Research Proposal Title: INVESTIGATING STUDENTS ACCEPTANCE OF TABLET PC IN LEARNING SCIENCE

byNoorhanizah Sahadani &Dr Sallimah M. SallehUniversiti Brunei DarussalamResearch EETitle:

INVESTIGATING STUDENTS ACCEPTANCE OF TABLET PC IN LEARNING SCIENCE: AN APPLICATION OF THE MODIFIED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL

EDULEARN 14THE PURPOSE OF STUDYTo investigate students acceptance of using Tablet PC in learning Science by applying The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of technology (UTAUT) model (Venkatesh, Morris, David & Davis, 2003).

The findings of this research exercise could help educators with their decisions to use Tablet PC in classroom teaching and learning in science.

to foresee what students feel inform educatorshow to improve students willingnessto adjust teachers strategies and tactics

Significance of the studyTheoretical FrameworkTheory of Reasoned Action (TRA)Theory of Planned Behviour (TPB)Theory of Acceptance Model (TAM)Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)The acceptance factors of using technology have been studied years ago: Moran (2003)(Ajzen & Fishbein 1980)(Ajzen, 1985) (Venkatesh, Moris, David and Davis,2003).(Davis,1986)Theoretical Framework

The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) which incorporates both human and social variables. It was develop by Venkatesh, Moris, David and Davis (2003). Research MethodResearch designQuantitative methodSample2 schools from 5 clusters100 students each school year 10 learning science as one of the subjectThe instrumentSurvey (base from the UTAUT model + input from pilot study)Analysis dataSPSSSurvey is chosen to conduct research because according to Johnson, K. (2011) Large sample is possibleWide range of informationRelatively easy to administerEconomical

ConstructDescriptionPerformance Expectancy (PE)Degree to which students believes that using a Tablet PC will help accomplish gain in learning Science. Effort Expectancy (EE)The degree of ease of students using Tablet in learning ScienceSocial influence (SI)The degree to which students important person for example parents, teachers and peers influence them to use Tablet PC in learning Science. Facilitating conditions (FC)The degree to which the student believe that the school and application resources in tablet PC exists to support the use of Tablet PC in learning Science.

Research Questions and HypothesisResearch QuestionStatistical analysisWhat are the performance expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social influence (SI) and facilitating factors (FC) factors that influence students use of Tablet PC in learning Science?

To identify the indicator variables of each of the construct PE, EE, SI and FC.Factor analysis [identify set of underlying factors that describe correlation of set of items]2. Descriptive statistic, mean & standard deviation8

Research Questions and Hypothesis2. How do Effort Expectancy (EE) and Performance Expectancy (PE) to the use of Tablet PC in learning Science relate to students Attitude (AT) to use Tablet PC in learning Science?

There will be a positive relationship between:Performance Expectancy (PE) and Behavioral Intentions (BI)Effort expectancy (EE) and Behavioral Intentions (BI)Social influence (SI) and Behavioral Intentions (BI)There will be a positive relationship between Behavioural Intentions (BI) and Use Behaviour (UB)

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) [confirmatory & exploratory for theory testing & theory development]

3. How do Performance Expectancy (PE), Social Influence (SI), Facilitating Condition (FC) along with the additional factor that is Self Efficacy (SE) to the use of Tablet PC in learning Science relate to students behavioral intention (BI) to use Tablet PC in learning Science?

H3: There will be a positive relationship between students believe to have gain in schools (Performance Expectancy) to students intention to use Tablet PC (BI) in learning Science;H4: There will be a positive relationship between students important person (Social Influence) to students intention to use Tablet PC (BI) in learning Science; H5: There will be a positive relationship between availability and access (Facilitating Condition) to support the use of Tablet PC in learning Science and students intention to use Tablet PC (BI) in learning Science; andH6: There will be a positive relationship between how well students are able to use Tablet PC on their own in learning Science (Self Efficacy) to students intention to use Tablet PC (BI) in learning Science are postulated.

Research Questions and Hypothesis

Research Questions and Hypothesis4. How do students attitudes (AT) to the use of Tablet PC in learning Science relates to the behavioral intention (BI) to the use of Tablet PC in learning Science?

H7: There will be a positive relationship between students attitudes (AT) to the use of Tablet PC in learning Science and behavioral intention (BI) to use Tablet PC in learning Science is postulated.

Conclusions and RecommendationsThe research findings demonstrated the model to have a good fit with the data except performance expectancy to students attitude on the use of Tablet PC where it was found to have no significant relationship to each other. Nevertheless, Performance Expectancy (PE) was found to be significant through direct influence to accept Tablet PC in learning Science. As highlighted earlier, these findings of research study could help educators with their decisions to use Tablet PC in classroom teaching and helps to foresee what students feel regarding the use of Tablet PC in learning Science. The findings of this study also inform educators on how to assist students to use the Tablet PC in learning Science and to improve students willingness to adopt the use of Tablet PC in learning Science. Educators can also adjust their strategies and tactics for providing student the potential benefits of Tablet PC in learning Science. . The overall results revealed that the key determinant of accepting Tablet PC in learning Science are the students attitude as it has the highest direct influence. This shows that it is important to deal with students attitude to convince them to accept Tablet PC in learning Science. Schools attempting to use Tablet PC will have a much higher probability of success if they provide specific training for the proper use of the Tablet PC. By looking at the direct influence to students attitudes, any improvements should focus more at making students feel at ease on the use of Tablet PC in learning Science as Effort Expectancy (EE) was found to be significant when compare to Performance Expectancy (PE). Direct supervision or online help will ease students with their problem on the use of the technology. These will also aid with their confidence level so will improve students self efficacy. Social influence from parents, teachers and principals was found to be the second highest contributor to accepting the use of Tablet PC in learning Science. Schools should create an environment where the use of Tablet PC is welcomed. Teachers might want to slowly start using Tablet PC in Science classroom, and principal might encourage students to use Tablet PC in class with teachers guidance. To further influence students to accept Tablet PC in learning Science, students need to appreciate the academic benefits to the use of Tablet PC in learning Science and then they will be more likely to want to use them in their studies. Lastly, schools attempting to the use Tablet PC will also have a better probability to success if they provide facilitating conditions for students for example the Tablet PC itself, and providing wireless connection in the school.Table 2. The Valid and reliable indicator variables for the Attitude (AT) construct.ConstructQuestion codeItems

Factor loadingCronbach Alpha Reliability

AT(Attitude)AT 4

AT 5

AT 6

The tablet PC will make learning Science more fun. The tablet PC will make learning Science more interesting.The tablet PC will make learning Science more enjoyable.786

.808

.782

.904

Table 2 shows the valid and reliable indicator variables for Attitude (AT) are items of AT 4 (factor loading = .786), AT 5 (factor loading = .808), AT 6 (factor loading=.782). The alpha reliability of this scale is = .904Table 3. The valid and reliable indicator variables for the Social Influence (SI) FactorQuestion codeItems

Factor loadingCronbach Alpha Reliability

SI(Social influence)SI 1

SI 2

SI 4SI 5My parents think that I should use Tablet PC in learning Science.My siblings and close relatives think that I should use Tablet PC in learning ScienceMy teacher encourage me to use Tablet PC in learning ScienceMy principal encourage me to use Tablet PC in learning Science

.639

.648

.842

.829

.828

Table 3 shows the valid and reliable indicator variables for Social Influence (SI) are items of SI 1 (factor loading = .639), SI 2 (factor loading = .648), SI 4 (factor loading=.842) and SI 4 (factor loading=.829). The alpha reliability of this scale is .828.Table 4. The valid and reliable indicator variables for Behavioral Intention (BI)FactorQuestion codeItems

Factor loadingCronbach Alpha Reliability

BI(Behavioral Intention)BI 5

FC1

FC2

SE1

I will use tablet PC in learning Science frequentlyI have the application (apps) to use Tablet PC in learning Science e.g. search engine, notepad I have the knowledge and skills to use Tablet PCI could complete a task using the Tablet PC on my own.551

.520

.597

.637

.681 ~ .70

Table 4 shows the valid and reliable indicator variables for Behavioral Intent (BI) are items of BI 5 (factor loading = .551), FC 1 (factor loading = .520), FC 2 (factor loading=.597) and SE 1 (factor loading=.637). The alpha reliability of this scale is = .70. Table 4. The valid and reliable indicator variables for Behavioral Intention (BI)FactorQuestion codeItems

Factor loadingCronbach Alpha Reliability

BI(Behavioral Intention)BI 5

FC1

FC2

SE1

I will use tablet PC in learning Science frequentlyI have the application (apps) to use Tablet PC in learning Science e.g. search engine, notepad I have the knowledge and skills to use Tablet PCI could complete a task using the Tablet PC on my own.551

.520

.597

.637

.681 ~ .70

Table 4 shows the valid and reliable indicator variables for Behavioral Intent (BI) are items of BI 5 (factor loading = .551), FC 1 (factor loading = .520), FC 2 (factor loading=.597) and SE 1 (factor loading=.637). The alpha reliability of this scale is = .70. Table 5. The valid and reliable indicator variables for Effort Expectancy (EE).FactorQuestion codeItems

Factor loadingCronbach Alpha Reliability

EE(Effort Expectancy) EE 3*

EE 4*

EE 5*

I find using Tablet PC will take too much time in learning Science Learning Science using Tablet PC will be difficult. Learning Science using Tablet PC will be complicated

.694

.678

.714

.732

*Reversed itemTable 5 shows he valid and reliable indicator variables for Effort Expectancy (EE) are items of EE 3 (factor loading = .694), EE 4 (factor loading = .678), EE 5 (factor loading=.714) The alpha reliability of this scale is = .732Table 6. The valid and reliable indicator variables for Self Expectancy (SE).FactorQuestion codeItems

Factor loadingCronbach Alpha Reliability

SE(Self Efficacy)SE 2*

SE 3*

SE 4*

SE 5*

I could complete a task using the Tablet PC if someone else demonstrate to me first I could complete a task using Tablet PC is there is someone help me I will need a lot of time to complete a task using Tablet PC I need assistance in using Tablet PC

.616

.720

.701

.717

.695 ~ 0.7

*Reversed itemTable 6 shows the valid and reliable indicator construct for Behavioral Intent (BI) are items of SE 2 (factor loading = .616), SE 3 (factor loading = .720), SE 4 (factor loading=.701) and SE 5(factor loading=.717). The alpha reliability of this scale is = .70Table 7. The valid and reliable indicator construct for Facilitating Condition (FC).FactorQuestion codeItems

Factor loadingCronbach Alpha Reliability

FC(Facilitating Conditions)FC 5

FC 6The school provide me with a Tablet PC in learning science The school has the wireless network for the tablet PC use

.796

.826

.632

*Reversed itemTable 7 shows the valid and reliable indicator variables for Behavioral Intent (BI) are items of FC 5 (factor loading = .796) and FC 6(factor loading=.632). The alpha reliability of this scale is = .632Table 8. The valid and reliable indicator variables for Performance Expectancy (PE) FactorQuestion codeItems

Factor loadingCronbach Alpha Reliability

PE (Performance Expectancy)PE 3*

PE 5*Using Tablet PC will decrease my chance of getting a good grade in learning Science Using Tablet PC will decrease the quality of my Science work

.653

.681

.609

*Reversed itemTable 8 shows the valid and reliable indicator variables for Behavioral Intent (BI) are items of PE 3 (factor loading = .653) and PE 5(factor loading=.681). The alpha reliability of this scale is = .609Table 9. Path coefficients (E), for indirect factors on Students acceptance of Tablet PC in learning Science. Testing hypothesis and result for H1and H2Dependent VariablePathDirect factorEpStatistical result

Attitude (AT)

Attitude (AT)

Effort Expectancy (EE)

Performance Expectancy (PE)

.194

.063

***

.130

Supported

Not supported

* p< .01 ** p