YEAR

N O R

M A L I Z E D O T O L I T H A B U N D A N C E I N D I E T

S A M P L E S

ANTARCTIC SILVERFISH

LANTERFISH

Silverfish

Lanternfish

Monday, July 2, 12

If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more moist



If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more moistmore snow. Breeding failure...........

Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12

70 West 69 West



Old Day Communication

HAM Operator Coms Palmer Station 1988

68 South

AdelaideIsland

OceanStationObama

W

RV Gould

Rutgers

COOLroom

RotheraBaseReal time

comms

Brave NewDay

Monday, July 2, 12

Enhanced productivity is associated with the warm upwelle



Enhanced productivity is associated with the warm upwelle

Monday, July 2, 12

Glider measurements of Fv/Fm indicate that th



Glider measurements of Fv/Fm indicate that thphytoplankton populations associated with

upwelling are healthy

Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12

Results from the 2011 field season: Tidal structuring of the penguin foragingM li Oli F K h t S h fi ld



Moline, Oliver, Frazer, Kohut, Schofield

Radio-tagged penguinsAdelie (blue)Gentoo (red)

Chinstrap (green) Blue = semi-diurnal tides

Red = diurnal tides

Monday, July 2, 12

Glider currents



Monday, July 2, 12

Observatory (simulated) dataDesign, Testing and Deploy



Science Community Workshop 1

Observatory (simulated) data

Virtual Ocean

M

Dat

Data

Analysis

Science Questions & Drivers

~100 m

~3 km

Sensor &

Platform

Data Synthesis: Nowcast & D

Monday, July 2, 12



Monday, July 2, 12

C-MORE Schofield Lecture 2

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