Business Research 1.ppt

8/18/2019 Business Research 1.ppt

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Everywhere our knowledge is incomplete and

problems are waiting to be solved.

We address the void in our knowledge, and

those unresolved problems,

By asking relevant questions and seeking

answers to them.The role of research is to provide a method for

obtaining those answers

By inquiringly studying the facts, within the parameters

of the scientific method.


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A perfect CIRCLE

may look like an

imperfect one!!!!!!


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Seeing may not

be believing!!!!


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The Boeing Company has been a premiermanufacturer of commercial jetliners formore than 40 years and provides productsand services to customers in 145

countries. Objective

! To continuously monitor the dynamic mar"etplace

! To #nderstand the needs and priorities of airlines

and their customers $people %ho fly&To achieve this purpose BC' employs

mar"eting research on a regular basis


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*indings

o )ore than 203 prefer single dec"/ 50passenger to a double dec" /550passenger airplane for nonstop flights.

o 6 out of 10 prefer a non7stop trip on

single dec".o 8assengers in all classes believe smaller

airplanes %ill provide better e9perience%ith chec"7in/ boarding/ baggage claim/

customs or immigrations.


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'ction

BC' developed a ne% version of Boeing 6-6%hich caters to 100715 seat mar"et

Outcome The 6-6 family has %on orders formore than 500 airplanes.


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:efinition Business ;esearch may bedefined as the


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Business research methods are used insituations of uncertainty/ that is/ %hendecision7ma"ers face t%o or more coursesof action and see" to select the bestpossible alternative under thecircumstances. Business ;esearch is henceaimed at improving the +uality ofdecision7ma"ing %hich/ in turn/ benefits

the organi=ation and helps ensure itscontinuity and efficiency.


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Businesses and Corporations

8ublic7(ector 'gencies

Consulting *irms

;esearch ?nstitutes

@on7Aovernmental Organi=ations

@on78rofit Organi=ations

?ndependent ;esearchers and Consultants


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! ' firm %ants to produce and mar"et a ne% product but first %ants to

ascertain if there is a potential consumer demand for this product in

mar"ets 9/ y and =

! ' multinational firm %ants to establish a production facility in another

country after determining its technical and economic feasibility

! ' government agency %ants to ascertain the satisfaction level of itsemployees/ the causes for any possible discontent/ and propose a scheme

for enhancing this level

! ' financial institution %ants to invest in commodities and commissions a

study to determine the past trends and forecast future returns in a

portfolio of commodities

! The CO of a firm %ants to underta"e a (OT7'nalysis as part of his plan

to redefine his organi=ationDs priorities


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(urveys

?ntervie%s

Observation

9periments 'rchival and istorical :ata

Eualitative 'nalysis

Euantitative 'nalysis


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Business Research

Problem

Identification

Research

Problem-Solving

Research

Market Potential ResearchMarket Share ResearchSales Analysis ResearchBusiness Trends Research

Segmentation ResearchProduct ResearchPricing ResearchPromotion Research


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Types

of

Research

Application b!ectives In"uiryMode

Pure

Research

Applied

Research

#escriptive

Research

$%planatory

Research

&ualitative

Research

&uantitative

Research

'o relational

Research

$%ploratory

Research


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8roblem :efinition

:evelopment of an 'pproach to the problem

;esearch :esign formulation

*ield%or" or :ata collection :ata 8reparation and 'nalysis

;eport 8reparation and 8resentation


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?mportance of literature revie% in research Bring clarity and focus to your research problem

?mprove your methodology

Broaden your "no%ledge base in your research area

Conte9tuali=e your findings 8rocedure for revie%ing the literature

(earch e9isting literature in your area of study

;evie% the literature selected

:evelop a theoretical frame%or"

:evelop a conceptual frame %or"


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?t provides a theoretical bac"ground to yourstudy.

?t revie%s the means by %hich you establish

the lin"s bet%een %hat you proposing toe9amine and %hat has already been studied.

To sho% ho% your findings have contributedto the e9isting body of "no%ledge

nables you to conte9tuali=e your findings.


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' research problem can be defined as a gap or uncertainty in the decision ma"ersDexisting body of knowledge %hich inhibitsefficient decision ma"ing. The gap could beacademic & theoretical $basic& or real timeand action oriented $applied&.

Considerations in selecting a researchproblem7interest/ magnitude/ measurementof concepts/ level of e9pertise/ relevance/availability of data/ ethical issues.


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?dentify a broad field

:issect the broad area into subareas.

(elect %hat is of most interest to you.

;aise research +uestions. *ormulate objectives

'ssess your objectives

:ouble7chec"


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Concepts Concepts are mental images orperceptions and therefore their meanings varymar"edly from individual to individual

Constructs #nobservable characteristics orconstructs such as constructs such as aptitude/image/ personality and patriotism.

FariablesFariables are measurable.


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(ubjective impression

@o uniformity as to itsunderstanding amongdifferent people

's such can not bemeasured

9ample ;ich

igh/academicachievement

)easurable thoughthe degree ofprecision varies fromscale to scale and

from variable tovariable

9ample ?ncome peryear

%eight

Types


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Types

of

variables

'ausal

model

Study

design

(nit

ofmeasurement

ndependent

)ariable

Intervening

)ariable

$%traneous

)ariable

#ependent

)ariable

Active

)ariable

Attribute

)ariable

&uantitative

)ariable

&ualitative

)ariable

'ontinuous

)ariables

'ategorical

)ariables

'onstants

#ichotomie

Polytomies


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' proposition/ condition/ or principle%hich is assumed/ perhaps %ithout belief/in order to dra% out its logicalconse+uences and by this method to test

its accord %ith facts %hich are "no%n ormay be determined.' proposition that is stated in a testableform ands that predicts a particularrelationship bet%een t%o $or more&variables. ?n other %ords / if %e thin"that a relationship e9its/ %e first state itas a hypothesis and then test thehypothesis$Bailey/1,6&


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' hypotheses is any assumptionGpresuppositionthat the researcher ma"es about the probabledirection of the results that might be obtained onthe completion of the research process

Descriptive hypotheses This is simply a statementabout the magnitude/ trend/ or behaviour of apopulation under study.

Relational hypotheses These are the typical "ind

of hypotheses %hich state the e9pected relationshipbet%een t%o variables.


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*ormulate

your

Assumption

'ollect

The

re"uired

data

Analy+e

#ata

To dra,

conclusions


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' hypothesis should be simple/ specific andconceptually clear.

' hypothesis should be capable of verification.

' hypothesis should be related to the e9istingbody of "no%ledge.

' hypothesis should be operationalisable


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Types

f

ypothesis

Alternateypothesis

Researchypothesis

.ull

ypothesis

ypothesis of

.o difference

/null hypothesis0

ypothesis

of difference

ypothesis

of point-

prevalence

ypothesis

of association


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Type ? rror Acceptance of a null hypothesis%hen it is false.

Type ?? rror Rejection of a null hypothesis%hen it is true.


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' research design is a plan / structure andstrategy of investigation so conceived as toobtain ans%ers to research +uestions orprogram of research. ?t includes an outline of

%hat the investigator %ill do from %riting thehypotheses and their operational implication asto the final analysis of data $erlinger 1,2&.' traditional research design is a blue print ordetailed plan for ho% a research study is to be

completed7 operationali=ing variables so theycan be measured/ selecting a sample ofinterest to study/ collecting data to be used asa basis for testing hypotheses/ and analy=ingthe results $Thyer 1,,-&.


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The formulated design must ensure threebasic tenets

Convert the research +uestion and the statedassumptionsGhypotheses into operationalvariables that can be measured.

(pecify the process that %ould be follo%ed tocomplete above tas"/ as efficiently andeconomically as possible.

(pecify the Hcontrol mechanism$s&D that %ouldbe used to ensure that effect of othervariables that could impact the outcome ofthe study have been controlled.


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?dentification and development ofprocedures and logistical arrangementsre+uired to underta"e a study.

;esearch design emphasi=es theimportance of +uality in these proceduresto ensure their validity/ objectivity andaccuracy.

'ccording to erlinger$1,2& thesefunctions are called control of variance.


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Research Design

Exploratory Research

Design

Conclusive

Research design

Descriptive Research Causal Research

Longitudinal Design

Cross-Sectional Design

Single

Cross-Sectional Design

Multiple

Cross- Sectional Design


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To provide insights andunderstanding.

?nformation needed isdefined only loosely.

;esearch process is fle9ibleand unstructured.

(ample is small and nonrepresentative .

'nalysis of primary data is+ualitative.

Tentative Aenerally follo%ed by further

e9ploratory or conclusiveresearch.

To test specific hypothesesand e9amine relationships

?nformation needed is clearlydefined.

;esearch process is formaland structured.

(ample is large andrepresentative.

:ata analysis is +uantitative.

Conclusive *inding used as input into

decision ma"ing.


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Objective :iscover ideas and insights.

Characteristics *le9ible/ versatile/ often the frontend of total research design.

)ethods 9pert surveys/ 8ilot surveys/ (econdarydata / Eualitative research.


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Objective :escribe mar"et characteristics orfunctions.

Characteristics )ar"ed by the priorformulation specific hypothesis. 8replannedand structured design.

)ethods (econdary data /(urveys / 8anels /Observational and other data.


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Objective :etermine cause and effectrelationships.

Characteristics )anipulation of one or moreindependent variables. Control of othermediating variables.

)ethods 9periments.


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Total Error

Random

Sampling Error

Nonsampling

Error

Response Error Nonresponse Error

Researcher Errors

Intervieer Errors

Respondent Errors


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8rimary versus (econdary data

'dvantages and :isadvantages of (econdary data

Criteria for evaluating secondary data

Classification of (econdary data

?nternal ;eady to use

;e+uire further 8rocessing

9ternal

8ublished )aterials

Computeri=ed :atabases (yndicated (ervices


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indness %ith firmness

8ermissiveness

?nvolvement ?ncomplete understanding

ncouragement

*le9ibility

(ensitivity


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(ynergism(no%balling(timulation(ecurity(pontaneity(erendipity(peciali=ation(cientific scrutiny(tructure(peed

)isuse )isjudge

)oderation )essy )isrepresentation


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:efining a problem more precisely. Aenerating alternative course of action.

:eveloping an approach to a problem. Obtaining information helpful in structuringconsumer +uestionnaires.

Aenerating hypotheses that can be tested

+uantitatively. ?nterpreting previously obtained

+uantitative results.


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Characteristics #nstructured

:irect

-0 min 1 hour


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8rojective Techni+ues #nstructured / indirectform of +uestioning that encourages respondentto project their underlying motivations/ beliefs/attitudes or feeling regarding the issue ofconcern.

'ssociation Techni+ues 'n ?ndividual ispresented %ith a stimulus and as"ed to respond

%ith the first thing that come to mind. Completion Techni+ues The respondent is as"ed

to complete an incomplete stimulus situation.

9pressive Techni+ues ;espondents are

presented %ith a verbal or visual situation andas"ed to relate the feelings and attitudes ofother people to the situation.


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(urvey )ethod ' structured +uestionnairegiven to a sample of a population anddesigned to elicit specify information fromrespondents.


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Survey

Method

TelephoneInterviewing

PersonalInterviewing

MailInterviewing

ElectronicInterviewing

raditionalCoputer

!ssistedIn- "oe

Mall

Intercept

Coputer

!ssistedEail InternetMail

Mail

Panel


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The recording of behavioral patterns ofpeople/ objects and events in a systematicmanner to obtain information about thephenomenon of interest.

(tructured versus unstructured observation

:isguised versus undisguised observation

@atural versus contrived observation


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?ndependent Fariables

Test #nits

:ependent Fariables

9traneous Fariables 9periment

9perimental :esign


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?nternal Falidity ?t measures %hether themanipulation of the independent variables ortreatments/ actually caused the effects onthe dependent variable$s&.

9ternal Falidity ' determination of %hetherthe cause7effect relationships found in thee9periment can be gernerali=ed.


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istory

)aturation

Testing ffects

?nstrumentation (tatistical ;egression

(election Bais

)ortality


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;andomi=ation

)atching

(tatistical Control

#se of 9perimental :esign


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Experiental

Design

Pre-experientalTrue

Experiental

#uasi

ExperientalStatistical


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The frame into %hich %e %ish to ma"eeverything fit is one of our o%n constructionIbut %e do not construct it at random/ %econstruct it by measurement so to spea"I

and that is %hy %e can fit the facts into it%ithout altering their essential +ualities$8oincare/ 1,5&.


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Ratio Scale

Interval Scale

rdinal Scale

.ominal Scale


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The @ominal (cale nables the classification

The Ordinal (cale nables classification andran"ing

The ?nterval (cale ?t has all the characteristics

of ordinal 8J#( it has a unit of measurement%ith an arbitrary starting and terminating point.

The ;atio scale ?t has all the properties of aninterval scale 8J#( it has a fi9ed starting point.


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Test7retest ;eliability

'lternative form ;eliability

?nternal Consistency ;eliability

Content Falidity

Criterion Falidity

Construct Falidity

Convergent Falidity

:iscriminant Falidity

@omological Falidity


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;elationship bet%een ;eliability K Falidity

Aenerali=ibility


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This is the simplest and most often usedmethod of primary data collection

There is a pre7determined set of +uestions in a

se+uential format

?s designed to suit the respondentDsunderstanding and language command

Can be conducted to collect useful data from alarge population in a short duration of time


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The spelt out research objectives need to beconverted into specific +uestions

?t must be designed to engage the respondentand encourage meaningful response

The +uestions should be designed in simple

language and be self7e9planatory


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Formalized & unconcealed questionnaire self7e9planatory %ith

most response categories predefined

Out of the follo%ing options/ %here do you invest

$tick all that apply)

8recious metals7777777777777777/ real estate777777777777/ stoc"s777777777/

Aovernment instruments777777777/ mutual funds777777any other7777777

ho carries out your investmentsL

)yself77777777777/ agent777777777/ relative77777777777/ friend777777777777/any other7777777777

hat is your source of information for these decisionsL @e%spaper777777777777/ investment maga=ines77777777777/ company

records etc.7777777777/ Trading portals777777777777/ agent777777777777


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Formalized & concealed questionnaire mostresponse categories are predefined/ but latentcause of behaviour are derived from indirect+uestions

Please indicate level of your agreement for the following statements.

SA - Strongly Agree; A-Agree; -eutral; S!- Strongly !isagree; !-!isagree


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on-formalized & unconcealed questionnaire undisguised andmost response categories are not predefined

hy do you thin" )aggi noodles are li"ed by young childrenL

777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

o% do you generally decide on %here you are going to invest

your moneyL7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

Aive three reasons %hy you believe that the 010

Common%ealth Aames in ?ndia are going to help the countryL 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777


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on-formalized & concealed questionnairedisguised and most response categories are notpredefined/e.g.


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Self-administered questionnaire respondentsfills in the +uestionnaire himGher self

Schedule" the investigatorGresearcher reads outthe +uestions and records the respondentsDans%ers.


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#opulation characteristics

#opulation spread

Study area


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Convert the Research Objectives into the Information Needed

Content of the Questions

Method of Administering the Questionnaire

Motivating the Respondent to Answer

Determining Tpe of Questions

!i"ot Testing the Questionnaire

Question Design Criteria

Determine the Questionnaire #tructure

!hsica" presentation of the Questionnaire

Administering the Questionnaire


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$ssential to ask the questionTo gauge consumerDs shopping behaviour


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Se%eral questions or single question $ncorrect&

Nhat do you li"e about7777777777777LN


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Assisting the respondent to pro%ide the answer :oes he have the ans%erL

1. o% do you evaluate the negotiation s"ills module %ith the Communication and

presentation s"ill moduleL )ncorrect(

1. ave you been through the follo%ing training modulesL

@egotiation s"ills module esGno

Communication K presentation s"ills esGnoIn case the answer to both is yes, please answer the following question else

move to the next question.

o% do you evaluate the negotiation s"ills module %ith the Communication

and presentation s"ill module* )'orrect(


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Assisting the respondent to pro%ide the answer :oes he rememberLo% much did you spend on eating out last monthL )ncorrect(

1. hen you go out to eat/ on an average your bill amount is

PPPPPPPP Jess than ;s100

PPPPPPPP ;s 101750

PPPPPPPP ;s 517500

PPPPPPPP more than ;s 500

. o% often do you eat out in a %ee"L PPPPPPPP 17 times.

PPPPPPPP -74 times

PPPPPPPP 572 times

PPPPPPPP every day )correct(


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Assisting the respondent to pro%ide the answer Can he articulateL

:escribe the river rafting e9perience.QQ... $incorrect&


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Assisting the respondent to answer The perspective is not clear

or

or

$incorrect(

' spillover of a healthy +uality of %or"ing life is alsoreflected in a personDs %ay of living. Thus/ %e %ould li"eto "no% ho% you live. )correct(


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Assisting the respondent to answer (ensitive informationGtopic

ave you ever used fa"e receipts to claim your medical allo%anceL)ncorrect(

ave you ever spit tobacco on the road $to tobacco consumers&L

)ncorrect(

:o you associate %ith people %ho use fa"e receipts to claim their

medical allo%anceL )'orrect(:o you thin" tobacco consumers spit tobacco on the roadL

)'orrect(


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+pen ended questions" hat is your ageL

o% %ould you evaluate the %or" done by the present governmentL

o% much orange juice does this bottle containL

hat is your reaction to this ne% custard po%derL

hy do you smo"e Aold *la"e cigarettesL

hich is your favorite TF serialL

hat training programme have you last attendedL

ith %hom in your %or" group do you interact %ith after office hoursL


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'losed ended questions

1. :ichotomous +uestions

're you diabeticL es G @o

ave you read the ne% boo" by :an Bro%nL esGno

hat "ind of petrol do you use in your carL@ormalG8remium

hat "ind of cola do you drin"L

@ormalGdiet

our %or"ing hours in the organi=ation are fi9edGfle9ible


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'losed ended questions

. )ultiple choice +uestions o% much do you spend on grocery products $average in one month&L

7 Jess than ;s. 500G77 Bet%een ;s 50075000G77 )ore than ;s 5000G7

ou do not currently sell organic food products because (Could be 1)

7 ou do not "no% about organic food products.

7 ou are not interested.

7 ou are interested but you do not "no% ho% to procure it.

7 ?t is not profitable. 7The customer demand is too lo%

7 any other77777777777777777777


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Clearly specify the issue

#se simple terminology

'void ambiguity in +uestioning

'void leading +uestions

'void loaded +uestions

'void implicit choices and assumptions

'void double7barrelled +uestions


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?nstructions

Opening +uestions

(tudy +uestions

Classification information

'c"no%ledgement


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Sapling


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Sapling

Techni$ues

Pro%a%ility&on-

Pro%a%ility

Siple Rando

Sapling

Systeatic sapling

Strati'ied

Sapling

Cluster

Sapling

Proportionate Disproportionate(ne- stage

Sapling

Two- Stage

Sapling

Multi-Stage

Sapling


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&on-Pro%a%ility

Sapling

Convenience

Sapling

)udgentalSapling

#uota

Sapling

Snow%all

Sapling


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8arameter ?t is the true value that %ould be obtained ifa census rather than a sample %ere underta"en.

(tatistic ?t is a summery description of a characteristicor measure of a sample.*inite population correction ?t is a correction foroverestimation of the variance of a populationparameter.

8recision Jevel The desired si=e of the estimatinginterval. This is the ma9imum permissible differencebet%een the sample statistic and the populationparameter.Confidence ?nterval The confidence interval is the

range into %hich the true parameter %ill fall.Confidence level The confidence level is the probabilitythat a confidence interval %ill include the populationparameter.


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The distribution of the values of sample statisticcomputed for each possible sample that couldbe dra%n from the target population under aspecific sampling plan.

(tatistical ?nference The process ofgenerali=ing the sample results of thepopulation results.

(tandard rror The standard distribution of the

sampling distribution of the mean or proportion.

Business Research 1.ppt

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