C H A P T E R

Occupational Wage Differentials

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Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers in Selected Occupations by

Gender, 2001

Table 8.1

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings (January 2002), Table 39.

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The Compensating Wage Differential for a Disagreeable Occupation

Figure 8.1

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Heterogeneity of Tastes and Abilities and the Size of Compensating Wage Differentials

Figure 8.2

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The Effect of Unemployment and Noncompeting Groups on the Size of Compensating Wage Differentials

Figure 8.3

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Employee Preferences for Wages versus Risk of Injury

Figure 8.4

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Employer Isoprofit Curves

Figure 8.5

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Matching Workers and Firms

Figure 8.6

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Benefits in Employee Compensation, 2001

Table 8.2SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001, Table 626.

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Wage/Fringe Isoprofit and Indifference Curves

Figure 8.7

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The Equilibrium Combination of Wages and Benefits

Figure 8.8

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The Provision of Maternity Leave Benefits

Figure 8.9

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The Effect of Occupational Licensing on Wages and Employment

Figure 8.10

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Percentage of Female Workers in Traditionally Male and Female Occupations in 1960, 1970, 1980,

1990, 2000, and 2001

Table 8.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, Census of the Population (Washington, D.C: GPO, 1960, 1970, 1980); and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings (January 2001), Table 39.

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The Impact of Market Imperfections on the Wage/Risk Equilibrium

Figure 8.11

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Compensating Wage Differentials andOccupational and Employer Social Responsibility

Figure 8.12SOURCE: Adapted from Robert H. Frank, “What Price the Moral High Ground?” Southern Economic Journal 63 (July 1996): 1–17, Figure 2.

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The Relationship Between Occupational Earnings and Percentage of Females

Figure 8.13

SOURCE: Authors’ calculations based on results found in Michael Baker and Nicole M. Fortin, “Gender Composition and Wages: Why Is Canada Different from the United States?,” Mimeo, University of Toronto (September 1998).

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Distribution of Males, Females, Whites, and Blacks across Occupations, 2001

Table 8A.1

SOURCE: Calculated from Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings (January 2002), Table 10.

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Duncan Index Measures across Race and Gender Groups

Figure 8A.1

SOURCE: Mary C. King, “Occupational Segregation by Race and Sex, 1940–88,” Monthly Labor Review 115 (April 1992): 30–7, Chart 1, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington D.C.

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Duncan Index Calculations Comparing Race and Gender Groups, 1990 and 2001

Table 8A.2

SOURCE: Calculated from Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings (January 2002), Table 10.

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Duncan Index Measures of Occupational Segregation across Gender for Different Countries, Different Years

Table 8A.3

SOURCES:aZafiris Tzannatos, “The Industrial and Occupational Distribution of Female Employment,” in George Psacharapoulos and Zafiris Tzannatos, eds. Women’s Employment and Pay in Latin America, Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Department, Regional Studies Report No. 10 (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1991): 3.1–3.22.bSusan Horton, “Marginalization Revisited: Women’s Market Work and Pay, and Economic Development,” World Development 27 (1999): 571–82.cHang-yue Ngo, “Trends in Occupational Sex Segregation in Hong Kong,” International Journal of Human Resource Management 11 (April 2000): 251–63.dE. Boulding et al., Handbook of International Data on Women (New York: Sage, 1976).eJ. J. Dolado et al., “Female Employment and Occupational Changes in the 1990s: How Is the EU Performing Relative to the US?” European Economic Review 45 (2001): 875–89.

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