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By Dawn PrakashBy Dawn Prakash

I MBA 2I MBA 2ndnd semester semester

Srinivas Institute Of TechnologySrinivas Institute Of Technology

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Module 1: Introduction to Business Module 1: Introduction to Business ResearchResearch

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ResearchResearch

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ResearchResearch Research is a human activity on intellectual investigation and Research is a human activity on intellectual investigation and

is aimed at discovering , interpreting, and revising human is aimed at discovering , interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world.knowledge on different aspects of the world.

• *Research is Search for knowledge*Research is Search for knowledge

• * “A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search * “A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”- Advanced learner for new facts in any branch of knowledge”- Advanced learner DictionaryDictionary

• * Redman and Mory – a Systemized effort to gain new * Redman and Mory – a Systemized effort to gain new knowledgeknowledge

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ResearchResearch Research is an “Research is an “ORGANIZED”ORGANIZED” and “ and “SYSTEMATIC”SYSTEMATIC” way of FINDING way of FINDING

ANSWERS to QUESTIONS. ANSWERS to QUESTIONS.

SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and steps SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will follow. There are certain things in the research process which you will follow. There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most accurate results.which are always done in order to get the most accurate results.

ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going about doing ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and research. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.limited to a specific scope.

FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple question, research is successful when we to a hypothesis or even a simple question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the answer is no, but it is still an answer.find answers. Sometimes the answer is no, but it is still an answer.

QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question, then the QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose.questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose.

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Research Research

*Research Always starts with a Question or a *Research Always starts with a Question or a problem and seeks to get answersproblem and seeks to get answers

*Research May or may not use scientific *Research May or may not use scientific methodsmethods

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Structured attempt at gaining knowledge Structured attempt at gaining knowledge dates back to Aristotle and his identification of dates back to Aristotle and his identification of deductive reasoning.deductive reasoning.

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Research methods used by scholars Research methods used by scholars include:include:

Action research Action research Case study Case study Classification Classification Experience and intuition Experience and intuition Experiments Experiments Interviews Interviews Mathematical models Mathematical models Participant observation Participant observation Simulation Simulation Statistical analysis Statistical analysis Statistical surveys Statistical surveys Content or Textual Analysis Content or Textual Analysis

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2 Basic Research Approaches2 Basic Research Approaches

(i) Quantitative Approach:(i) Quantitative Approach:

Generation of data in Quantitative form and Generation of data in Quantitative form and can be analysed much more easily then can be analysed much more easily then Qualitative ApproachQualitative Approach

(ii) Qualitative Approach:(ii) Qualitative Approach:

Subjective assessment of attitude , opinion and Subjective assessment of attitude , opinion and behaviourbehaviour

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Research Methodology: IntroductionResearch Methodology: Introduction

Research processesResearch processes Formation of the topic Formation of the topic Hypothesis Hypothesis Conceptual definitions Conceptual definitions Operational definitions Operational definitions Gathering of data Gathering of data Analysis of data Analysis of data Test, revising of hypothesis Test, revising of hypothesis Conclusion, iteration if necessaryConclusion, iteration if necessary

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ResearchResearch

Basic Research Applied ResearchBasic Research Applied Research -Fundamental Research -Decisional Research-Fundamental Research -Decisional Research

--Theoretical Research -Alternative SolutionTheoretical Research -Alternative Solution

-Pure Research-Pure Research

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Basic researchBasic research Basic research has as its primary objective the advancement Basic research has as its primary objective the advancement

of knowledge and the theoretical understanding of the of knowledge and the theoretical understanding of the relations among variables .relations among variables .

It is exploratory and often driven by the researcher’s It is exploratory and often driven by the researcher’s curiosity, interest, and intuition. curiosity, interest, and intuition.

It is conducted without any practical end in mind, although it It is conducted without any practical end in mind, although it may have unexpected results pointing to practical applications.may have unexpected results pointing to practical applications.

The terms “basic” or “fundamental” indicate that, through The terms “basic” or “fundamental” indicate that, through theory generation, basic research provides the foundation for theory generation, basic research provides the foundation for further, sometimes applied research. further, sometimes applied research.

As there is no guarantee of short-term practical gain, As there is no guarantee of short-term practical gain, researchers may find it difficult to obtain funding for basic researchers may find it difficult to obtain funding for basic research. research.

Research is a subset of invention.Research is a subset of invention. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that

result from basic research. result from basic research.

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For example, basic science investigations For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions such as:probe for answers to questions such as:

-How did the universe begin? -How did the universe begin?

-What are protons, neutrons, and electrons -What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of? composed of?

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Historical examplesHistorical examples-Basic Research-Basic Research

Genetics and heredity is largely due to the studies of Genetics and heredity is largely due to the studies of Gregor MendelGregor Mendel

Many of today's electrical devices (e.g., radios, Many of today's electrical devices (e.g., radios, generators and alternators) can trace their roots to the generators and alternators) can trace their roots to the basic research conducted by Michael Faraday in basic research conducted by Michael Faraday in 1831. He discovered the principle of electromagnetic 1831. He discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, that is, the relationship between electricity induction, that is, the relationship between electricity and magnetism.and magnetism.

X-RAYS fundamental experiments of Wilhelm X-RAYS fundamental experiments of Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895Rontgen in 1895

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Fundamental ResearchFundamental Research Fundamental research, also called basic research - scientific Fundamental research, also called basic research - scientific

investigation for its own sake. The goal of fundamental investigation for its own sake. The goal of fundamental research is to gain knowledge and understanding of the research is to gain knowledge and understanding of the physical world, without regard to whether or not the physical world, without regard to whether or not the knowledge discovered will be of any practical use. This is knowledge discovered will be of any practical use. This is different from applied research, in which scientific different from applied research, in which scientific investigation is carried out in order to discover a solution to a investigation is carried out in order to discover a solution to a practical problempractical problem

Systematic observation of phenomena for the purpose ofSystematic observation of phenomena for the purpose of learning new facts or testing the application of theorieslearning new facts or testing the application of theories to known facts; -- also called scientific research. Thisto known facts; -- also called scientific research. This is the research part of the phrase "research andis the research part of the phrase "research and developmentdevelopment

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Theoretical ResearchTheoretical Research Theoretical research is a critical component of many scientific Theoretical research is a critical component of many scientific

fields, because it leads to a greater understanding of the exact fields, because it leads to a greater understanding of the exact science behind experimental results. science behind experimental results.

This is certainly true in fusion research. This is certainly true in fusion research. Several major improvements in experimental design have Several major improvements in experimental design have

resulted from the attainment of physical understanding of resulted from the attainment of physical understanding of fusion processes. fusion processes.

This theoretical knowledge is developed through the use of This theoretical knowledge is developed through the use of computer modeling programs. computer modeling programs.

Without this understanding, most advances in efficiency Without this understanding, most advances in efficiency would result only from increasing the scale of the project. would result only from increasing the scale of the project.

With the aid of computers, new ideas can be tested and With the aid of computers, new ideas can be tested and developed much more quickly and cheaply.developed much more quickly and cheaply.

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Pure ResearchPure Research Pure research is for the sake of curiosity and functions to Pure research is for the sake of curiosity and functions to

advance knowledge for its own sake. This type of research is advance knowledge for its own sake. This type of research is usually carried out in government-funded projects by usually carried out in government-funded projects by University research facilities or specific government University research facilities or specific government laboratories.laboratories.

There is a relationship between these two types of research: There is a relationship between these two types of research: pure research generates new ideas and applied research takes pure research generates new ideas and applied research takes these ideas to create new inventions. Then, through these ideas to create new inventions. Then, through development, the new inventions are transformed into development, the new inventions are transformed into commercial products. This is a simple model to understand the commercial products. This is a simple model to understand the different types of research and the eventual development of different types of research and the eventual development of new products.new products.

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Applied ResearchApplied Research

Applied research is designed to solve practical Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. One acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. One might say that the goal of the applied scientist might say that the goal of the applied scientist is to improve the human condition is to improve the human condition

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For example, applied researchers For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:may investigate ways to:

improve agricultural crop production improve agricultural crop production treat or cure a specific disease treat or cure a specific disease improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of

transportation transportation Some scientists feel that the time has come for a shift in Some scientists feel that the time has come for a shift in

emphasis away from purely basic research and toward applied emphasis away from purely basic research and toward applied science. This trend, they feel, is necessitated by the problems science. This trend, they feel, is necessitated by the problems resulting from global overpopulation, pollution, and the resulting from global overpopulation, pollution, and the overuse of the earth's natural resourcesoveruse of the earth's natural resources

Vaccinations against various diseases save countless lives each Vaccinations against various diseases save countless lives each year. The first use of a vaccine occurred in the late 1790's. year. The first use of a vaccine occurred in the late 1790's. Edward Jenner developed a technique for vaccinating people Edward Jenner developed a technique for vaccinating people against smallpox, a disease that once killed millions of people.against smallpox, a disease that once killed millions of people.

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KINDS OF RESEARCHKINDS OF RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH is concerned with BASIC RESEARCH is concerned with

knowledge for the sake of theory. Its design is knowledge for the sake of theory. Its design is not controlled by the practical usefulness of the not controlled by the practical usefulness of the findings.findings.

APPLIED RESEARCH is concerned with APPLIED RESEARCH is concerned with showing how the findings can be applied or showing how the findings can be applied or summarized into some type of teaching summarized into some type of teaching methodology.methodology.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH goes one step further PRACTICAL RESEARCH goes one step further and applies the findings of research to a specific and applies the findings of research to a specific "practical" teaching situation."practical" teaching situation.

For example, practical research may be based on For example, practical research may be based on theory that came from previously done basic theory that came from previously done basic research. Or, theory may be generated by the research. Or, theory may be generated by the combination of results from various practical combination of results from various practical research projects. The same bidirectional research projects. The same bidirectional relationship exists between applied research and relationship exists between applied research and basic research or practical research. basic research or practical research.

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INTER-RELATIONSHIPSINTER-RELATIONSHIPS Now that you understand basic, applied, and Now that you understand basic, applied, and

practical research, let's look at one more way practical research, let's look at one more way these three types of research work together these three types of research work together

Research is like a plantResearch is like a plantthat grows and growsthat grows and growsand grows and grows...and grows and grows...

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When it is grownWhen it is grownit throws off seeds of all typesit throws off seeds of all types(basic, applied, and practical),(basic, applied, and practical),

which in turn sprout andwhich in turn sprout andcreate more research projects.create more research projects.

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The process continues withThe process continues withall of the new research 'plants'all of the new research 'plants'throwing off seeds, creatingthrowing off seeds, creating

additional, related research projectsadditional, related research projectsof various types.of various types.

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Soon there is a body of basic, applied, and Soon there is a body of basic, applied, and practicalpracticalresearch projects related to similar topics.research projects related to similar topics.

And the process goes on and on...And the process goes on and on...

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