SOLE E OMBRA: A STUDY OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY HUMOURISM AND GROTESQUE THROUGH THE WORKS OF ANTONFRANCESCO GRAZZINI, L’ACCADEMIA DEGLI HUMIDI, AND L’ACCADEMIA DEGLI

INFIAMMATI

By Tania Zampini

A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Baltimore, Maryland October 23, 2013

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Abstract

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Primary advisor: Professor Walter Stephens

Readers: Professors Christopher Celenza, Pier Massimo Forni, John McLucas, Jean McGarry,

and James Coleman

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Acknowledgments

My greatest and most sincere thanks I reserve for Professor Walter Stephens, not only for

his confidence in my work, patience, and guidance, but also for our many conversations from

which I continue to benefit and which I hope remain alive for many years. Professors Renzo

Bragantini, Christopher Celenza, James Coleman, William Egginton, Pier Massimo Forni, and

Bernadette Wegenstein were readers of my early drafts and in no small measure helped to shape

my ideas and redefine my methodological approach and focus. Many administrators also

provided invaluable assistance in both the research and writing phases of my work: many thanks

especially to Kathy Loehmer among them. Paola, Mario, Cristiana, and Eleonora Furlan, my

surrogate family in Italy, showered me with an embarrassing display of hospitality during my

research visits there; I owe them a tremendous debt of gratitude. Alongside them are a flurry of

other hosts who facilitated and enlivened my research stays in Florence, Rome, Milan, and

Padua. Among them are Niccolò Coli, Antontella and Francesco D’Amico, Hannah Friedman,

Ludovica Jona, Naisa Mercuri, Alice Pinzani, Diego Scattolin, and Davide Trento.

I extend my final, warmest and most heartfelt thanks to the following people: for their

intellectual stimulation, friendship and support, most of it ongoing, Lorenzo Bacchini, Francesco

Caruso, Bernardo Cioci, Celia D’Andrea, Richard Geekie, Janet Gomez, Katie Johnson, Andreea

Marculescu, Maria Pia Norbis, Bridget Pupillo, Brian Tetrick, Daniel Tonozzi, Troy Tower,

Eleanor Vanden Heuvel, Jennifer Watson; for their understanding and kindness, Armano and

Marisa Zampini, Fabrizio Andaloro, Bruno E. Bailey; for their love and encouragement, Nicola

Bianchi, and, especially, Carmela and Felice Zampini.

Many translations of the texts I examine and any errors, discrepancies, or oversights

therein and more generally, it goes without saying, are exclusively and entirely my own.

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Table of Contents

I. Introduction 1

II. Chapter One: History and Foundations 19

III. Chapter Two: Humours and Elemental Discourse 54

IV. Chapter Three: Love, Jealousy, and Literary Rivalry 115

V. Chapter Four: Grazzini and the Social Grotesque 163

VI. Chapter Five: From Humours to Humourism 218

VII. Concluding Remarks 278

VIII. Appendix: Selected Translations 284

IX. Bibliography 314

X. Curriculum vitae et studiorum 334

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/*'&4(-&!'.!)$-!,-.'#&&#/'!("*(,-=!#'!&+)-?!Z"($+*&!Y=!Y+24-,%:%!GPO^!+*)"(,-?!“Benedetto

Varchi, the Accademia degli Infiammati, and the Origins of the Italian Academic Movement,” is

still the first and perhaps best point of reference not only on the formation of the Infiammati, but

on their direct influence on the Humidi to follow.

Much more has been written, however, on the Humidi circle, and much of it in recent

years. Like the Infiammati, the Fiorentina came under the biggest amount of contemporary

critical scrutiny in the late 1970s and 1980s, but often in either exclusively historical or

exclusively literary terms; when they were not studied as Cosimo I’s personal propagandistic

tool, they were viewed in connection with comic and burlesque literature. The past ten years,

however, have witnessed a proliferation of studies related to the members of the Humidi

academy. Domenico Zanrè’s Cultural Non-Conformity in Early Modern Florence (2004) is in

many ways an updated and more ambitious take on Robert J. Rodini’s 1970 Antonfrancesco

Grazzini. Poet, Dramatist, and Novelliere. 1503-1584. Both prove indispensible to an in-depth

examination of Grazzini and the intellectual connections that most influence his work. Ian F.

McNeely’s 2009 article, “The Renaissance Academies Between Science and the Humanities,”

necessarily complicates a reading of these and other academic societies as strictly literary groups,

perhaps in response to Michael Sherberg’s focus on language and Granducal politics in his 2003

article, “The Accademia Fiorentina and the Question of the Language: The Politics of Theory in

Ducal Florence.” Increasingly with an eye to both societies here discussed, Michel Plaisance has

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also published a number of seminal studies on Grazzini, the Humidi more generally and, more

recently, the members of the Infiammati, all between 2002 and 2011. Still, the intertext -more

than the interaction - between these circles remains a point of interest beyond the scope of

contemporary research. It is precisely here that I wish to begin this study of elemental discourse,

humour, and literary genre. !

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Scholars disagree fundamentally on both the development of the “teatro grottesco” as a

movement and on its chief and most characteristic concerns. Key members of the early debate

include Gigi Livio, Adriano Tilgher, Giorgio Pullini, Luigi Tonelli, and Luigi Ferrante, but

Silvio D’Amico is the first to provide a tentative definition of it as a school of theatre deriving

from but not dependent on or always contingent with Pirandello or consistent within itself that

fundamentally displays, “una tendenza ‘marionettistica’, alla concentrazione in poche e

marcatissime smorfie d’una sognata quintessenza del comico e del tragico umano.”420 This

coexistence of tragedy and comedy within grotesque theatre remains a consistent feature of its

description among most scholars, each one adding a particular note to it. Ruggero Jacobbi points

to its moral function and to its requirement of an active and involved audience, deeming it the

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highest form of theatrical representation.421 Gigi Livio calls it a theatre that provokes

disinterested laughter in a public too aware of the problems it illustrates and the shortcomings of

the piccolo borghese world it describes.422 Giovanni Calendoli points to its novelty on the

literary (and theatrical) stage.423 Lastly, Adriano Tilgher provides this definition for it,

encompassing most previously stated opinions:

A:-%%-.D+!&-,!)21//%0"1!i?!&4.@4-?!.-,,+!*+//*-%-.)+D"'.-!&-,,+!

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! ! !!!!!!!!!!!

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Grazzini’s ties to the twentieth century are most heavily felt in the Cene’s anticipation of

Pirandello’s theory of humourism, and in the theatrical experiments of the grotteschi

playwrights. But his legacy extends beyond these two milestones of modernity. Indeed, it lives

on into the nineteen forties and, alongside the influence of authors that shaped much of il Lasca’s

early thought, remains a source of inspiration not only for Italian post-war neo-realist auteurs,

but also, and later, for contemporary Tuscan filmmakers.462

A particular case is to be made, however, of Grazzini’s influence on Sem Benelli’s 1908

dramatic poem, La cena delle beffe, a four-act production that owes a great debt of gratitude to

the Cene themselves. Benelli’s play is twice adapted to film, first under the direction of

Alessandro Blasetti, in 1941, and next, in 1965, by Guglielmo Morandi. The plot and most of the

dialogue remains consistent from one version to the next, all of it deriving from a composite of

Grazzini’s Cene. To summarise: il Cavaliere Tornaquinci, seen in Cena I.iii, hosts a dinner at

which long-standing rivals Neri Chiaramontesi (along with his brother, Gabriello and his wife,

Ginevra) and Gianetto Malaspini are both in attendance. Though unknown to Tornaquinci,

Gianetto soon reveals the purpose of this dinner, requested by Lorenzo de’ Medici himself, to be

the beginning of an elaborate beffa carried out against Neri not only for his many transgressions

against Gianetto and the people of Florence more generally, but ultimately for stealing Gianetto’s

woman and, wooing her with his fortune and riches, making her his wife.

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! ! !!!!!!!!!!!

! VOW!

Benelli’s intentions in composing this piece are clear and manifold. He at once seeks to

pay homage to the beffa tradition, Grazzini’s elaboration of it more specifically, and to make it

socially and literarily relevant to his contemporary society by rendering it distinctly “modern.”

He also illustrates a third agenda perhaps more contingent on politico-historical trend than on

artistic expression or literary preparation: an adherence to an early fascist program of national

identity. In his revival of notable Renaissance characters – Lorenzo de’ Medici, the famed Neri

Chiaramontesi – and in his celebration of the literary patrimony they inherit, by way of the beffa,

from Boccaccio and father of Italian prose literature, he contributes to a generally diffused effort

to fortify contemporary Italian national identity by recalling its historical prestige.463 Such

would have been the main purpose of Benelli’s work in a classroom setting. It registers

differently, however, on stage and in film.

In premise and in structure, the beffa carried out here takes off from Grazzini’s Cena I.iii,

while recycling and incorporating the identities of others of Grazzini’s characters present

elsewhere in the Cene, and reincorporating plot elements of other novelle. To wit: among

Gianetto Malaspina’s464 cortege is Fazio465; Neri’s brother’s name is derived from the

protagonist of Cena II.i; the Lisabetta that appears in the fourth act of Benelli’s play borrows

much of her temperance and general demeanour not only from Boccaccio’s Lisabetta di Messina,

but from the Lisabetta degli Ulberti that appears in Grazzini’s Cena II.iii. In Benelli’s play, after

a bout of verbal sparring, Neri Chiaramontesi dares Giannetto to appear at the house of Bella

Pellegrina, a known Florentine courtesan, his face tinted with black dye. Gianetto dares Neri, in

turn, to present himself at Ceccherino’s atelier in via Vacchereccia, where Florence’s youngest,

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! ! !!!!!!!!!!!

! VON!

wealthiest, and most prestigious youth regularly gathered, in full armour and brandishing a

billhook.466 Neri accepts the challenge, and sets off to complete it. But Gianetto takes advantage

of Neri’s absence (and pride) to sneak into Ginevra’s room in Neri’s villa, lie with her, convince

her – as he had all of Florence – of her husband’s insanity, then trap Neri there, in his own home,

to be carried off and shackled in isolation.

What follows, primarily as a consequence of Ginevra’s inclusion in Benelli’s rewrite as

central to the fulfillment of the beffa, is the “modernization” of Grazzini’s Cena I.iii. In this

incorporation of a domestic element and in its effect on the beffa to be carried out, Benelli is at

once faithful to the beffa tradition and Grazzini’s treatment of it, and to the larger function and

apparatus of twentieth century grotesque theatre – or, the illustration of social paranoia and

imbalance, and its resulting descent to the absurd. Ginevra’s character, taking pleasure from

various sources, is not unlike any of the women seen either in Grazzini’s Cene or, indeed, in

Boccaccio’s novelle, their antecedent. Her modernity resides in her involuntary ability to

dismantle her household arrangement and drive her husband not – or not only – to revenge, but

to insanity. As is the case in the vast majority of grotesque theatre, the main action of Benelli’s

poem pivots on a disruption of the domestic sphere by way of Ginevra’s infidelity and series of

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! ! !!!!!!!!!!!

! VO^!

illicit liaisons, one with Giannetto, the other with Neri’s brother, Gabriello. It is by discovering

his wife’s unfaithfulness that Neri becomes careless, allows himself to be overtaken by his

passions, is imprisoned, and eventually, seeking vengeance on his wife as well as her lover(s),

commits the act that drives him to his demise – unintentional fratricide.467 Most notable to

audiences and to readers of Grazzini alike, then, is Benelli’s reinterpretation, in modern key, of

the folly and psychosis present in Neri, central also to Grazzini’s Neri, and, as seen, crucial to

linking Grazzini’s sixteenth-century sense of “humour” – and the shifts therein – to Pirandello’s

later theory of humourism and the grotteschi’s reappropriation of related themes.

The defining moment of Benelli’s dramatic poem and his greatest departure from

Grazzini’s original text occurs in the second half of this work and in the description of Neri’s

ostensible descent into madness. Most to the point, as of the beginning of the third act, Benelli

denies Neri the sanity, recognition of mental wellness, and social escape Grazzini affords him.

Though some doubt is originally cast on Neri’s soundness of mind in Cena I.iii, it is soon

resolved both explicitly, and in the exoneration, even if by exile, of Neri’s previous

transgressions.468 Benelli does away with such graces, instead taking Neri’s moment of

confusion and self-doubt, in Grazzini, to the extreme of unambiguous folly. He emerges, as a

result, as a self-made buffoon. His disintegration occurs gradually. At first, it is falsely assumed,

then feigned, and eventually becomes real and in proportion both to social expectation and to

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! ! !!!!!!!!!!!

! VOO!

Neri’s internal turmoil. In other words, treated as a madman, everyone but Giannetto and his

cortège convinced of his insanity, Neri eventually falls prey to the mental condition of which he

is accused. He is assailed by a series of former foes: Trinca, another man he cuckolded, and three

women “compromised” by his inconstant affection, Fiammetta, Laldomine, and Lisabetta. His

morale resists fracture until faced with the unflinching devotion of the last of these ladies,

ironically, the only one to extend him the benefit of doubt and, eventually, to believe his

rendition of the facts. But though she is the only character to grant him grace, Lisabetta is also

the catalyst of his deconstruction. It is her advice to Neri – to feign the folly with which he is

charged in order to be released – that both frees him from his shackles and, consequently,

facilitates his tragic end.

In this transition from simulated to genuine madness, Benelli makes of Neri a truly

“modern” protagonist in all the ways alluded to above. His Cena, then, denotes both this

thematic consistency in Italian literature and performance art from the sixteenth to the twentieth

centuries and a clear evolution of it in modern key. It is also in the passage from Grazzini’s

brand of “humourism” to Benelli’s that further links between Pirandello’s early twentieth-

century discourse and Renaissance humoural theory - and its development into the genre of the

“grotesque” - can be made.

!

!!!!! !!!! ( !! !!!

! ! !!!!!!!!!!!

! VOQ!

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Lindsay Waters, “The ‘Desultory Rhyme’ of Don Juan: Byron, Pulci, and the Improvisatory

Style,” ELH 45.3 (1978): 429-42.

Zygmunt Wazbinski, “Lo studio – la sucola fiorentina di Federico Zuccari,” Mitteleingun des

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(1968): 1-22.

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CURRICULUM VITAE ET STUDIORUM Tania Zampini 3141 Av. des Aristocrates Laval, QC H7E 5H4 CANADA tel: (443) 850-8655 e-mail: tzampin1@jhu.edu DEGREES AND QUALIFICATIONS 2008-2013 Ph.D. in Italian Language and Literature at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of German and Romance Languages and Literatures Dissertation title: Sole e Ombra: A Study of Sixteenth-Century Humourism and Grotesque Through the Works of Antonfrancesco Grazzini, l’Accademia degli Humidi, and l’Accademia degli Infiammati 2006-2008 M.A. in Italian language and literature from McGill University, Montreal, QC: department of Italian Studies Title of thesis: Melancholy and the Modern Consciousness of Francesco Petrarca: A Close Reading of Melancholy, Acedia, and Love-sickness in the Secretum, De Remediis Utriusque Fortunae and Canzoniere 2003-2006 B.A. in English Literature and Italian Studies from McGill University, Montreal, QC. 2001-2003 DEC (Diplôme d’études collégiales) in Liberal Arts from Marianopolis College, Montreal, QC. AWARDS AND GRANTS Singleton Summer Research Grants ($3000, $4000, $5000; 2011, 2012, 2013) Singleton Fellowship ($17,500; April 2008) McGill Recruitment Excellence Fellowship ($5,000; March 2007) Graduate with Great Distinction (McGill University, 2006) McGill University Certificate of Merit (2003) Golden Key International Society (2003- present) Beverley Kennedy Award in excellence in the Liberal Arts (2003) Sister Mary McCormack Bursary ($200; 2002)

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TEACHING EXPERIENCE Johns Hopkins University: Instructor, Survey of Italian Literature (Spring 2013) Language Instructor, Intermediate Italian I (Fall 2012; Fall 2008) Language Instructor, Advanced Italian Composition and Conversation I (Fall 2010) Language Instructor, Advanced Italian Composition and Conversation II (Spring 2011) Language Instructor, Italian Elements I (Fall 2009) Language Instructor, Italian Elements II (Spring 2010) Language Instructor, Intermediate Italian II (Spring 2009) Graduate Student Guest Lectures Guest lecture on Dante’s Divine Comedy (Fall 2008) Guest lecture on Dante’s Divine Comedy (Spring 2010) Guest lecture on Machiavelli’s Prince (Spring 2010) Guest lecture on Italo Calvino’s Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore (Spring 2010) McGill University Language Instructor, Italian for Beginners (Fall 2007, Spring 2008) Teaching Assistant, Dante and the Middle Ages (Fall 2007) Abbey Road Overseas Program Program Coordinator and Workshop Leader (Summer 2007) Other Private Tutor, Intermediate Italian (2009-2013) Volunteer English Language Arts Instructor, Hand in Hand, Baltimore, MD (Fall 2010, Spring 2011) Volunteer Project Leader, Community Walls, Baltimore, MD (Fall 2010, Spring 2011) Volunteer Early Childhood Education Activities Coordinator, O3, Montreal, QC (Fall 2011, Spring 2012) English Tutor, Inforeal, Montreal, QC (Summer 2006) Mathematics Peer Tutor, Marianopolis College, Montreal, QC (2002-2003) RESEARCH EXPERIENCE Editorial Assistant, MLN Review (September 2011- September 2012); supervision: Prof. Walter Stephens Research Assistant, The Thinking Life: How to Thrive in the Age of Distraction, P. M. Forni (Winter 2010) Research Assistant, “Atlante Project” (Fall 2009); supervision: Prof. Christopher Celenza Research Assistant, “The Scholar’s Bookshelf” (Summer 2008, Fall 2009) supervision: Profs. Christopher Celenza, Earle Havens, and Walter Stephens Translation Assistant, “Antonio Pucci Cantari Project” (Fall 2007); supervision: Dr. Maria Predelli

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CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS “Sole e Ombra: Jealousy and Elemental Discourse in Padua’s Accademia degli Infiammati and Florence’s Accademia degli Humidi,” Renaissance Society of America annual meeting, March 27-29, 2014. “Decameron Reframed: Antonfrancesco Grazzini's Cene and Boccaccio's Cornice Reimagined,” Sixteenth Century Society and Conference annual meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico, October 24-27, 2013. “From Censored to Censor: Pietro Aretino and Religious Politics of 16th-Century Venice and Rome,” Sixteenth Century Society and Conference annual meeting, Cincinnati, OH, October 25-28, 2012. “Grotesque Laughter: Comedy and Marvel in the Works of Antonfrancesco Grazzini,” Renaissance Society of America annual conference, Washington, DC, March 22-25, 2012. “Sodom and Gomorrah: Pier Paolo Pasolini’s Salò and Matteo Garrone’s Gomorra as a Comprehensive Critique of Fascist ad Post-Fascist Italy, from the Outside-In,” Canadian Society for Italian Studies annual conference, Venice, Italy, June 24-26, 2011. “Urban Landscapes: Simultaneous Symbolism and the Case of the (Sub)urban Pastoral in the Decameron,” 2010 International Boccaccio Conference, American Boccaccio Association, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, April 30 – May 1, 2010. “Francesco Petrarca, Lorenzo Valla: Passive Literary Activism in Early Modernity,” Chiasmi Harvard-Brown Graduate Student Conference in Italian Studies; War and Peace: Reflections on Harmony and Conflict in Italian Literature, Harvard University, April 4-5, 2009. “La questione etica nella narrativa di Niccolò Ammaniti,” Up Close and Personal: A Workshop on Contemporary Italian Narrative, McGill University, March 28-29, 2008. “Between Man and Beast: Dante on Pre-Humanistic Virtue,” The Literary Animal: Romance Studies Graduate Student Conference, Cornell University, February 8-9, 2008. “Acedia: Tracing Fear and Social Paralysis in Petrarch and Ficino," Reading Fear: Representations of Fear in Romance Literatures, University of Oregon, November 8-10, 2007. PUBLICATIONS AND TRANSLATIONS Forthcoming Book chapter: “Sodom and Gomorrah: Pier Paolo Pasolini’s Salò and Matteo Garrone’s Gomorra as a Comprehensive Critique of Fascist ad Post-Fascist Italy, from the Outside-In,” forthcoming in New Trends in Italian Cinema: New neorealism, ed. Carmela Scala (Cambridge Scholars Publishing).

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Book review: Janis Vanacker, Non al suo amante più Diana piacque. I miti venatori nella letteratura italiana, in Quaderni d’italianistica (Toronto, Canada) English translation: Pier Massimo Forni’s Introduction to Ninfale fiesolano (U of Chicago P). Contracted and In Progress Introduction to Lives of Popes and Emperors, ed. Aldo and Reta Bernardo (New York: Italica Press). LANGUAGES English, French, Italian (fluent) Latin (basic; comprehension) MEMBERSHIPS AND COMMITTEES Member of the Modern Language Association (2012 – current) Member of the Renaissance Society of America (2012- current) Member of the Sixteenth-Century Society and Conference (2012- current) Member of the American Boccaccio Association (2010) Member of the Philological Society, The Johns Hopkins University (2009-2011) Departmental Graduate Student Representative to the McGill AGSS (2006-2007) Graduate Student Representative to the Department of Italian Studies (2006-2007) Executive member of the McGill Italian Studies Student Association (2004-2005) Member of the McGill Italian Association (2003-2005)! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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