Building With Large Clay Blocks

8/4/2019 Building With Large Clay Blocks

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DETAIL Prctice

Buldng wthLarge Clay Bocks

etis

roducts

But exmes

hedr ges

Kas Gei ih

Cistie Pee

dition eti


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Auhors

Teodo uges, ro Dr - ng achtectChar o Desgn , Consruction and Bul din gaeials, echnsche niverst n chen

laus Gel ich, Dip-ng archiectCristine eter, Dip-lng acitect

DrawngsEdors or Detailna hl ipp plngAnna Weh, Dip - ln g

Secrearatarga Cevinka

Ediing and prooreading icola olann iplngAndreas Gaiel, Dip-ng achect

ranslatos Gean/Eng is h)Gerd H Sker, hiip hit, annover 2004 nstut r l nernaionale ArcitektuDokentaion G & Co GA speciali st pli caton ro edaktion DAI

ISB 3-743-71 1 1 -0rned on acd-ree paper produced rochloride-ee p ulp

All r igts eserved, nclu ding h e copying oetracts, tanslation, photoechanica epro

duction and icocopying The transe o heconen eithe n wole or in pat to dataases and eper systes and terendering heen, is prohed

ayou and podcioneter Gensane Conela KohnAndrea nke, oswiha Siegle

ined yWese-onikationBadenBaden

st editon, 2004

4000 copiesnsitt r l ntenationale ArchiteurDokenaton G & Co KGSonnenst 1 7, 8033 u nic h, Geanyel +49 89 38 1 200a +49 89 39 8 70Inenet wwwdeal de

n cooperation witiegeor eVBavaiarng 35, 8033 unich Geanyel 49 89 74 1 -0a +49 89 7 4 1 30nterne wwwzegeco

e-ai postaser@iegelco

Disriton atnerBirkseulsers or AchectueO Bo 33 CH4010 Basel, Swizeande +41 1 205 07 07a 41 1 205 07 92ea sales@irkhausercp//wwwirkhaserch

his ook s also avaiale n a Geranlangage editon ISBN 3-920034090.

A C caalogue recod o ths ook is availae o te irary o Congess, Washing

ton DC SA

Bilogaphic noraton pulished yDie eusche BiothekDie eusche Bi liohek ists hs pl icatonn he Deutsche ationalilographie;detaied il ographic data is avala e on theintene! a htp//dn ddde

his work s suec to copyrght Al rights arereserved weher he whoe or pat o teaerial is concerned, specicaly te ig h otranslation, reprining re-use o i lusaions,ecaion, roadcasing, reproducton onicroils or in oher ways, and stoage ndaaases or any kn d o se perission othe copyright owner st e otaned

Al the deai drawngs are drawn to a scaeo 0. The vaious coponents have eenshown n a nue o vaiatonshey epesent ypical soluons which ste coodinated wih he respecive oundayconditions and reqreens e elevantstatutoy insruents, sandards and anu acurers inoaion vaid in each speci c,

ind ividal case Neither the athors no hepu isher sal e iae or any clais ordaages asng ro he conten o hs ookDecisons elaing o the consructon, constrcton aw and uilding peoance caracersics are ased on he suaton nGeany and te I sandards pus ialeady inodced te E sandards vaidin Geany


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E PratieBi ldi ng wit age Cay Bloks

eodor gesKlas re i Chstine Peter

Conens

8 Inrodion

ose A 2 Externa wal , rendered l inh 6 xterna wal , onree nth0 External wa l window External wal , wi ndow and lay o llow ot floor24 obleleaf ary wall

26 oadbearing and nonloadbearing artiions28 C ay holow o loor0 o blel eaf arty wall an d ay ho ow o loor External wal and nsed roof sae8 o blel eaf ary wall and layi e roof ose B2 Noni ns lated external basement wall xternal basemen wal wit erhea inslation8 External basemen wal wit avity ins lation0 asony external basement wall52 External basemen wal made from l gwe g

lay blo s

56 ad iaor eess wndow wth rol ler sh tte62 xternal wa and onveed oo sae68 Chmney70 Partton and false wall o neal ng servies

73 Prines7 Clay brik and blo fomas, dimens ona

toleranes76 asony bonds78 imen sional oodination79 Srtre and onstion

8 Plaser/Render on ay masonry91 Sement

96 Cay masony bi d ngs xamles

Sandard s reeenes, assoi atons 5 anfares 7 Sbje ndex 8 In dex of ersons ite redts


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Bauen mit groformatigen Ziegeln, a book o aa

xri ss a nd th forun nr of th s book ori gi nat dat th suggstion of th unhbasd iglforu VTh gra layout and roduion of th orig ina l d iionwas arrid out at th offis of Shw igr Win s hanalso i uni.Th authors ar gral o t assistan givn byr.lng Bnhard Bringr stuurs andr . n g Ptr o lastr/n dr and masonrytnology.


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Buding wt lage lay bloks

In ode to il ustrate the obl ems an d e lations i s,two basia y si l ar, teae house tyes, A andB wee devsed These do no la o b e se ialn any way but athe are in ended o reresent the

standard ase The dffeenes beween e twohouse tyes i e in e de gee o whi te i nte osae is used as wel as the building methods andbulding ateals emloyed.

As a sim e house. A has no baseent and the oofsae s no used as ving aoodation Thenended hig h degee o selfbuild involved ishele d by omiing the enral heatin g and howater systems he use o ay ho l ow o or tberjos oos , and e use o onventiona b u d ngeleents. The searate eleti o gasfed heates equied ae laed in front of he wall

8

Cod roo space

No basemenaised ground loorig degree o sel-ld

Longitudial loadeang wallsmber starsmal chimneyalse wals conceaing services


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Bs a moe eaboae esign B has a basementa a roof sae fo use as li vi ng aommoa tio Soi e nfoe onete floors an entralhotwate heatng an hotwater su l y systemsal l fo a hghe stanar o onstutio n l ewsethe wnows with role shutters. The use o ex eriene ontratos s hi gh ly avisabl e. heo le oof s s uorte on abutmens mono ithiwith te omos enfore onee foo an roves a roof sae fee fom in terme iate o umns .asy aess for haniae ouants is gua

atee by having he groun floo a e samelevel as the surrounng groun.

Coerte roo paceHeate a n heae baemenSaeleel acceae wal concealig er ceaator an cheyCotrcton by contracto

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ouse A

2 Exernal wa endered li nth1 6 External wa onrete i nth

20 Extenal wal window22 Extena wall win dow and lay hol low ot floo2 oublel eaf ay wa l26 Loadbearing and nonoadbearng attons28 Clay hol ow o loo0 oub e eaf arty wal and l ay ho low ot oor2 Exernal wa and unused oof sae8 oubl elea arty wall and ayie oof

1 1


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Extrna wal ndrd p i nthVrtica scn hu gh fu ndain and p li nh

a

1 2

b

" ; , , , , ; , ,, , , ;

aUs an xcavar t d g tht nchs fu ndatins insta susil s. Th width

th fun datin s thrf dt nd y th width fth xc avat uc t andmust a s chc d wihrspc th prssilaring pssur . Th ncssay dpth t pvn rsthav (in. 8 in xpsd catns as muc h as1 2 m ) can achivdwth a srip fundain adquat dph.

Buil d a p l nth wal n hlvl li ng d int n th plai nc nc (g rad C 2/ 5)fu ndatn a nd ptct thiswall agai ns saturati n nth sds .

On a ppach wl l sdf r ndr mas us awarpfing syst ad

rm an astc saling catin g A pply a suital f l lr tachiv a sth sufacand thn paint n h cat ing with a rush n svrallayrs t achiv a inimuhicnss f 2 n th u sid apply a ca f past ing x grup P I l l suita r p inths.

In dr t n sur thawatr unning dwn h

acad drains ca thwatprfng and ndcntnu th usd dgf h fundatin via au ndd crn fit

h suun di ng strip fcars gravl rducs thamunt f wat sp lash ingup n t th p l nh

Spra d a layr f hadcvr th xcavatin twnh wa s t p rvnt cap i ayactin and pannt saturatin f undnath and prvd lif r a tp ay uil dup war. Thslay shu d cnsist f 5 m carsgraind can

gav ( IN 1 81 95} idalygradng curv 1 6/2, whichis adily cpactd isstil suffcinty pra.

In rd t pvnt cnctspag whn casting hgun d fr s la cvr thhardcr with a sht f2 mm pythyln.

dT ptc agains stursing thugh capl layactin, a cntnuus dap prf ran (dp) isqui rd . Th dp m and thda ppr cu rs (dpc ) i nth wa ust ndtghr.

In rd in i s thdifrntial sttlnwn wal and g ru ndlr sla, caul c pactn h sus i l a nd hanticapiay hadcr isncssary. t s h lpful cast th flr sla as la as

pssi h f wat prfng assung nn hydrstatic pssur and amdrat lading, shuldcn sist n layr f iu n l (.g G 2 wihgass clth inlay) r nlay f u ltup iu n t(.g. V6 S with glassflc inay) with ndd l aps laid ls fully parta ly ndd

B nd h dp un d thlr t th dpc in h wallwith 1 vappngins. As ths a ad atdirnt ts, a rust dpcusing a itun f lt wih amta fi l inay ( g Cu 1 ) s t rcmmndd .


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s

Vertcl section through oundtion

eIf the subsoi round thefoundtion trench is un stbe orwork is required on

boh sides of the strip foundtion. Settng up the for work n turn r equi res work ng spce o 5 Inddtion the s ides of theexcvtion ust be slo pedbck 6) to sut thenge o repose o he p iculr so l .

he sonry pnth wl con struced on he oundtonust be wterproofed ndthe wterprooing ust beprotected gnst echni cl dge. This cn bechieved by ens of forexp e, corruged btu en sheeing or synthetcsudded sheetng.

Bcfil l he foundtionrench n lyers nd co

pct he bckfiling erilinsid e nd outside s utneously

O g

Buil d he ground loor slbinto the sonry plinh. I norder to ccoo dtestresses due to differentisetteent, the sb ust bereinforced, t lest roundthe edges.

Coverng he ncpil lryhrdcore with poyethyenesheeting s the splestpproch owever, dgecused by the rei norceentor while cstn g he ren orced con crete foor sb is r sk here (see p 1 b) .

hOne key dvntge of hereinforced concrete groundfloor slb is tht the jun ction

beween the dpproofebrne (dp ) nd thedpproof course (dpc) isno vulnerb le to seleenhe continuous dpc n thewl t the se level , o gether wih the stndrdpl inth h eight o pprox. (IN 1 8 95), deteri nes the posiion of theground floor sl b bove thesurrounding ground. Wterproofing gins ingress ofoisture fro he side ustbe designed to continue uphe w for x. bove ground level in thesndrd cse in order togurnee sucent djust ent optons in the groundlevel Upon copetion,ths d ension should notbe less thn 1 5 .

( 1 81 95 p )

The oisureresistnt rendero the p li nh coninues to theop of the p inth. lt is possble to ch ieve no d ifferencein texure between p l nthrender (P I l l} nd ightweightrender ( 11) by choosingsuible plsering syses.

he d pc con tinues to theoutside edge of the sructurlsonry Atch strp ofexpnd ed etl over thisprobletic inerruption inthe substrte to provide bckground or he render


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Exenl wl , rendeed pl inhVeicl section though glzed door

Set up the fme to thegl ed doo on he goundfoor slb Ali gn the me

wedge it in p ce nd ix t othe loor slb wth stee fxingcmps oin the floor wtepooing to the fmeAfte postion in g he fme,dd concee topping wihn ppox % fll to theousde o prevent sur tion he wood o the fme iswpped n polyehylenesheeting or cpe ppe

bThe srip of insuling mte moisureesisn poysyrene, mine fbe o perlite btts) requ ed t hew j uncion continue uni n teruped Ad d he themlnsuton er csing theconcrete ground loor slb noder to void dmge tomsony nd nsu on The

cing o cut cy bockscretes uniorm substrtefor the en de

Plce the step pecs concrete, econstuted stone on stu conc ete) in on o

the doo on the copcedbc li ng but sepe omthe house; better stil on mm o propeycompcted g vel to peven rost heve Al sucesshoud hve 12% fll

dSuppoting the open gridlooring on n ngle brcketscewed into the step en bles he sequence of ope tons to be septed

euc the sheet metl silover the sceed beh ind heende on both sides, scewit to the glvni sed wterb nd sel i ht poinwth i et of selin g copound

fFix the gvnise d, close mesh open grid flooring bymens of spces nd sefpping scews, or bymens o bols welded to thefoo ng he loor wte pooing must remin per mnenty bonded to hewter bThis o bust detil wth wte

br nd s ng eebe rmeis only possible in obbytht s not pemnenyheted


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Verticl section hroug h entrnce door

'-L_

1


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Exernl w, concrete plinthVertic section though oundton nd pnth

1 6

D Bu il d the foundtion ony onvirgn subsoil (no f l ) nddeep enough to prevent

rost heve . Set out theexternl wl l exctly on thestrp foundton, which iswder thn the wll nd scst directy ginst thesides of the trench . Set upth e fowork or the concete pnth on this.

D bCove the ntcpillryhdcoe with n p pox.5 mm ye of bi nd ng con cete ( gde C 8/ ) to prevent seepge o the ceentsury Ths so eses thepositonng of the einorcement equired or the rein forced concete loor sb

DeTo prevent dge cuse dby splsh ing wte con

struct the p li nth with de qute con crete cover to thee nforcement nd withoutny constuction joints, ndcompct the concete ce fu ly.

D dA lush fin ish wth the en derbove s chieved by cetng cher to the top out sid e edg e of the co ncete by

mens of tringulr ilet 1 5 x 1 5 ). Seprt ion tths pont is necessry owingto the diferent deormtonsUse glvnised , beter stil lstness stee stop bed tthe boom of the rende ndi th e jo nt between stopbed nd concete wth nelstic selin g copound toccommodte the dierent

chnges in length due toshrnkge nd themlexpnsion.

D eAs bituen fet cn splitwhen subjected to bend ing empoy btuen felt wth

etl oi ny for the dmp poof course (d pc) in thew

I nsert pprox 5 mm thickinsultion (minerl fibre,rigid expnded polystyenefo) i nto the mid dle of thewl to gurntee the necessry ther insulton

Red uce the effect of thetherl bridge msonrybcking/p inth concrete by extending the insultiondownwrds


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Veticl section hough glzed doo

fThe dmppoof course(dpc) n the wl coninuescross he door open ng

nd must be potected orthe duton of consruconwork. Ceul y bond teexposed edge o he substte in ode r o preventmostue seepng underne.

Build in the doo hesholdon peomed compressibleseling srips glued n plce

gLy he sffe therml insuton on the moe escimpct sound insution ndcover this with sepnglye r befoe pou ng thesceed.

hPour the floting sceedwthout ny mteril connec ion o he djoi n ng pts of

the construction only in hiswy cn e sound nsul tion qu ities be gunteed.The periperl stps o insultion (m nerl fibre,expnded poysyene fom8 mm hic) shouldexend 2 mm bove theinished oo evel. Cut isoff lush er lyng the oorf in ish.

1 7


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xternl wll concete plinhPn on entnce door

8

he bridge like" rnge en of the open grid foo in g hs dvnges thespce between he floon gnd he door reve s wideenough to ow esy cening nd the doo r fe doesnot need to be notched toccoodte the flooring

bAer postioning ig nin gnd ix ng h e doo cst thegvn ised wte b intothe concree. hen clen heconcee ground oo slbnd eove l oose debis.To iprove dhesonoughen the sufce nd wett; ltenvey, ppy bonding cot

D che door re finish es j usbove the sceed nd isscrewed to the continu oswte b Proec he end

gin of the wood nd selthe joint on sides wth penently elstic seli ngcopound.


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. ------------ . ----------

----

------

--------

'

'''

' '' 'c' : :[::::: : L f

-- -- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Eevtion on nd verticl section hrough enrnce door

9


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Exenl wll, wndowHoiontl secions thoug h dffeen reves

=-

2

he sonry shoud er tdoos nd windows hs long tdiion. erived ro

bic sonry bonds thedepth is 1 1 5 ( 1/2 br ick)nd the wdh pprox 6 (1/ brick). In ghweghcly bl oc sonry theshoulde cn be cretedwith specils or by swngwhoe blocks to suit

Ths soewh oe el b orte deil s becongpopu g n fo prcic

nd other resons Fornstnce, i ipoves hensu ton nd ostue conto spects nd the ontbeween win dow fe ndende s se bc nd husprotected.

I nstll h e window fepried nd given is cotof pin, on prefoedcopressible nd ipegnted seling stp his

copenstes fo irreguli ties s it tes to retun o isoignl se Fi the jontbetween re nd sonrywith oistueresisntinsulting eril (e.g. non CFC o) Selin g the jonton the nsde wth ois tueresisnt sei ng copound pevents stutondue to condension wernd ensures tht the selin gcopound eins ullyeffective ove he long e.Pefbricted seling gs kes re v bl e o ensureirtightness nd ostueightness beween w ndwndow he use of thesehel ps to gurntee gooddetil .

bhe oission of shouldes

he hed nd revels si pl fes the dei consider

bly owever ny pobes hve o be overcoe he resulting srightjont ccoodting d en sion n d lness tolernces ( IN 822) fxing the fe (fixngcps screws everypprox. 8 ) ccoodting teper

tuerelted chnges nlength defortons ndoveen without dge ; seling g nst wind (rothe outsde) d wevpou (ro the nside)becuse condenstionwer cn be expected inthe joi nt due to the eper ure diffeence of 1 5 ; potecon ginst n nddriving n the ost

vourble vlues in ers ofoisue conto hve beenesured n the d de ofhe revel, the isohers edistibued ove the entirewidth of he revel

f the wndow oves furtheroutwds, i s not jus hestesses on the coponensnd heir joins due o sunwind nd in whch increse.We ind wth hghqultywll nsuting tels inpicu h he epe r ture n the evel cn dopbelow the dew point i n hewinte. The esul is conden stion wte nd o uldgrowth nsultion cross therevel is dvisbe

Postioning the window

lest 2 bck ro he n e of the stucurl wlhe ps to chieve decenteurn for the ender.


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Veicl sectio through sil d itel

d fIespective of the type o he l tels used hee cossevel d the posit o o of shllow Ushped clythe wdow withi the thc chels i which he co

ess of the wll , there s vetol o pestressedeve msory shou de t eiorcig brs re lid dthe s l l . Fix he stdrd type cst i. I suctu egiof widow si l l mde fom ee g terms these bs mm sheet u mi um with fom he esio ti e o the fl l of pprox. 1 : 1 0 to he l te A compessio zoewl wth brcets i such of msory shoud theefoe

fwy tht the riwer dip be b uit ove such shllowprojects pprox 0 mm i tels use li ghtweght clybeyod the red er. Ach blocs o compressive o Cshped secios o sregth css .boh eds of the lum ii um Shllow cly itels esi l l or tucg behid the vilb le i d ephs of 71ede o both sdes o o d 1 1 mm d widths ofremove the ctorypplied 1 1 5 or 1 5 mm. Without plstic wrppig oud the sructur lyss, shlowlumiu m s l l uti l l l the cly lies my be used olyedeig d ptig wos s sigesp bems up tohve bee completed i sp of .00 m . emporyorde to void for exmp e suppots duig eectio esplshes of ime o cemet ecessry for cler sp s

exceed g .5 m efbri e ced covetiolly e

I he desied sil heght is orced o presressed shot mu ltip e o the sie of low cy liels e coveedblocs beig used sw by pprovls.bocs to orm ppoprie Sw meup blocs remeup uits requ ied t the sup pots foRustpoo msoy eifoce shlow cly ltels ethemet ld s high s possibe bove o beow, i ode toi he spdrel pel helps mtch up with the bed oi sto pevet ccig i the wll (evey 50 mm).

e

s

1


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Externl wl window nd cly hollow pot loorVertic secon though line nd floowl juncion

sc b

22

; , , , , , , , .

D Cly ho ow po floors cnbe lid qu icky withou form work fo selfbuld projects

Merely the bems equ etempory suppot duingerecton.

he loor un its he hol lowcy pots re lid on insitu concee bs with pre fbricted lttice bems

D dI shllow cy l ines withdiffeent widhs 1 1 5 nd1 5 mm) re ben g used

he therm nsulion cnbe consideby improvedby ftting nsultion pprox.8 mm thick (mi ner fibreo exude d polystyene)between the ntels. Positonthe wndow n ine wth this

ctng s the einorcement insultion.(see p 28)

D b

o llow height djustmentsbu lso to vod excessivebeing pessure t heedge nd to prevent hevoids of he cl y blocksben g fi ed wth conceteprovide level ng bed omotr 0 mm thick

Dey the lice bems o theibs wh min 00 mm

bering on he b ed of motrnd connect hem togeherby mens of n in situ concree ring bem. he insul ion bou 50 mm hickbetween bem nd block work is best nsered ftercsing the bem

To cete u niform subsrte or the ende sw gefomt cly block osuit.


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s

e ightweight cly chnnelsching the hickness ofte wl 8 deep nd40 l ong seve s per nent fowok nd povide unifo subsrte fothe render Postion the insultion nd he reinfoceentthen fil the chnnel s wthconcete hs type of reinorced concrete intel c nspn cler openngs u p tobout 7

s

fhe use o shllow cly ln tels with different dephs

nd widths peits the con stuction of i ntes with shoul de nd thel insultion.

Vetcl section through lnte


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obleef pty wllVetcl section hough foundtion

2


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The sound reduction index57 dB, I N 41 09 requredor the prty wl cn be

chieved with doublelewl comprsing two levesof 5 mm lighwegh clyblocs, gross densiy clss0.8 p us min. 0 mm thicsemirigid minerl ibre insung btts. The btts repostioned loose nd hed inpce b y the msonryleves.

The sound reducion index

cn be incresed to 6 dB(enhnced requirements,N 1 09 nd the wclssed s fre com prt ment wl (Bvrin Bu ld ngode) by us ing vericllyperfored cly blocs wthBtype perfortons ndgross density clss > 1 2 bontinuing he dmpproo

course (d pc) cross hesepring joint hs nodverse eect on the cous tc properties of the w l .Bui d the leves of the p rtywl in successon, notsmultneousy in order torle out s fr s possibe cousic bridges for struc treborne sound cused bydebris nd mortr drop pings. Seprtng jo ntords with n inorgnccoting on one side devel oped for doub lel ef concree wlls cn be usedhere to he p eep he worcen.

The seprin g jo in mustcontinue hrough the oun don i the en hnced

requirements re o be met.o do this, cs the strpfoundtion i n two hlv es.ce the sepring joinbord gins the prt cstfirs nd cst the other hlfgins he coed sid e ohe bord.

dIn both vritions, contnuethe consructon of the prywll s or the exernl wll s

nd pli nths shown on pp 2nd 1 6

eSher w s do no need tobe b ui t nto he externlwl s butt joint is de que when other mens(e g . flt nchors cst n) reprovided t he juncton oresst the ensi le nd compressive forces .

fThe seprtng on , fi led

wth elsic insulting mte ril, must continue throughto the render nd be seedthere wth n estc me r Sop beds, fxed wth bcground to he wll, refrequenly used. The jointsef s then covered wih

olded PV proile.The solution shown here

mes use o two stnlessseel stop beds long hesides; the render coninuesrgh u p to hese stop bed s.The spce between the stopbeds s filled with cosedcel fo m proile nd ersutble trement the oin i sclos ed off wth permnenty estc sen g com

pound.

n on p rty wl externl wll j unction

0The idel plce or the rin wer downpi pe would be

directly over the jo nt. owever it is dicut to ix theppe clps securely to thesoft jo in mteril specilfxings wou d be required


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odbering nd nonlodbeng pttionsVetic secions though foundion

26

D f seprte concete groundfloor sbs re used in echroom ths sves concretend renfocement nd soenbles he use of diferentfloor consructions. ow

ever, th is does su bject thedmpproof membrne(dpm) to n incresed ris ofdiferent settemen ndhence dmge

F


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b

D b

he cnsrcinal avan tages f the c ntins einfrce cncee grn flrsab becme c lea a hepaitins.

Nnabearing pariins

can be caie b a reince cncrete gn frslab f the slab is p rvewth sitable reinfrceentt i sri be the la

Vetca sectins hrgh gn flr slab

Secre jnts in the p areas necessar belw a bearing partitins

The fnatn th e partitn whc h is nt affecteb frst heave an can

eefre be shallwer isc nne ce t the eep erfnatin a t the externawall eiher via a shler rif the iference i n ep isnl sall b a slpng 0app. : 1 ) arangement


28/120

la hllw pt flrs an nnla bearng pattinsIsmec v iew f cl a h llw pt fl

8

a hl w p fl s cnsist f beas r rathe ribswih nnsrctal cla hl lw ps" n between The

pefabicate r ibs st beteprai sppte ing eecin , b rthefmwr s nnecessar

The cpessn znes the ibs reinfrce as laicebeams ae finishe n sitewth n sit cncete Spans

f 57 m ae pssible bs in g f nits f ffeente phs between 1 60 an50 mm) an b vang hespacn g the ibs 500 r65 cenres . A n in sistctral cncete ppingae n ste impves theacaring capacit ansn inslan


29/120

D aI his eta l the paitnan the rib ae n he sameaxis.

Verical sectins thrugh parttins

. , , ; . . ' '' ; ' ' ; . 71 )

D bI the paiins nt cin cie wih the bs a rein frce rimme re b a

rw f cncreteile negatve ps s eqire.

6 OF

, , . ; ' ' ' ' I I ; I I I ' I I ;'\( '

9


30/120

blelea part wal an cla hllw pt flVetica secn thgh flr witht cncrete tpping

0

If the stcre is nt a mltiple f the s ize he cl ah w pt f n ts c n srct maep en bas.

D aWth ag e e ge magi ns lala negative pts" an ilthem with cncree rman ege beam reinrceas reqre) The bcnen masnr nts gaan tee he nctin he separating j nt

he beari ng f the frn ts a be f mar apprx.0 mm thc sh be ateast 0 mm eep

D bWih small ege magnsbeween lace beam rathe he rib an wall lhe spa ce between the frn ts an he br c nenmasn n ts wih cn creereinfce as reqe t

fm a rng beam.

D If he ring beam has t cntine p he separatingint hen i shl be casn tw peces wh he sninslatin being psitineafte the st cncree pan ept cean wih a pl ethene sheet The pethlen e sheet neneaththe mrta evelling be pre vents cement s seepingin the sepaatng jn.

D A cn crete t pp in g cnsierabl imprves the lacarng capaci with rega timpse as an ight weight partii ns bt asthe acstc per rmance f

the c a h llw pt fr. I nerrace hses assm ngn hig h emans n im pactan arbrne sn insa in within the same resen tal nit a carpet with gsn nslain prpertiescl wel be aeqae


31/120

iDJKKI 7,5 OF

Vertical section hrough foo wih concete topping

rb. dI l

31


32/120

Exteral wal an f space n use as ivig accmmatinVeica sectin hrugh eaves purl i rf a ca hlw p l

a

F

2


33/120

D aThe l nits shl bearax 0 mm n the externalwal raher mrta leve

l ig be The ae j ne gethe an he r ibs witha i st cncete ringeam.

D blt is eas cnstc a ventiate c f spacean this presents n pblems n tems f nslatinmiste cnt ec. The

rf is simpl an mbrea"ve a heae heavweighstcte lt s lile tble trve the tpms lrwih thema inslatin. Thistpe f flr is aigh anthanks t ts mass stresheat well .

Ventilain in shawche s < 1 0 taeslace fm eaves t eavesin 0 mm net per m

ctlle b win pessean win scin. On seepefs veni atin at the ri ge near i e. g n the secnw f tles rm the tp isecessar.

As i is n ps sb le pevet st an rivi ng snwrm enteng the rf spaceh gh the j nts i n the cvering his mits the se he r space .

Denect the eaves prl in tthe ring beam wth agbtsh agbls are inserteit crrespning pcetswhich ae ie wih cncete afte ai gn in g the pI i.

Vertical sectin thrgh eaves pn f an cla hllw pt fl

D The thermal inslatin laiver the cla hllw pt lris aerwars cvere with a

scree whch has insarn he ege an ever540 m he scree servesas a weaing cse pevents amage case ban mste pesen in therf space an al s acts asire p ectin

D eWhen s ng inerlci ng c a

f il es chec the ength fthe ate e nse ha i i ss itabe the cver len gthf the partic a e s chsen.

D Negaive pts act as pemanent fmwr f hestffenin g transverse rib

gGa be wa s if nt sp pe

b masnr pes r csswal s ms be xe therf st ct e I N 05 e. g b means f galvanisesteel las r spr ragbls. he ji nt beween thefna aer an the masnf the gable mst be abe ttranser the rces nvve.

D hAfte setting p the aftes inish f the tp f the gablewal with a scee fsh wththe raftes. ver ths with afashng f f example llbne bitmen rfng elV 1 . he 01 5 mm eepcner baens f AW 1 00pw preven waer clectingbehi n the til in g baens. he cver wih thecla verge ie s mst c n

cie wih the with f thebiling

' h

s

s


34/120

xerna wal an space nt se as iving accmmatinVertica sectin hrgh eaves prl in rf an ca hw p flr

:: = OF


35/120

Vetca sectn thrgh eaves prl in rf an cla hlw pt flr

D a D he rfing felt ne the he rfi ng elt belw theties is a waterepellent bt tile s c ntn es ver the t p evap rpemeable maerial f the masn r t whch t s

whch remains sable espte bne he hin cnterempeare changes e g baens prevent water cl lectmeshei nfrce plethl ing behn the tling baensene lt prevents the i ngessf st, rain an vng D esnw Stetch t tat secre Use the twp iece ben with cnter battens an sheet metal verge when , fense that water can rai n example h e with f theawa a the eaves eal b ling is n a mtipe fint the gtter see p . , he cve wh f the nter

ck ng cla tiles. OthewseD

b spec ial r ct tile s are necesAs n p , flatpan les ae sase hee as well. The pch f app rx . J chsen D ffr examp e s s itab e nn ect h e masn gab lefr vir tall a l tpes f c a t the rf stcre b til e b ll nse til es as means castin agbtscwn r sl p ti l in g, panles Bacing in the p lane f theinterlcing tiles wth sin ge f s theeb necessar.r ble tr ghs g ht pt he eve me accatelierlcki ng variet ies

eermine the crsssecnal aeas f gters anwnpi pes base n thesze f the rf aea t beaine. eate he fall the gte min mm/m benng he gtte sackets t si.


36/120

Exteal wal a f space t se as livig accmmaiVeical sect thgh eaves, prl i rf a timbe ist lr

6

:>

.:

-"b i!;:j

1 F

" ' ,,ii>:}/? -:iy_=.;-f-.

' ' ' '


37/120

aThe tim be jois floor overthe ppe sore repesentsan inexpensive an , for self

bi pojects simple fomof constrction . Va l anep of thermal insatons possib e wih loose mateals, an easil ai l spossb le to improve he owhea stoage capac i bsing heav loose materialso b lain g soli b cs 5070 mm thc below he losemateia

bThe stabi of he blingin al i rections is garanee b jo in n g a loabearing an shear wal s to thefloors wih proper srctalconnecions If ing beamsare povie he wals canbe egae as being sppore on al for sies; hefoor joists onl nee to be

hel in posiion n tha case.Line the osts pockes in theasonr wth a moiste esstan hermal inslaion ,a leas a he en of hejoist, preferabl on al sieso ece the is of amageb conensaton wate.

The a tg ht connecionbetween the 02 mm polehene seet an he wallis ach eve with ahesivean b sin g a c lampi ngbatten presse onto a peforme compessbe seal ing srip along the wall Temos sece connecon swhen he polehlene sheetis wappe aron a battenan scewe thogh thsno te wa .

Ge the roofng felt belowhe tiles o he na le sheemeal. The perforate sheet

metal bent nto an inverteVshape enses veniatonbelow the c a oof til es.

D eEven f the plaserng wok iscaie ot before aing hetimbe oists the neven ness of the wal an the ingbeam mst be evene otwih an aaptable sstem

whic h closes off e joinsatgh.This can be acheve wih

a batten na i e throg h aprefome compressibesealing srip l the voibetween jo st an wal compleel with an ncompacteminera fibe maea

Afte fi l i ng t he basbetween he joiss with aloose inslating maerial na

on the acal flooing mateial. The gaps a the eges,necessa o alow move men of the fooing can becovee wit a tiang afi l le.

D fonnec the gab e wal tothe roof consrcton in scha wa a foces can beansfee

Veical secton throgh eaves an imber jois floo

e

6 DF

F

7


38/120

bleleaf pat wall a cla tile rfVeical sectin th gh rig beam an tim ber j st f

8


39/120

D a

f te loo osts are paallel

wi te wal te sle nde , tal l

pay wals must be secued

wt ring beams if ey areo connected to e braced

oo stu ctu e .

D b

Connect te unsuppoed

ops of te wals to te braced

oof structue suc at foces

can be tansfered Continue

te sepaatng o int t roug

to te oo even in a roof

space no used as living

accommodation.

D

Te ooing felt eld by te

counte batens essential ly

au but sagging sigtly due

o tempeatue canges and

extension of t e maerial is

bonded o e morta level

ig bed

D dlt s advisabl e to ep lace te

tlig baens by galvanised

steel angles. A cleaance of

1 020 mm beween e ang e

and e op of te masonry

eables te roof structue to

defom wiou restrant Fll

e space beween e anges

wit an incombustible, volu

ericaly sable insulaing

material If te roof spa ce s

to be converted ino lvingaccom modaton a t a later

date, t e separatin g joi nt

mus co ntinue up o te

roof covering and te tilng

baens must be d ivided .

Vetical section troug ring beam and clay ollow po loor

39


40/120


41/120

House B

42 No isu ated exteral baseme wal

44 Exteral basemet wal wih pemeer isulatio

48 Extera baseme wa wih cavity i su latio0 Masory exteal basemet wall

Extea basemet wal made fo m li ghtweig ht c ay bo cks

56 Radiaor ecess widow with ole shuter

62 Exteal wall ad coverted oof space

68 Chmey

70 Partiio ad fase wall coceaig services

41


42/120

N nin sulate exena basemen t wallVerical sectn thu gh c ncete pli nh

c d

b" " ' ; ; , , " " ,

4

a

D aas the uppe an ein rce pa f the sri p f un ain t gehe with the rein

fce cncrete baseenlr slab in ne pur thenstrie he use fmw .The epth f the reinfcecncete basement frslab e pens n the asfm the baseen patnsbut shul be min. 1 0 mmin re t ensue the n ecessar cncee cve t heenfrceen.

D bA a mpp f embranep m beneath he screeis n requie when hebuiling is fune n aqucranng subsl anneiher a highquali lrcverin g nr i mpac s uninsul atin themal nsul a tin is r equie Hweve ifa app mebrane s

nt n clue a laer f harcre peven cap i aacin is necessa. Anappx 0 m bneceen scree is aequaeas the weang cuse insple baseen rs

D Baseen wal s cnsructein nmalweight cncreteeven f the are enfrce

mus be watepre n thesie n cntact with the siThe tpe f wateprfngepens n the le vel stue t be expecte nhe use. I N 1 81 95 part1 tabe caegrises pes waterping accri ngt istue la an siltpe istue in the s ustalwas be recne wth.

uhere in chesvesi ls an/ n slp in g steshe pesence f wate nrplet/iqui frm is t beexpece. Th s eans hatwaerping t prtectagains nnhrstaicpessure must be baceup with a rainage sste

which pevens shermhsatc pressure seepp 48 an 5)

Special measures must be

taen fr hrstatic pes sure n he usie .

F meate las waer pfing t the nrmalweghtc ncee f the externabaseent wall can beach ieve i n varius wase.g. wth ne lae biumenel biumen buitup elt neach case wih a fabic inlaan 1 00 m aps n a ping ca; with btui nuscatings in several laes;wih tw laers f a in eralsealing catn g with buili ngauhit appval Whereasin the case f flexb le sh eeting g pecin sequie uing bacf l ingan the uppe r expse"en mus be seale themineral catngs canntbrige ver an cracs

wing t the nheenbrtleness.

D The gun fl cnstuctn n his example n cuesthemal insulatn t insulateaga nst the un heae base ent. Tae the presence heav cncentrate lasin accunt when chsingthe insu laing material Placethe pact sun insulatnbeneah he thea insulatn an aun the eges withut ineupin nre t puce a flatng"fl cnstructin . nse quentl he lr insh mustbe ful islae as wel cn tnung the ege nsulatingstrp up t finishe l levelis avantageus


43/120

g

e

Veca secn hugh cncee lighwell

eighwells f n siu cncreehang n he baseen waland us b e cnneced

hi s pssibl wih fld inganchrs wh ch ae placed i n he frwrk a nd , afe sriking he fwrk are expsed again and lded in psin

The base he ighwell canbe cvered wih a carsegrave whic h wil have beeplaced r ie ieassing a qickdrainngsubs l and backfi l i ng.

gThe p ed ge f he l g hwelln h s exaple i s educed ach he sie f h e ga ings ha an paving r grasscan cn inue gh p h eedg e f he fae a s hep edg es f he ig hwells

laer ac h he level exena wrks and exernaldrs, als w h falls if neces sa.

hIf he heral nslan isaached h e nderside he grn d l slab, hsresls in a hera bdge he exe nal wal This ha s be inised b including

nsulain whi n he hck ness he wall which ex ends dwn a leas hende side he grun df slab

4


44/120

Extenal basement wa l wth per imete inslatinVetical sectin thrg h prefabicae pl nth

d

44

D ahe basement wa can alsbe wateprfe b sngimpemeable cncee. Ths

pe f cncrete i s a chievewith min grae /0cncete having a limiewate peneratin epthmax. 0 mm , an b ahering t he eqie water/cement a an grangcves Reinfcemen prevent/mt cacking sessenta. aefl cmpacin an s bseqent teat

men is req ie he min i mm hickness i s nt pe scrib e bt sh nt beless than 0 mm.

Exerna perimete themal inslatin cmpnents n cntact wth the s ils prce fm csecellexte plstrene famsr ce a glass, whichabsrb tte n mist rean are attache the

waepfe basement walwith abs f f exampebning mar

ve the i ns latin wihcgate btmen sheeting ste fl exib lesheet n g t ptect t aga insmechanical amage ingbackfi l ng.

D bnatns t sm all hsesae fen simp ifie an c n stcte tgeth e wth hegn sab as a af fnatin , wh ich mst be p perlesgne an enfrceacc ing l. Thcenn g fhe slab ma be necessaner heav as , e .g n vial clmns intemeatea beang wa s with largepenings.

If the raf f natin iscnstcte fm impeme able cncrete i ke the extena wal, seal the jntbetween he tw cnceecmpnens wth a waterst p r water bar .

D A heate basemen fmingpar f the lvin g accmm atn reqi res an acstic

al an therma insate wateprfe f sab wiha flatin g scee. T preventsatatin f the mpactsn inslan b he cn sctin mste n thecncrete f sab pvea separating aer f, frexample pethlenesheetng.

DPect the tansin beween

basement wall an extenalwal l the p i nth againssplash ing water an mechanca amage b means fpecas cncete r naralsn e pan e s. S pprt thesen casin anchs inishhe ener at a st p beaan clse ff the ji nt hepinth wih a pemanenl

eastc sean g cmpn .The external masnr pecs appx. 901 00 mmben the cncrete wal.he nersie f the pef ains in the cla blcksshl be clse ff at theprjectin On the nsie,renfce th e p aste wih aexie mesh at the transinbeween the tw maeia s.


45/120

12 DF

5 D

e

Vertical section throu gh rendered p inth

D e

Lay the nsuaton below the

einforced concrete base

ment slab on a fi te grave

o laye of bl indin g and coverover with a separatng aye.

Cast the basement sab on

this. A covering of leanmix

concrete is advisabe

When c alculating the heat

ing equirements alow for

small heat osses via the

hermal bidges at the stip

fou ndaons unde the exter

nal walls and load beain g

walls.

D f

Continue the minera seaing

coatin g be neath th e exernal

wall and join it to the fexb e

sea ng coating o n h e out

sde of the external basement

wal

O g

The b ui d ng trade is d ivded

on the best method of constucting a endeed pinth

on pope ly fxed perimete

insulation bats At east two

coas of impermeabe rende

(suiab e fo pl inh work) will

be necessary on sp latterdash

anda gavansed back

ground, additonay ein

forced if necessay

Whether the no rma ende

thckness of 20 mm is suffi

cient fo this type of deail squestionab le. The rende

that extends nto he gound

mus be protected against

longerm satuation .

O h

IN 1 81 95 part 4 call s for at

leas on e horizontal damp

proof co urse (dpc) in the

internal and extena wall sThe num ber of horionta

damppoof couses is let to

he di scretion of the design

team

The dampproof course

ben eath the masonry of the

wal epresents a pecau

tonay measue peventng

moisture ris ng fom the con

crete below

45


46/120

xerna basemen wal wih peim eer ns ainHnal secin hru gh peab cae l ig htwel

4


47/120

D aFixing a lghtwell t a wawith perieer insatn st with its p rbles

becase the ins atn sht be penetate r atbest nl in al I n ivial fix ings sng heavtanchrs an spacers wihb lin g ahri appva

ae theefe eple. Theapprve e ge istancebetween anch an wnwpening s be assre

O bherre , the srface fthe wal" presens prbesAlthgh the ener t the

plinth can cntine wnt the l ig htwel tgeherwh the bacgn schsal aeas f ene cpli cae he cnstrctn Thearea can be renere befreng he ghwel

D f reqese, se anfactrers wll psiin the rebateat he p f the ig htwellexenall An inc nsp csege is ths pssbe

O Belw gn leve sea thejt between the b ng swth flexibl e sheetng Thesall p f excess ae

ial s necessa t acc ae veer The jintbetween he bilings stcne thrg h he pl inh

Veical secn thrgh pefabicate lightwell

12 OF

5OF

c

r - - - - - 1

l QH:. _ _ - IJ

47


48/120

xera basemet wa wih cavit islaiVerical secti thugh ccrete plih

4

c

e

a

ahe efrce cceestip f at reqi resf mwk bth sie s.

ver the atcapi aharcre laer, iclue raiial secri, wth alaer f bl g c crete,grae 8/10, a the casthe reirce ccretegu slab tp haThis rms a g base frwg iicut e g clae, sbsls rig rapes

rai age aru thepermeer i s ecessar spi g sies r i chesivesls.

bLa the pipes m . 1 00 mmNB f h e peimete raiage a gravel be t a fa l f 05 %, beer 1 % a suru them wih a ite mat re keep ut the fi

est s l pace s e avi uermi i g he ati , t la the aip pe a the fte be lwerha the uersie f thefuati A isace m 00 mm betwee thep f the srctral slab athe ese he raippe is maat

he cc rete ai age u tsptec he waterprfigagais mechaical amagea e sure that waer israe awa fm heexteal wal.


49/120

D he etai with isture esistant cavit ins uatin e. g. plstene ineral

fbre bas an an inner eafesues aeq uate therainsulatin an a g istre baance n heate baseent s t s nt usua lecessa t i nclue a vapurbarie n the i nner sie fthe theal insulatin

D ee theral in sulatin n the

esie f the sab vethe baseent i s necessar this case n er t eucethe theral bige eect fthe nl ithc enfcecncrete cnstructn

D fIf cplcate unctins aret be avie , sea l the prectn g baseent wal witha ens e, eshrei nf ce

scee. Such a etail requesa catn ptecte fte weathe an peeablfe ver

D gA cntinuus st n the basef the l ig htwel ensues watercan rain awa int the qucraining backi ing aterial

Vetca sectn thu gh li ghtwell an entrance r

g

49


50/120

asnr extena basement walVecal sectn thgh renee plnth

s

1

0

D ahe was t nheate basements ae b t s ng verti call perfrate cla blcs

e .g . Hz 1 1 .6 whichhave a geate cm pessivestength bt ma n a hi ghegss en st

As masnr basementwals can n esst atealsi presse nce the vertical la f the b ng isavaable bacl l ing s ca e t ate e .g ater cmp etng the stctra w s

A waterepel lent basementwal ene f gp P I l lprvies te wateprfng .As this ene ng is relativelexpensive an timecnsming s als rigi an theef e v lne rable t craci ng ,lexible sealing catingswhch can be renee vema als be se

rainage mats e .g . cr gate ste sheetng

prtect against mechanicalamage ring bacfi l ng.

D bLa a ampprf crse pc f R 00 b itm en fing elt bette stil 0 wateprf sheeting N1 8 9 , n the strip fna tin an bn this t theampp membranepm ve the re nfcecncrete grn slab Geatcare mst be taen with theji nt whee the stip fnatin pjects ben thebasement wall ; the p vsnf a ne ilet an a fallt the tse is avi sab le.he pc beneath the wallsshl be jne t thegrn s a b pm in re tpce an ieal cntl e

hnta wateprfng sstem.

The mm mastic asphaltflr fin ish srface finishewth a smthing cmpn

lai n a special bitmenb ilt p fet satisies bas ceq irements egar ng thema inslatin an mpactsn insatn


51/120

s

s

Veca sectn thu gh pefabrcate li ghtwell

D he pl inh rener p thelevel f the apprfcrse has the sae c

psiin an hicness asthat n the external baseent wall lt s finishe flshwih he rene t the asnabve; si the jint betweenhe tw tpes f reneringwih a trwel An an gleunerct is recene

D eBil p the pefabicate

l ghtwell nis n the backfl lin g separate f t he hse .Th is arrangeent vercesthe nee t fx cplicateanchs nt the asnbt es reqire he bacfilin g t cnsis f c ean cpactable aeria l is essental t cpact the aeialcaeful an pperl ine r t ece settleentf the freesan in g ghtwell

an hence aage heasn

1


52/120

Exteal basee wa l ae r ig hwegh c la bcsVertical sect thgh reee plth

a

5

b

D aBaseet wa ls ae flarge ightweight cla blcsprvie the ecessa the

a sat f heaebaseet s a a l thecits f a crtableiteri c iate

A srcta aasis stbe cae ut befeha tesre that the wall hc ess cbie wth the vetical la ae able resisthe latea sil pessre vehe epth the baseet.

Waterpf he wal wtha elastc cag e.g. aef a biuius aeriawhi ch cties as a lexblesealg catig i the area he reere pth. aiage ats gaaee prtecti f he waterprfig

D bhe a pprf e baep) t he g sab

equire t prect agaiswaer he lwg i thes i e t cap l larit sc t wate retaie waercapia wate) sh besece be t thea pp crse p c)beeath he asr walpteci agais capilarste) a as the exteal wateprfig.

D La he peete raiage a gavel be a prtectit a l sies wth a fl ter atagast gess f fe pa ices


53/120


54/120

xternal baseent wall ae f li ghtweigh cla blcsVetical sectin hrg h entance r

4

b

D ahe wen hreshl t her prevents cnensatinwate an the f an f

ice in winter the ebaesan seas can cnine ghtan he Hwevespecia precatins fr thisetal ae necessa alsbecase t s sbjecte thgh echanical las thechce f a sitable speces w e g ak he p rvi sin f als t the se;keepng t heav r ving

ain b eans he clse esh pen gri flingscewe n clear f thew; the f atin awate ba with p tha epel inci ng waer.

This atte task is n fl fle b he bttstba f the ter le af t aver liie extent. T th s the entrance stbe prtecte r the win

an weathe.As echancal aage is

hal aviabl e, this eaiis n s iable f heaviltaicke aeas

D bhe bi li ng f a natal"c an ap baseen strage prpses reqresa sbsi l in whch anageis abste gaanee. Abilp waer s bele t An anticapillahace ae n 10 eep belw the l r s ica bricks bee n sanis avisable f exta secrit. he in sie f the baseent wa s shl be pvie with an eastic seaingcating pa nte v er with a neal whtewash l e

wash r inea pant


55/120

/ / /

Vetca sectins thgh partiins

D The awing shws the ransin between the strager wth ts fl irectl n

the grn an the heralan ipacsn nsatelr f the heae baseentarea. The a pp e bane p ner theheae aea st be ixe he waer bar at the r

D Partiins in the baseenst ike externa walsreqe prtecin against

stre sing r bew

D eA p is n reqire be lwparitns ver baseentaeas.

6 DF

55


56/120

Raia recess winw wth rller shtteVerical secn thgh cla rller shtte b

56

e/8 'I\

D ahe e shte b anthe te leaf c ncea lin g thefl slab fm a nfm

sbstate f the rener.Sc h bes are fact pre fabricate nnabeaingtems which can car theiwn weigh ver penin gsp t ab 5 m wie thankst hei r ntegra renfrcementThe are appr 300 mmeep an avaia ble f wathicknesses f 300 r 365 mm.

D bThe mai ntenance penin gcve mae fm 21 5 mmBFU pw an a laer fthemal insl atin , e g. min .30 mm rig i plsrene fam,is scewe int a ebatefrme b an almnmange.

lt is rae f an attentn be pai t he eail a theens f the mai ntenance

peni ng cver heat lssesan aghs are the rest.ntn ng he angle framearn al f ses anjn n g t the thermainslate sp ps f the ll er shtter b w l benecessar.

The 5 mm mas r leafbehin the aiatr ecessena ble s he raat t be

mnte in th e sa l wa casin wal brackes Theinteptins t the themalinslain simpl have t beaccepte

D Ft the hin wnw ba,e.g 25 mm nata stne,nt chases i n he mas nreveals an spp t nbackes ever app.600 mm.

D et an pening in themasn f the shtterperatng cr f a specialb ck with a eamaepenng is n being se.


57/120

Hrintal sectins thrgh rller shtte bx winw aiatr recess

, , 1 11 1 1 11 11 11"

I g

= 1 , 1 11 , , 1

L _ - t

, 11 1 1

O fThe bs h r l i seals t thee ning the shtte e ating c cannt cm

letel r e t heat lssesat this nt

O gA cla ller shtte bxeqies a n 80 mm beaing 50 m n he eat ng cr se. heene s bea at thenese he shtte bx match the clea en ing

the winw.

O hRaiar ecesses ms becnstce t ach themasn bn he wall .

Rn nn g he es i n verti cal slts in the external walan weakenin g the ses the ecess f cn nectn gthe ra at iew wasf a lng te he stanar

sltn In re t mee heenhance hera inslatineq ireens f newe eg isatn ns ate he slts ateast n the tse , efer abl n thee sies . t thests f r c nnecin g the a i ar ewrk wih a masnsaw

O itting the thermal nsa in t ft exactl n therecess s the stanar s l

in Heat lsses thrghthe n n nslate sies aeig nre an cnensanwaer that es ccr heeis s i l iven ff b heheat fm he ra iat Ww l sla bs r san wich a nes with a l stene cre have sffi cient gh sfaces rvie a e fr laster

5


58/120

adiato ecess, window wth o e shuerVetical section through refabi cated ole shutte box

1

58

D aHal roller shuer boxesae available fo wndowswth a masony shoulde a

he window head.A lnel ush wth he ce

in g or a shal ow clay li ntesans over the oenng inhe masonry. hs deermnes he s ize of he roled u shutte and n urn theheigh of the window.

Fom the ont of vew ofhera i nsuaton, oeatingthe shutte wth a wndingechanism fitted in herevea o on the wal s referabe to he oerating cod

D bIncooaing a 300 mm caymasony uni (5 F) in he365 m exerna wall (6 Fo 1 2 F unts) but fush onthe ouside ceates a ecessin the wall , 1 35 mm high x65 mm dee above the re

nfoced concete loor Wihinsulation at he back of therecess his can be used fohe radiaor ework Connec the i es to the rad atounderneah in the adiatorecess mooth, fil and coathe screed. A structural anaysis is requied fo this horzona sot

Dean ove the adiato ecesswih a shallow clay linel. hewindow boad can be coe sondngly thinner in thscase.


59/120

oontal secons throgh oe shuer box, window adiator recess

&C .X Y 'XX x X + 1 1 !J I --, y.J 'Fd LJ:=..Ir r r . 1 : 1 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 1 1

0= :- - ----------

,1 1

b

- - IT

- - - - - - - - - --

1 1 1 11 1 11 1 ,I -=='=,

=0= r = ,==r= ,

=t-

dhe ends o he oler shutterbox bea mi n. 0 m on theexernal wal The bond of

the masonry above heshallow cay lintel ustmatch he asonry bond ofhe age clay bocks of theexernal wal .

ehe masony sholder en ables the gude tack for herole shute o be ftted vuay flsh wth the render .The bottom end of the trackis weded closed and esson the sheet metal windowsil l he U o Lshapedbenp ends of the wndows l are notched to si

Precautions to peventgalvanic corrosion ae necessary if he ea of thetack and he ea of thewindow si l are dierent

it the oint beween

rendeng and roler shuerack wth a towel, or ll theoint with sealing compond

Continous reinfocemen inthe asonry, at e as in theuppemost bed ont, is necessary to in im se crackn g.

59


60/120

adiato ecess, window wth ole shuteVetcal secton through wn dow/ole shutte element

60

D aThe removable externalfasca boad of ths specialconstuction ovecomes the

problems of a maintenancecover tha does not cosetghly The nsd e ace of thewall can coninue u nnterruped. oller shuer andwn dow are n corpoated asa si ngle elemen rom theoutsde, wih a nea ransition to he end er

Operatng he oe shuteby means o an e ecric

moor s moe complicaedbu does avod the weakponts descbed eale.

D bcrew the fascia boad tothe shue box, e.g waterpoogu ed gade AW 00plywood, to he fame tuckedbehin d the render. eave asmal gap to hghlight theoi n and protec the top of

he fasca board wth a metalsecton

D he ad iato pipework unsn a s lo (paall el wth heextenal wall) in he enfoced con crete foo r slab .hemal insulaion is notnecessary because theexstng herma perfomance is unaffected and anyheat ost fom the p ipes sti llbenefts the same esidentialunit in his case a teracehouse


61/120

Horzontal sections thoug h ol er shutte box, window, radiato ecess

D dA stee fat backe ixed to

the fae supports the shaft

of he role shutter

D eThis detail permits the win

dow e ement to be itted

fush wih he rende. How

ever, i is advisab le to i set

the window by mi n. 0 m,

peferably 2030 m, n

oder to al low for toleances

and to povide some protec

ion ro te weather.= t - - - - ------- -, 1 1I ' 1 1, I ,1 1 11 : ,' I

' I , ,' II , 1

I1 11 1, ,

, .1 , ,

'1 : " I J "1 I :1t=1 1

IIII1

1 1 1 1 1

t= -=:-_----"--------t1 , u , _ _ _ _ _ _l L_ _ _ _ _ _ - - - --,,- - - - ------r------ ---:

61


62/120

xena wal and conveed oof saceVetcal section hroug h eaves o coe oof

62


63/120

D he einforced conceteloo slb c be used sthe te for the rftes nd

therefoe e im intes theeed fo ny coumns n theoof sce. Fx the eves lin wih rgbots eveyox. 1 .52.0 m cst intoockets in the einfocedconcrete butment monolithic with he sb Notchthe continuion o he rfers to sui or rovide counerbtens.

D bhe res ousde he conveted roo sce e cold.Cotnue the theml nsution o he roo togethe withthe iright membne orvou brrier down the outside of the timb e stud w ovde theml insuton ono o he reinorced con cete sb.

D Bod he rooing felt belowthe oof tiles o the evesfshin g. he bottom courseof cy roof til es rests on sti of bentu eortedsheet met fxed to the eveslshng wih cs he efoted sheet met gurntees vention nd owsy moistue o drn wy

D dI he roo surce is in heorm o stiff te" theconecions to doinin gcomonents ound heedges of the oo lte mustbe cbe o rnsfern ghe foces which occu .he gble wl is chedo he roo sructue Rg

bols tted cefull y nto hemsonry every ox. 1 .52.0 m re suitble n ordeto revent corosion cu sedby condension wte, i isdvisble to se lect stnlesssteel stenes Inser lywoodsces s necessry

he unction with the gbl ewll my so nc lude rein forced concrete cngbem ong the to, unsu

orted e dge of the msonryAs the reinfoced concretebem is cs in ses",which e detemined by hemsonry bond nd the sizeof he msony unis, seccre shoud be tken o ensure tht no therm bridg eshrough he concrete ensue.

D e

Bond the oofng el undethe roof tles to the screedwith sml l oo. Any in wter rechng his oint cndrin wy sfey hnks tohe strs of wterooglue dgrde AW 1 00 lywoodscrewed o the to of thewl l .

D fConinung the rende right

u to the underside of thecly bul lnose tes s simle nd el egn det hetiles should roect mi n30 mm, eerbly 50 mmbeyond the render Rei n force the re nde wih texi e bckgound In order toreduce the mount of in wer drin in g off he vege,the oof ti les long he edgee rised sl ighty

D gClm he tghtmemb ne/vour brrieightly gi ns he steedins ide fce of wll wth contnuus bod

ection though vege, roo ti esender unction

l/ / ; . . ,' ' , , , ' / . ,

O

s

-

Le- -

d

r.g

- - .

x)O(\ J

/

63


64/120

xternal wal and convered oo spaceVetica section though eaves o cope oof

6


65/120

ahe gutte adons the oocoveing directy and s oinedto the downie via a coni

ca eader he ventlationayers below the oofing feltand above the hermal insuation end at the eoratedlate though whch fesh a ican ente hs ate s fixedo he ttin g boad wth con ceaed nals, eld in laceby a coninuous ci an dthe boom e dge s finishedas a rainwate dri .

bhe ventlaed" roof, asoknown as a cold deck e ues a continuous air inletalong the eaves (2 of theassociaed sloing oof aea,n. 200 cm/m unobstuctedoenng) and wth his ooch an ai ouet at heridge oo (0.05 of totalsong oof area)

In this case a vaou bar e is not equired whi ch isdifficu t to i nsall roely onsite anyway. Insead, avaour ceck" s ncludedwhich ony al lows as ucvaou thoug as can b ecarred away by the moveent of a n the venl ationaye

Aitghtness is absolutelyieraive Use, fo exam e imregnated ae,ce ae or oyethyenesee or te airtight m em brane and vaour checkCare sould be taken oesue that a l oi ns areadequaely ovelae d obonded and above al , contnuous and t ghly seaedctions wih oer comoets. Povided the maerial

cosen has a suiablevaou dffuson esstance,te aitight embrane canaso act as a vaou ceck.

he gabe wall is constucedas a aaet oecing wel labove the oof suface and

hus accentuaing the edgeo the oo. Ca d e i nneace of the aaet wih sheetmeta

he aaet aso has aseet meal ca n g. Laythis on a s earatng layer btumen roofng el, PVCseet, oiled aer deend ng on the eal and onarox 25 mm grade AW

00 ywood battens fixedwith c i she ca ing ovehangs

he ende by about 30 mand the bottom edge f inisheswth a ranwate dri Bending u e cang aongthe ouside e dge a nd/or o vidi ng a gente fa towadsthe roof suace avods sau aion of te ga be wal .

dUse shee meta soakers athe unction between theoverlaing an bul lnoseil es and the masony aaet. Fx the seet meta arae claddng wth cls andovide a geneous overlato he soakes

eAfte ixng e a tghmembane/vaour check,seal he asterboard ce in gaganst h e gable wal with aemaneny easc maeial

f

ecion hrough verge wth araet

n

/ / , I / I / / "" / / " , " , / / / ' -

rh1


66/120

Externa wall and conveed roo saceVetca section hrogh eav es of cole oo

66


67/120

D aA atented afte abutmentmade from galvanised sheestee and scewed to a cas

i rorieary channel el imi ates he need fo a concreteabutment. ide ates hodthe rafter i n l ace

D bPovding ful deth nsua ton between he raftes nthe fom of a oose materia(e.g. ceulose fibres o er lite) equ es the consruc

ion of a box Attach an aigh membrane/vaoucheck to he unde side ofthe rafers and cove hiswh 19 mm tongueand goove or la nedge f oo boads T hs ens ues ther ma insuaton gh down ohe eaves. wa wals canbe rovided as requed tocose off aeas of the roofsace. Addtional counte

battens ony at the rafteseduce the number of erfoations i n he vaour check,comensate fo bui din gtoerances and ovidesace fo eectc cables.

D Accordng to the manufac ter, the mm bitumen mregnated wood fbrensu ating board attached tohe to of the aers cannc ton as a waer unoflayer beow he roof coveig . he vaour emeabil iyo this mateal should besuch hat i is suitabe fo usewth the artight membrane/vaou check ule o hum bhe vaou ermeabliyshould inc ease towadsthe ousde

Fe oecon equire ments with resec o theroo stuctue e .g . F 30,must be taken into accounad may equire dffeensizes o loadbeang tmbermembers or a fireeardant n ing o c adding.

D dIn roof stuctures wih vetical framng he unskneebraces and osts o

comm on raftes are resonsibl e fo transfeng thewind oads

The gable wall is susended fom the roof strucure. he unction detal hees no d ifferen o hat for aroof ae (see . 63) Casthe e nforced concrete ca n g beam on he steedgable wa Therma nsula

tion to he to o he beam isequired because owng tothe seed aangementhe concee extends inohe heated aea beow andwould othewse esul n ahemal bridg e. The ancated deormation o hee noced conc ete beam(as a result of he unavodable shrinkage, aggravatedby emeratue lucuations)

mus be taken i nto accountwhen des gnng this detai he use o a gab le wal wth out a reinoced concetecaing beam ovecomesths oblem (see 33) .Whatever the siuation care fu y f l l he ga beween thewal and he fina aer fu lywth nsuatng matea andconnec he vaour check atleas airtigh.

D eCut the oute ea a the toof he wall o suit and insh io wth a cemen screed.he seaed bageboard,cut to mach the l ne o thebu nose l es s scewed toa batten and that n turn tothe overhangi ng til i ng ba tens.

ecion hroug h vege wth ofled bargeboad

F

67


68/120

Chimney with flue l n ngVecal section through endeed cimney stack

a

68

',

<

F

c

D ahe advantageous postionnea he dge means hatthe cimney only needs to

contnu e 400 or 500 mmabove he ridge capping,depending on the applic able Geman bui ld ing code.

Cast the n situ concretelaunching on a evell ing bedo morta. The casin expanson seeve alows o echanges in length of the flue in ing which is insuated andencosed i n masonry.

D bA endeed chimney sackreques a suicenty weinsuaed flue.

The cimney sack shouldbe as smooth as possible inod e to mprove flow chaacteistcs On the othehand , o poec e renderand accommodate movement a shee meal capping

wth a lag e overhang sdesirable

If thee is no risk of cooson hs conct can beovecome by povidng ashee meal cappng of forexampe stanl ess seeConnect the ca pping to teexpansion sleeve wth awelted oin. The rainwatedri p aound the edge o hecapp ng stands we l cl ea ofhe rende.

D If oints filed wth pemanently elasic maerial aedeemed undesi rabe, eonly option is o accept therisks and i a cappng sriplashng beind the renderepaate e ende r and theshee meal with a

23 mm wide sli.heet meta flasings nfacing masony ae fttedino rakedou oints, ixedwth cips and seaed


69/120

e

Prefabicaed ch meyVertca sectio though c himey sack wih acig bc kwork

dhe chimey here cosist olightwegh cocete flueblocks aoud a themaly

isuated flue li g o refractoy clay.he mi 1 1 5 mm facigmasory o rosresstatclay bicks VMz o VHLz s seated o a buili e

cas cocrete eemet admust be bult ad oitedaricuay carefuly. Per eds le oe ac as ietsad outlets o he vetilatiocaviy.

ePlace the efabcatedflauchig o a bed of motar, rake out he ot m 20 mm dee ad f l l t wth aemaety elasc mateialto secue he o agaistdrivg rai. I he fauchgoversail s the masory, thisoecs he oit to some

extet

69


70/120

Paition with sevces concealed b eh nd false walVetcal section hrough santay fttn gs

' ' ' , ,/ / / '

70

[f


71/120

I II I>>V I I)=: IK II I " I II - II L V 1 I


72/120


73/120

he folowing secton deals with the os iortan rncileso bui ldi ng with large clay blocks:

Cay block foas and d ensonal oeances

Clay block tyes and otar Masony bonds iensona coodinaon

he essay Masonry o large clay blocks sructue andconstuction" by r.lng Bernhad Behinger clealy i l lustraes the inteacton of he coon ents to fo a co leestuctue.

The eo Paste/ender on cay asonry" by r.lngete oeke exlains he basic rues fo alyng laste/

ende to cay asony by way of he behaviour o he waland its caddng"

us how bulding wih large clay blocks is afected by theEnergieeinsparverdnng (nV negy Econoy Ac) whch has re aced he 1 995 Wrmeschverrdnng(WchVO heal Insulaion Act) is not consdered nthis ub ication. h e new Act is a corehensive docue nwhch has reercussions or buldng design and budingservces: the heat ga ins and/o osses associaed wth oientaon and enestration, atghness, theal brdges andaso the heating systes

3


74/120

Cay bck and block ormats dmensional olerances

The vaious szes o caybicks and blocks ae de rived from a basic module,he th in fomat des gnated

by the format code F. hsalows diffeent bick/bockfomas to be comb ne d i n amasony consrucion.arger formas made u ofthis forma are easy imagined wheeby he unts asin the masony constucton ae assembe d wih onts.Clay bcks/bocks wthoutconventonal erend mota are given the neaest foma code IN 05).

When designaing large ve tica lly erfoated clay b ocksi s necessay o secfy thehckness o he masony inode to disngu sh thebocks exacly For exameclay b ocks wih h e code6 F are avalab e for va ous wa t hicknesses and

couse heighs; cay b ockswih he code 1 F can bemanufacued or 0 mmand 365 mm walls. In thesecases the webs and inssearaing the efoaionso secal erend arange mens ae designed for aaticua wal thickness

74

The dmensions given fo heclay masony unis are eer ence sizes. IN 1 05 emisdi mensional devatons fom

he efeence sizes mnmumszes and maximum sizes.

o he actua dimensions ofa cay masony unit 40 mmlong may vay between 30and 45 mm fo a 300 mmun i a l ength o 90308 mms ermissi ble for a 365 mmunit, 35533 mm .

However on the bu ld ngsie i is im otan hat thedeliveries fo a cetan stucure a l ie wihin a certanolerance: the dmensionadeviaion is 1 0 mm or40 mm unts and mmfo 300 and 365 mm unis.

The deviaions o the h eightof a unt are sticte3343 mm fo a eference

hei ght of 38 mm and adi mensional devatono 6 mm.


75/120

Lightweig h vertica y eo ated clay asony unts aeclay bcks and bocks eforaed erend cu a to he

bed ont ( IN 1 05 at ) .The difeence beweenhese and vetcaly erfo ated clay asonry unts tyez is their ow gross den sy, whc h may not exceed1000 kg/. hey ae avaa be as tye HzA wih ye Aeroraions ( 550% of bedace aea each single oen i g : .5 cm), as tye HzBwith ye B eforations (asye A but wth sze of oen igs secified) , o as yezC wih ye C erfoa ions (closed on five sidesota cosssection o f erorations ax. 50%, each sin ge oenng : 6 cm , s izeof oenn g secied) . ightweight verticaly eroratedcay masonry unis ye W(HLzW) of heght 38

have tye B e foraion sand mus aso coly wthreuiremens regadinggross density and he numbero rows of eorations in thedi econ o he wal t hick ess New develomentsoutsde the IN sandadare covered by bui d ngauthority arovals.

Clay block ormats, dimensional toerances

ig htweight vetc al y eforated cay asonry unis areavailab le wth different er foatons and erends

Here are a numbe oexale s o clay blocks oforma code 2 fo 365 extenal was:

aBlock wih gi (humb)oe nin gs for masony withmorta to he er ends

b

Boc k wth oar slot for twomethods o laying: laid nd vid uall y with morta o heeends but the slot efey, or aid in ows brickto brick and the slo i l edwih motar

Block wih gi (humb)oenin gs for inerlockingeren ds wihout oar.

dToothed block fo mulileinerlocking erends (nomotar) o as a gaugedblock fo hinbed motaroins.

he mehod of ayng thebocks without orta o heee nds re duces he work load duing ayng and heaoun of oar euired,and also imoves he the a nsuaton value of ala n external wall . Howeve,deviaons in he sizes of thendvdual unis cannot becomensaed for n the mo tar oins l ike wth convenonal masony At cornersand unctons wth oherwas the erends stil l have

o be fled wth ortar; anda door and wndow revealsmotar oins or akeuunits ae necessay

Moar or masony wok is amxture of sand and binder(l e o cemen) lus adix ures and additives whch

aler the oeties of themorta by hysical o chemi cal means (IN 1 053)

Noralweight ota isethe mxed on site o su ed ready mxed (IN 46art 1 ) We dstinguishbetween moar grousMG I , 11 a, 11 b an d I l l a ndeach gou has to comy

wth ceain condtions( IN 053) .

ghtweigh morar is sui ed eady mxed or as e ixed dry oa. ue o isower ovendy bu lk den siyand the use of a lghtweighmneral aggregate, hs tyeo mortar imroves he ther mal nsuation roeries osinglelea extenal walls.

We dstinguish beweengous LM 21 and M 36(I N 46) .

Thinbed mortar is a fine gain reixed dry ortar( IN 426) . lt mus be usedwih a bed oin hickness of 3 mm l is cassed as amoar gou MG Il l .

5


76/120

Masony bonds

76

Walls ae bilhe ollowin b

accodin g top es he b

g asc pinc

( I N 1 053):

ondng rles

Un is in onbe o eqa he corse shaJints shal b

eght, the bed The

e coninuos. pepend

.nts of succe

s and wa mst be offset

ssve cousesthe bondi n

s ofsetmus be 0

dmens onbut not e

. x unt hei ghtss ha

(e .g . 95 mn 45 mm

238m fo a nit

mm hgh) blocks ae

. age cl ayal he en ay ofset byCosswas

g of the blockwal l s d o n

cdng sheahave o be b

o necessaiyb

onded tt Jn

n as ade

ote mquae wen

eans ae esist ens

povded ton and

on e g fcompres

i n . . at anc os bu ilt

Simple masonr b

used fo la

Y onds are

rge clay blwhch usually m ocksness o th atch he hice wall F pe stech

. o examt ions 1 15 1

bond or parti ic ea

d

5 and 240 mm er bond f

na wals 365o exer

mm thck

For estmatinappo

g puposes thX mae w k'

eae as follows

o ng times

pe sqaepatton mere o 1 1 5 mm

2F 1 5 hous

6F 0.9 housF 0.3 ors

pe square matt'

ee o 240 o n

mmF 2

2. 1 hous

F 11 2 F

.5 hos12 ors

pe squareexena waete o 365 mm

32

3 hosF 2

1 2 F.1 ors

4 hours


77/120

Maonry bond

a ttchr a aonry uni1 1 5 wal laid with hr ongiudnal trtchr bon d with F nit trtch fac paral

with th l i n of th aony b Hadr, howv, ar aid1 5 wa prpndcular to th ln ottchr bond wth 6 F uni h aonry h outwad

appaanc of both bond c i hrfor i l ar, i c20 wall civ cou offt Buthad bond wih F uni th ap paranc o thi

bockwor aony i dffr d nt fo h alia bick20 wall work bond in h carch bond wih 1 2 F Englh bond chaactruni d by h gua alrnaton bwn trtch and hadr365 walng h bond wih F ni 365 wahadr bond wth 1 2 Funit

77


78/120

D nsal crdinain

Masry di sins arbasd t ctatic"sys t 1 1 5 i

ls 1 0 jin r basc d f 125 Byaddg r sbracting jinsw ariv at t r basicdnss:Etrna disinA = n 1 2 5 0 Ong dinsn n 125 1 0 Pjctin disV = V = n 25

78

Dsna crdnanas a i s t cay asryn its a d wt ta t

ds n is cas ds a ta tb wd and t n is7 lng Sallr tsds and jcns ar ct st Ev tg tsdays cing ad sawg si ca b card t accraty ad ffici tly, wastag d t cttg sld bavidd w n srcts ardsig d accding t tasry dnsins f tcatrc sys t sldb rbd at stand ad win dws ad ds aras dsigd t i ctaric sys


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heedimensional consrction

Bidngs, wth thei oadcayng and bracing eements,

ae loadbearing strctes whose stabity mst be garan teed. ha concerns both the indiv dal loadbeaing ele ments and the oveal theedimensional constction of theloadbeaing stctre.

he primay load beaing elem ents (ap a from oof stc e and fondations) are the walls and the foors. In theconstrction an individa wall acts together wih othe walswith whc h it i s d iectly connected or copl ed v ia floopates or cappi ng/rin g beam sysems.1 . 1als

Masonry wals fomin g pat of the loadcary ng constrc tion (oadbearing wals) saly assme two differentstrctal fnctions oadcarrying :vertical dead and mposed loads from floos oher wals,

oof horizona oads perpen dic lar to the wal de to wind o

sol pesseBracng:

hoizontal loads paalle to the wal de to foos capping/ring beams crosswalsalls wthot sch fncons are desgnated nonload beang.1 .2Foors, capping/ing beam systems

The pmay stcral fncton o he floo s aways to thetransfe he load pe n i area to the loadbeari ng e lements(wals/beams/colmns). In addiion, floos aso act as hoontal restraints for the wals; when designed as shear resstant plates they form togethe wth the shea wa s aconstrction braced in all directions

Masonry of large clay blocks strcte and constrctionDlng. Bernhad Behnge

f a foor element s not desgned to ac as a p ate ( eg tmb er oist foo, c la y hollow pot foo wthot concete top pn g) , the fncton o the threedimensona coplin g of the

walls s achieved wth capping and ring beam systemsCappng beams ae components sbjected to bendingwhi ch povde restraint tansvese to he p lane of the wall i . e. resist foces de to wind o soil pessre. Ri ng beamsaccommodate axial forces (tenson or compresson) ieanchor together, fo example he wals normaly provded with cappin g beams transvese to the beam.Capping and ring beamsnormally o reinfoced concretecan be omitted in certan circmstances (max 2 properstoeys ength < 8 m window/door openings < 6% ofwall length o if wdth o openi ng

>2/3 x stoey heigh, he

< 4% of wall length). In these cases the floor beams (every2 m) mst be siably anchoed.1 3Sim pified stcral analysis

DIN 153 prescrbes conditions which if complied with,enable a wal to be designed sing a smpified strctalanalysis with simple stess veifcation n addition, o sim ple ypes of bi di ng, l ike he terace hoses consideed nths book, the stabity is also gaanteed or :

max. 2 soreys with sorey hei ght p o 2 . 5 m

loadbeaing wa ls d = 365 or 24 mm o intena andextenal walsnonoadbeang walls d = 1 1 5 mmpper floors of concrete tmber joists o cay holow pots,

max. span 42 mnorma imposed loads fo esidential se (max 5 kN/m) proportion of windows < 6%, fo windows > 8 m wide

< 4%In these cases the only strctal anaysis eqi ed fo allload bearng masony walls is to show that the actal com pessiv e stess = N/A s less than the permissible compessve stess.N is the vertical compressive orce de to the selfweight ofhe wall p l s the floo and oof oads carried by the wall A is the crosssectiona aea of he wal o n which his com pressive foce acts. he permissible stess s the basicpermissibl e stress which is merely dependent o hetype of clay masony nit beng sed (masonry nitstength) and the morta (morta grop)

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Strucue and constucton contd .

1 Detailed structura analysis

Exceions or secial cases i n which the geometc

framewor conditons given in 13 above ae not comledwth are deat with n secton bel ow In these cases hecomonens coveed by the simified stess veiicationaccodng to DI N 1 053 a 1 must be checked or vaousohe effecs.

One mary aramete or assessin g the sresses in awall s its sendeness", i e. he rao of buckli ng ength h owall thicness d. The buc kling engh of a wall is he cleastoey heght multilied by a facto p whch aes inoaccoun he atea estrant and the tye o connecion ohe floos The facto p l ies between 10 wal hed on twosd es, no estrain due to enfoced concrete foos) a nd035 wal held on our sdes, sacing o laera estainsmax. 00 m). he value hd may not exceed 5

he basi c ermissible sress must be reduced by aactor , which n tun deends on he coeffcens and ko k he reduction factos take nto account the length othe wall = 1 008) the slendeness k = 00) and heeffecs of floor deflecion ange of oation at suots) orfoo sans between 0 and 600 m k = 007) Thebacground o hese coeicents wil l no be exl ained indetai here; the reade s refered to D N 1 053 a )

Secia siuatons d isutions", secial cases)A detailed stucual analyss fo he simle houses con

sideed here includes he roof stucure, foos, concetecomonents and foundatons stucure/subso nteaction)The masonry walls c an geneally be assessed accoding to13 above. Secial stuatons may make i necessay to er form caculatons accod ng o 1 4 o he constucon mayequi re secial cons deaion. Disutons" to the overal constucion

he ovea loadbearing strucue, the walls and foos, isweakened f the connectons between he eleme nts ae"disruted". We distnguish between wo main cases :

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ahe lack o a connecion beween wal and loor, e.g. atage foo oenings in aeas with galleries or stairs, whee

ooms and hence walls) ae wo soreys high.bhe floos do not ac as aes e.g tmber jois loos, cayhoow ot floos wthout concee toing). Disutons" to he masonry walhe sabl iy of a oadbeaing wall el ement can be ma edif loca "d sutions" ima he restain wth n the oveallconstuction o reduce the hicness o walaOenings in the wa wndows doos) nteut the wal ate eect oca ly a nd th e sectons o wa beween the windows eresen "u nsu ored edges" wihou laeralrestan. The senderness of he wall ncreases, he loadcaryng caaciy deceases.bHoizonal chases n he wall reduce he sructuay effectve crosssecton; vertica chases or recesses can, beyonda cetan d eth , weaen the wal l so seveey that the slen derness inceases because at hese onts an unsu

orted edge" must be alowed or. owever chases u to acertain deth deending on ength) ae ermtted which dono have to be consdered n he sructua analysis. We distnguish here between the way in whch the chases are roduced mi ed o chse ed) . DI N 053 tabe 0 conansmoe deaied inomaion. 3Secial case coumn"

Masony colum ns ae usually consructed u sng smalmasonry units .e brics). They eresent a secia siua tion n two esectsaThe ateral restant o his shor wal " is mi ss ng on bohsides, so coumns are aways hed on y on two sides i .e .he ends) . C olumn cosssections < 0 0 m may cay ony80% o their ermiss ible d esgn oad, those < 004 m arenot emiss ble as loadbearing eemensbCoumns are genealy ostioned a oins whee oadsrom floos or wal s above concenrae. he oadcaryin g

caacty with resec to these n ceased loads mus beroved.


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Special case baseen wal ( in contact with the so

Masonry exernal basement wals have to esst the soi l

pessue of he bacfil ed excavaion. his horzonta oad isuch greaer han the hozonta oad d e to wnd T he soilpessue causes the wall o bend whch n urn sets up en sie and compressive stesses As i is not pemissi ble odesign masonry for tens ile sresses, it is necessay to can cel out he enson by means of appropiae compessivesesses ( inim um vertical load! . On the ohe hand theverca load shold not be so high that the copessivestresses de to bending can no onge be resised (maxi u vertical load. An accurate stucura anayss is notequed when it can be gaaneed tha he vetca oadles between these ini mu an d maximu fi gures (see3 below3Measues to alow for disruptons" and speca cases

he disupions" descibed n 2 . above genea y cal foadditional consrctiona easues to be aen In soe cir csances, howeve, an accuate stucral anayss ayshow that the stabity is sil guaranteed and addtonaeasues are supefuous3.1

isupons to the oveall consrction the wall s and floosaThe lac of horizontal restan to he wall provded by hefloor (e. g at age floor opening s, gale es stais is solvedn constucional erms by poviding a cappng beam a heeve of the foor and paae to the open ng . owever thsis not necessay when the wosorey wall at ths pon c anbe shown to be sctray adeqate his s possible whenappopate atea estain fro cosswals (wa hed onthee sdes s available.

boors that are not designed as plaes (eg. timbe joisfloors, cla y ho ow pot foos wthou concee topp in g canpovde hozontal restant for walls f sutably anchoed(see 1 .2 above However, n tems of the consructon i isbete to incl de cap pin g/ng bea systems, i . e. restain ig and cop ing the wals at floo eve by way of concreecoponens In cetan cases cappng/ring beam systescan be provided n the for of einforced masony.

Srctue and construction cond

Cappng and ing beasThe width is govened by the thcness of the wal inus

any nsulation necessay The depth s equa to a couse of

masony Capping and ring beams must be renfocedRenforced asonry:Reinfocng bas n the bed joints ms be poteced

against corosion (gavansed, coaed o of stainless steel.Rng beams in the fom of enfoced asonry are ony per issbe wth coresponding peforaions n the nis (po potion of perfoaions < 35% webs and fins not offse withespect to each othe. his equemen s not et by argeaerated cay brics. Re nforced asony s herefore o beegaded as a special soluion hardly sed in pracice andnot advisable fo the simpl e bu ld ing s considered here.3 .2 supions o he asony waaOpenings n he wal (windows doors are to be spannedover wih cl ay or concrete ntels, or by the enfoced con crete foo sab ( beam wihn d epth of slab Criical poinshere coud be the suppos (end of wall or colun becasethe concenaion of oad here esuts i n h ig her stresses andthe wa s estained on only two o hree sides which cal s

fo a bucng analyss (see1

aboveClay l ntelsCay intes ae prefabricated tenson chods fo a oad

beaing elemen consising of linel plus masony o concrete compesson zone. The oadcarrying capacity of clayl ntels s generaly defned in abes specifying widh, depthand span. The axu m pemiss ble span of clay i ntels is3 .00 .

Concee linels :intels not onolithi c wth he reinforced concete floor

slab shold have d ensions l e hose of capping and ngbeas. With h = 20 spans of appox 300.00 arepossbe de pendi ng on veical oad. I n the case of a on olihic linel/floor slab he depth of he lnte shold be cho sen sensby e. g. slab depth 1 60 m masony couse250 = 1 0 m. Spans of 5.00600 ae heefoepossible, depending on vetca oad

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Stctre and constcion contd

Re nforced concree floor sla bStably einfoced, a bea can be prodced wiin te

dept o a reinfoced concee oor sla b wic can ten

span ove an open ng witot te need fo a l inel Tespans possible de pend on e d ept of te foo slab ted ecion n wc te slab spans, an d te vertical load Deection s criical fo beas wiin e dept of te slabcaying vetical wal loads becase cracks ense in teasony above Wtot vetica wall loads spans o 300400 m are possible

bHorional cases w d ensions exceedn g tose g venn DI N 053 table 1 0 st be ceced stctra y. Teanalysis sold tae accont o te eccenticty e. Additiona bendin g stresses occr de o e omen t

M= n x eTe meod o analysis s deat wit in 34 below

3 3Specia case con

Special constctonal solions may be necessay forvery slender col ns or ose cayn g eavy loads If epeissible stess is exceeded o a gven colm n size, itay pove pde nt o se masonry nits wi a gerstrengt and/o a ge g rade of motar. Te se of renforced concete comns o even seel sancons s some

times navodabe3 4Specia case baseent wal ( i n contact wit te so

t is no t necessay to cec a asony exerna bas ementwal in contact wt e soil or copression (veical oadand ben ding (sol pressre f vaios condtons (veticalload/geoetry ae cop ed wtGeoetic conditons ax. 2 .60 m cea baseent stoey egax 250 m dep of gond scarge

Te scarge de o posed loads ay no exceed50 N/m

Te inm and aximm vertcal loads are as folowsWall tcness240mm300mm365 mm

M n vetical load750 kN/m500 kN/m400 kN/m

Te maxm veica load s sc tat te reslting compressive sress does not exceed 45% o e p emiss b lecopessve srengt of t e masony

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Tans o te sefweigt of te loor slab ove te baseent and e wal l o te gond loor above e necessary n vertical load is normaly reaced in e ose

types consideed ere wit 365 external wals. At worst,te only problems occ at openings in e floor slab atgond foor level (eg. sairs o in areas wiot an exernawall at gond foor level Analyses may be eqied in sccases maybe also constcional measres (eg . c appingbeam o einfoced masonry in cean cicmsances. Temaxm vertcal load is normaly neve eaced in teseose ypes even wt owstrengt asonry in e basement wal .

I e above con diions are no comp ied wi, i is neces sary to cary o a oe accae analysis o e stressesfo te s pei mposi tion of e copessive stess de to tevertica load N/A on te bending stesses (ensle andcompessive P = +M Te tensie sesses de to bending st be cancelled ot by te compressive stesses deo vetca oadin g Te same meod o analysis sold besed o an eccentc compessve oad as mentioned in32 b above


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1 ambl

Plast and rnd ar sd to protct th b il din g fabric

ad as o for dcoativ prposshat th att s paticaly signficant can b sn fromth many diffrnt srfac txtrs and colos that apossibl Howvr this aspct is also docmntd n practc by th many complaints concrnng th apparanc ofplastd or rndd srfacs

That shows jst how mch s ig nifica nc s attribtd to thvisal apparanc of plastr and rndn tms of apparanc th main compa nts a cacks spal ln g color variations straks or blmishs) diffrnt txtrs in th fnish coat nv

Building With Large Clay Blocks

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