Building science 2 arc3413uyiyuiy 2

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2 ARC3413

PROJECT 1

LIGHTING AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION AND DESIGN

GREYSKYMORNING CAFE

TEAM MEMBERS

BRYAN LUM ZI YANG 0314959

KAN JIA WEI ADRIAN 0319384

HONG SANG WON 0314661

JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI 0315820

KEN WONG CHUN THIM 0315334

KENNETH CHANG WEI JIAN 0318252

TUTOR

MR AZIM SULAIMAN

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DECLARATION OF SUBMISSION

This is to certify that:

1) The Report comprises our original work towards the course work on Building

Science 2 (ARC3413),

2) Due acknowledgements have been made in the text to all other material used.

Signed by:

STUDENT NAME

BRYAN LUM ZI YANG

KAN JIA WEI ADRIAN

HONG SANG WON

JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI

KEN WONG CHUN THIM

KENNETH CHANG WEI JIAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratification to our tutor, Mr Azim

Sulaiman for guiding us throughout the entire working and study process and going

out of his way to ensure that the group stays on the right track throughout the progress

of the project. We would also like to extend our thanks to the manager and staff on

duty at Greyskymorning Cafe on our multiple for their willingness to help and

cooperate with the advancement of our assignment, providing invaluable information

and also taking the extra step of guiding us around the building to explain and show

all of the systems. Finally, we give thanks to each and every one of our very own group

members whom participated flawlessly and were quick and efficient in conducting and

executing their respective parts of the project with contributed to a successful

completion of the project.

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LIST OF FIGURES, PLATES, ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1.01 Exterior View of Greyskymorning Café.

Figure 1.02 Exterior Panorama View.

Figure 1.03 Interior Entrance Panorama View.

Figure 1.04 Interior Cashier Counter Panorama View.

Figure 1.05 Interior Back Panorama View.

Figure 2.01 Lux Meter.

Figure 2.02 Lux Meter General Specification Table

Figure 2.03 Lux Meter Electrical Specification Table.

Figure 2.04 Sound Level Meter.

Figure 2.05 Sound Meter General Specification Table.

Figure 2.06 Measuring Tape.

Figure 2.07 DSLR Camera.

Figure 2.08 Bryan measuring the dimensions of building.

Figure 2.09 Joshua converting raw data into hard data onsite.

Figure 2.10 Adrian obtaining the lighting and acoustic data.

Figure 2.11 Sang Won Conducting Preliminary Investigations and Sketches.

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Figure 3.01 The External South Facing Side of Duke University School of Nursing.

Figure 3.02 Site Plan of the University Marked On The Map.

Figure 3.03 Exterior of the Café Duson in 2010.

Figure 3.04 Site Boundary Highlighted on A Site Plan of the Café Duson.

Figure 3.05 Squares Showing Lights Whilst Triangles Indicate Lights That Are Not Shown

Figure 3.06 Lights Being Pointed Through the Use of An Elevation Drawing.

Figure 3.07 Courtyard Luminaire Schedule.

Figure 3.08 Ground Floor Plan with Gridline of Greyskymorning Cafe.

Figure 3.09 Zoning Spaces of Greyskymorning Cafe.

Figure 3.10 Non-peak Lux Reading at 1.5m According to Gridline.

Figure 3.11 Peak Lux Reading at 1.5m According to Gridline.



Figure 3.14 Lux Reading at 1.5m. (Standing)

Figure 3.15 Lux Reading at 1.0m. (Sitting)

Figure 3.16 Non-peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Dining Space.

Figure 3.17 Image of Zone A Dining Space.

Figure 3.18 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone A.

Figure 3.19 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone A.

Figure 3.20 Daylight Factors and Distribution Table.

Figure 3.21 Non-Peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Kitchen Space.

Figure 3.22 Panorama Image of Zone B Kitchen Space.

Figure 3.23 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone B.

Figure 3.24 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone B.

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Figure 3.26 Non-Peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Service Area.

Figure 3.27 Image of Zone C Service Area.

Figure 3.28 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone C.

Figure 3.29 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone C.


Figure 3.31 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.








Figure 3.39 Dining Area Facing the West Sun.

Figure 3.40 Kitchen Space Facing the West Sun.

Figure 3.41 Service Area Facing the Morning Sun.

Figure 3.42 Natural Skylight Illuminates The Interior Spaces.

Figure 3.43 Kitchen Area Illuminated with Warm Spotlights.

Figure 3.44 Dining Spaces Illuminated with Warm Spotlights.

Figure 3.45 Warm Mood Created by Artificial Lightings.

Figure 4.01 Sky City and the Auckland Skyline.

Figure 4.02 Site of Sky City in Auckland.

Figure 4.03 Hotel Layout.

Figure 4.04 Lightweight Drywall.

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Figure 4.05 Perforated Acoustic Ceiling Tiles.

Figure 4.06 Pre-Renovation Measured Noise Levels.

Figure 4.07 Commissioning Measured Noise Levels.

Figure 4.08 Gridlines Which Are Used to Collect Acoustic Data.

Figure 4.09 Non-Peak Acoustic Reading.


Figure 4.11 Peak Acoustic Reading.


Figure 4.13 Non-Peak Sum Intensity and Sound Intensity Levels

Figure 4.14 Non-Peak Sum Intensity and Sound Intensity Levels

Figure 4.15 Noise Criteria for Acoustic Environment in Building Interiors.

Figure 4.16 Sound Decibel Table.

Figure 4.17 Plan with Indications for SRI Calculations.

Figure 4.18 Plan with Indications of The Measured Outdoor Acoustic Levels.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE

Cover Page

Declaration of Submission

Acknowledgement

List of Figures, Plates, Illustrations

Table of Contents

Abstract

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim and Objectives

1.2 Site Introduction

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Equipment and Specifications

2.1.1 Lux Meter

2.1.2 Sound Level Meter

2.1.3 Measuring Tape

2.1.4 Camera

2.2 Data Collection Method

2.2.1 Site Study

2.2.2 Procedure

3.0 LIGHTING

3.1 Precedent Studies

3.1.1 Introduction

3.1.2 Methodology

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3.1.3 Analysis

3.2 Case Study

3.2.1 Site and Zoning

3.2.2 Data Tabulation and Analysis

3.2.3 Material Specification

3.2.4 Artificial Lighting Fixtures and Specifications

3.2.5 Daylight Factor Analysis

3.2.6 Artificial Light Analysis

3.2.7 Daylight and Lighting Diagrams

3.2.8 Lighting Analysis

4.0 ACOUSTICS

4.1 Precedent Studies

4.1.1 Introduction

4.1.2 Objectives and Issues

4.1.3 Existing Construction

4.1.4 Pre-Renovation Measurements

4.1.5 Design Standard

4.1.6 Final Treatment

4.1.7 Commissioning Measurements

4.1.8 Discussion and Conclusion

4.2 Case Study

4.2.1 Site and Zoning

4.2.2 Data Tabulation and Analysis

4.2.3 Material Specification

4.2.4 Fixtures and Specifications

4.2.5 Sound Reduction Index Calculation

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4.2.6 Reverberation Time

4.2.7 Acoustic Analysis and Evaluation

5.0 CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT

This research report aims to look into the lighting and acoustic properties of a chosen

commercial building, Greyskymorning Café in SS13 Subang Jaya. The services and

parts of the building include: the cashier counter, the kitchen, the seating location, the

porch, and the back area connecting to the service area as well as the adjacent shoplot

to the toilets. Throughout the findings and analysis of lighting and acoustics, the

functions and any information of the systems will be studied extensively in conjunction

with the building to further understand the importance of the system in a building’s

properties operation. Findings and conclusions that are made as a result of this study

will be made through our understanding of these said services. Not least forth these

services will be adjudged to and by the Malaysian Standard 1525 (MS1525) and

requirements as well as other relevant rules and regulations stipulated by relevant

authorities and organisations.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the assignment is to gain a better understanding in the lighting and acoustic

systems as well as their properties in a given space or building. Furthermore, from the

experience gained from this study the aim would be to compile and record the data

and provide critical analysis in the form of a written report.

The objectives of this assignment include and procurement of a complete written

report with data gained through documentation from the site visits on the building. The

criteria of the analysis of the space in relation to the lighting and acoustic and how

these properties work together is also to be made an objective. At the end of the

assignment students should have a better understanding on lighting and acoustics, as

well as all its relevant associates that come with it, including better understanding of

calculations of light and acoustic (Lumen and PSALI), as well as how different

materials and building layout all correspond with lighting and acoustic performance

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1.2 SITE INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.01 Exterior View of Greyskymorning Café. (Wong,2016)

Greyskymorning Café, the site chosen for this case study is an infill building that is sandwiched in

between a church, City Harvest Church, and a restaurant, Food Industrie. The café also serves as an

access point and circulation between these areas, as well as to more points of the building on the

second floor, as well as a saloon that is only accessible via entering Greskymorning. All these

commercial and service buildings form an entire structure formally known as EX8, with its own

compound dictated by a fence as well as parking lots in and around the structure. EX8 is located in

SS13 Subang Jaya where it is predominantly surrounded by factories and manufacturing plants.

However, within the vicinity also lies an International School, and a football stadium.

The entire building, including Greyskymorning is covered in black paint and uses glass and windows

exponentially to take advantage of the large amounts of sunlight that Malaysia gets everyday. Natural

lighting is used extensively as a result, and the building is cooled with a mixture of air conditioning

systems and natural ventilation. The building also uses a heavy amount of steel and bricks that is left

as it is to provide a more modern feel and look, a movement which is getting more and more popular in

this region.

Greyskymorning Café has many doors and exits with links to and around other portions of EX8, and the

café was chosen as our site of our study as our initial analysis revealed that due to the heavy reliance

on natural lighting and interesting use of materials the data gained would provide very different results

from analysis from different parts of the day. The site is also located in a factory heavy location which

we feel would provide different acoustic performance results on different parts of the day as well.

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Figure 1.02 Exterior Panorama View. (Hong,2016)

Figure 1.03 Interior Entrance Panorama View. (Hong,2016)

Figure 1.04 Interior Cashier Counter Panorama View. (Hong,2016)

Figure 1.05 Interior Back Panorama View. (Hong,2016)

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2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 EQUIPMENT AND SPECIFICATIONS

2.1.1 LUX METER

Figure 2.01 Lux Meter. (http://www.bsktech.com/lutron.html)

The lux meter is a digital light meter manufactured by Lutron Electronic Enterprise Co.

Ltd and functions to measure the luminous flux unit and illuminance level. This device

is highly accurate, using photo diodes and multi-colour correction filter with spectrums

that meet the C.I.E’s international code of standards. This lux meter is used as our

source for lighting data collected on site and is sourced from the University. The

specifications of the device are listed below.

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION

Display 13mm (0.5”) LCD

Range 0 – 50 000 Lux. 3 Presets

Zero Adjustment Internal Adjustment

Over-Input Indication of “1” on LCD

Sampling Time 0.4 Seconds

Sensor Structure Photo Diode and Color Correction Filter

Operating Temperature 0 – 50Celcius (32 – 122 Fahrenheit)

Operating Humidity Maximum Capacity at 80% R.H.

Power Supply DC 9V Battery, 006P, MN1604 (PP3) or equivalent

Power Consumption Approximately DC 2 mA

Dimensions Main Body: 108x73x23 mm

Sensor Probe: 82x55x7 mm

Weight 160g (With Battery)

Miscellaneous 1) Instruction Manual 2) Leather Carrying Case

Figure 2.02 Lux Meter General Specification Table.

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION (23±5)

RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY 2 000 LUX 1 LUX ± ( 5 % + 2 d )

20 000 LUX 10 LUX ± ( 5 % + 2 d )

50 000 LUX 100 LUX ± ( 5 % + 2 d )

*Accuracy of sensor is tested by standard parallel tungsten lamp light of 2856K temperature.

Figure 2.03 Lux Meter Electrical Specification Table.

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2.1.2 SOUND LEVEL METER

Figure 2.04 Sound Level Meter. (http://www.bsktech.com/lutron.html)

The sound level meter is a digital sound meter manufactured by Lutron Electronic

Enterprise Co. Ltd and functions to measure the acoustic levels and decibel levels.

This device is highly accurate and picks up any minute sound if pointed at the source

in the correct manner. This sound meter is used as our source for acoustic data

collected on site and is sourced from the University. The specifications of the device

are listed below.

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION

Function dB ( A & C Frequency Weighting ), Time Weighting ( Fast, Slow ),

Hold, Memory ( Max. & Min. ), Peak Hold, AC Output RS232

Output.

Meter Default Function Range Set to Auto Range.

Frequency Weighting Set to A Weighting.

Time Weighting Set to Fast.

Measurement Range 30 – 130 dB

Resolution 0.1 dB

Range Selector Auto Range: 30 – 130 dB.

Manual Range: 3 Ranges, 30 – 80 dB, 50 – 100 dB,

80 – 130 dB, 50 dB On Each

Step with Over & Under

Range Indicating.

Frequency 31.5 – 8 000 Hz

Microphone Type Electric Condenser Microphone

Microphone Size 12.7 mm DIA ( 0.5 inch )

Frequency

Weighting Network

Characteristics of A & C

* A Weighting

The Characteristics Is Simulated As “Human Ear Listening”

Response. If Making the Environmental Sound Level

Measurement, Always Select to A Weighting.

Time Weighting

(Fast and Slow)

Fast – t=200 ms, Slow – t=500 ms

* FAST Range Is the Simulated Human Ear Response Time.

* SLOW Range Is Easier to Get the Average

Calibrator B & K ( Bruel & kjaer ), MULTIFUNCTION ACOUSTIC CALIBRATOR

4226

Output Signal *AC Output: AC 0.5 Vrms Corresponding to Each Range Step. Out

Put Impedance - 600 ohm

*RS232 Output

Output Terminal Terminal 1: RS232 Computer Interface Terminal, Photo Couple

Isolated.

Terminal 2: AC Output Terminal

Terminal Socket Size: 3.5mm dia. Phone Socket.

Calibration VR Built in External Calibration VR, Easy to Calibrate on 94 dB Level by

Screw Driver

Figure 2.05 Sound Meter General Specification Table.

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2.1.3 MEASURING TAPE

Figure 2.06 Measuring Tape.

(https://www.amazon.com/Stanley-33-716-16-Foot-4-Inch-FatMax/dp/B00009OYGJ)

The measuring tape is used to measure a variety of items and specifications in and

around the building and site during the study period, including measurement of the

dimensions of the building, walls and stairs. It is also used to measure height,

especially the height of light and acoustic sources. Finally the tape is also used to

ensure the constant height that the acoustic and light reading are taken from are

constant and consistent.

2.1.4 CAMERA

Figure 2.07 DSLR Camera.

(https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/buy/SLR-Digital-Cameras/ci/6222/N/4288586280)

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The DSLR camera is used as the primary equipment to record and capture pictures of

the building, lighting and acoustic conditions, and the appliances that are deemed

necessary to the study. Multiple cameras belonging to fellow members were used. In

some instances cameras from mobile phones were used when DSLR cameras were

not readily available.

2.2 DATA COLLETION METHOD

2.2.1 SITE STUDY

Figure 2.08 Bryan measuring the dimensions of building. (Wong,2016)

The site visit consisted of several trips to the site over the course of the 9 week period

in which we were given to complete the assignment. This was done to compensate

the insufficient time to conduct a full study and to accommodate for class scheduling

as well as the fact that data from different parts of the day were needed hence several

trips on different times of the day were justified. The first trips consisted of preliminary

investigations, followed by measurements and data gathering in the subsequent trips

to the site. The team was split into teams, namely the data team, photography team

and measurement team to ensure efficient work productivity.

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Figure 2.09 Joshua converting raw data into hard data onsite. (Wong,2016)

The preliminary investigations as well as the photo taking were quite straight forward.

Sketches were drawn, and photos of the entire building, inside and out, as well as all

the lighting, acoustic and appliance components were taken. From then the

measurement team sought to measure the dimensions of the site, obtaining a floor

plan as a result and plotted the plan with a gridline of 1.5m spacing for the purpose of

data gathering.

Figure 2.10 Adrian obtaining the lighting and acoustic data. (Wong,2016)

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Once the gridline has been established, the data team took on the task of obtaining

the data for both the lighting and acoustics from a height of 1m and 1.5m from the

floor. In addition to obtaining data indoors, the data for outdoor areas immediately

surrounding the building were also gathered, albeit in less quantities. Only the ground

floor of the building was used for the study and the building was categorised into

different zones for further analysis.

2.2.2 PROCEDURE

Figure 2.11 Sang Won Conducting Preliminary Investigations and Sketches. (Kan,2016)

Below is the procedure list of the entire study process:

1. Preliminary investigation and photo survey, indication of light types and sources.

2. Measurement and production of floor plans, gridlines.

3. Data gathering for light and acoustic using proper equipment at heights of 1m and

1.5m

4. Analysis of data and production of report.

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3.0 LIGHTING

3.1 PRECEDENT STUDY

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 3.01 The External South Facing Side of Duke University School of Nursing.

Figure 3.02 Site Plan of the University Marked On The Map.

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Located in Durham, North Carolina, along Trent Drive, sits Duke University School of

Nursing. Established in 1931 on January 2nd, it is currently ranked as 6th among the

best nursing schools in the U.S. as of 2016. However, for our particular precedent

studies, we are looking more in depth into the Cafe Duson located in the courtyard

which is located in the East facing side of the university.

Figure 3.03 Exterior of the Café Duson in 2010.

The main reason that this building and site was chosen as our focus for lighting

precedents was due to the similar layout as well as similarity of the facade of the

overall cafe with the floor to ceiling height glass curtain walls. This provides us a

platform in which we could get a good initial understanding on the properties and

materials that we would face in our study later on.

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3.1.2 METHODOLODY

Figure 3.04 Site Boundary Highlighted on A Site Plan of the Café Duson.

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Figure 3.05 Squares Showing Lights Whilst Triangles Indicate Lights That Are Not Shown On The

Plan.

The research started by looking at the exterior of the courtyard and how did the lighting

coming from the outside would eventually affect the lighting located inside the Cafe

Duson. The boundary line was set up and the materiality of the overall courtyard was

identified. Three types of surfaces were identified and their reflectance was also noted,

which were the following:

1. Natural Cleft Bluestone Walkway and Courtyard at 15% reflectance

2. Duke Stone Retaining Walls at 20% reflectance

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3. Gray Painted Aluminum Mullions at 25% reflectance

Following that, other existing conditions of the exterior were identified and noted down

as well, including glazing, specifications of the existing site lighting as well as any of

the other existing lighting features as well.

Figure 3.06 Lights Being Pointed Through the Use of An Elevation Drawing.

Specifications and glazing values of the two identified types of glass are noted as

below:

1. 1” Insulated Glass Curtain Wall System of Café DUSON with U-Value of 0.57,

Transmittance of 0.55 and Shading Coefficient of 0.45

2. 1” Insulated Glass – Laminated (door glass) with U-Value of 0.57,

Transmittance of 0.55 and Shading Coefficient of 0.45

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The specifications for the two types of lighting fixtures noted down below:

Figure 3.07 Courtyard Luminaire Schedule.

3.1.3 ANALYSIS

Through the research gathered as well as observations conducted on site, the exterior

does not seem to directly affect the interior as the spacing of the light as well as the

strength do not seem to contribute or affect the ambient luminosity of the interior of the

cafe. The surrounding landscape also provides sufficient shading that can help solve

any glares issues that may occur with the massive glass curtain walls that make up

the facade of the Cafe Duson.

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3.2 CASE STUDY

3.2.1 SITE AND ZONING

Figure 3.08 Ground Floor Plan with Gridline of Greyskymorning Cafe.

Figure 3.09 Zoning Spaces of Greyskymorning Cafe.

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3.2.2 DATA TABULATION AND ANALYSIS

*The lightings were recorded and measured at 1.0m and 1.5m respectively.

LIGHTING DATA

UNIT: LUX (lx)

HEIGHT: 1.5M (STANDING)


1.5METER (LUX) PEAK HOURS 6.00PM - 6.15PM

GRID A B C D E F G H I J K

1 47 17 13 11 3 3 2 2 0.7 2 39 23 16 9 3 3 3 2 0.9 3 18 22 11 7 5 5 4 1 3 3 14

4 41 17 9 2 5 5 1 1 0.9 0.8 3

5 64 63 63 6 64 34 64 7 64 38 64


LEGEND

A DINING RED

B KITCHEN YELLOW

C SERVICE BLUE

1.5METER (LUX) NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM


1 255 85 60 62 33 21 12 15 7 2 252 148 93 32 15 12 10 12 11 3 192 144 83 55 43 45 44 31 15 12 34

4 75 61 53 33 10 15 11 12 8 11 16

5 195 193 55 6 230 225 33 7 221 218 45

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LIGHTING DATA

UNIT: LUX (lx)

HEIGHT: 1.0M (SITTING)


1.0METER (LUX) PEAK HOURS 6.00PM - 6.15PM


1 42 15 10 10 3 3 2 1 0.3 2 58 23 12 11 2 2 1 1 0.5 3 21 24 15 11 4 4 3 3 4 3 15

4 51 20 11 15 4 4 2 2 1 1 4

5 23 22 22 6 32 32 32 7 36 36 36


LEGEND

A DINING RED

B KITCHEN YELLOW

C SERVICE BLUE

1.0METER (LUX) NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM


1 283 122 35 37 17 17 15 12 6 2 272 194 90 38 16 15 5 6 8 3 288 149 76 67 34 29 41 28 14 12 37

4 155 82 45 30 18 26 8 8 13 17 37

5 270 162 42 6 272 161 64 7 273 275 40

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GRID NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM PEAK HOURS 6.00PM-6.15PM

A1 255 47

A2 252 39

A3 192 18

A4 75 41

A5 195 64

A6 230 64

A7 221 64

B1 85 17

B2 148 23

B3 144 22

B4 61 17

B5 193 63

B6 225 34

B7 218 38

C1 60 13

C2 93 16

C3 83 11

C4 53 9

C5 55 63

C6 33 64

C7 45 64

D1 62 11

D2 32 9

D3 55 7

D4 33 2

E1 33 3

E2 15 3

E3 43 5

E4 10 5

F1 21 3

F2 12 3

F3 45 5

F4 15 5

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G1 12 2

G2 10 3

G3 44 4

G4 11 1

H1 15 2

H2 12 2

H3 31 1

H4 12 1

I1 7 0.7

I2 11 0.9

I3 15 3

I4 8 0.9

J3 12 3

J4 11 0.8

K3 34 14

K4 16 3

Figure 3.14 Lux Reading at 1.5m. (Standing)

LEGEND

A DINING RED

B KITCHEN YELLOW

C SERVICE BLUE

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A1 283 42

A2 272 58

A3 288 21

A4 155 51

A5 270 23

A6 272 32

A7 273 36

B1 122 15

B2 194 23

B3 149 24

B4 82 20

B5 162 22

B6 161 32

B7 275 36

C1 35 10

C2 90 12

C3 76 15

C4 45 11

C5 42 22

C6 64 32

C7 40 36

D1 37 10

D2 38 11

D3 67 11

D4 30 15

E1 17 3

E2 16 2

E3 34 4

E4 18 4

F1 17 3

F2 15 2

F3 29 4

F4 26 4

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G1 15 2

G2 5 1

G3 41 3

G4 8 2

H1 12 1

H2 6 1

H3 28 3

H4 8 2

I1 6 0.3

I2 8 0.5

I3 14 4

I4 13 1

J3 12 3

J4 17 1

K3 37 15

K4 37 4

Figure 3.15 Lux Reading at 1.0m. (Sitting)

LEGEND

A DINING RED

B KITCHEN YELLOW

C SERVICE BLUE

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INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

Observation 1

The data collected at the height of 1.5m are mostly higher than the data collected at

the height of 1m from the floor.

Discussion and Analysis 1

The data collected at the height of 1.5m are closer to the artificial lighting. Because

the surrounding walls of the café are mostly made out of glass material, daylighting

from the curtain walls also affects the interior. Also, due to the building being an infill

building, the adjacent buildings may have shades that affects the reading at the 1.5m

height, causing it to be lower in some cases.

Observation 2

The light data collected during the non-peak hour of 11.30am is significantly higher in

grid A and B, moderately high in grid C and D and lower in the vicinity of grid I.


The higher lux reading data collected at Grid A and B are due to the lights coming in

from the adjacent curtain walls of the entrance. Between grid A2 and A3 is the

entrance door, the light coming in from the entrance door affects the data significantly

till grid B2 and B3. Grid C and D being the middle part of the building has a moderately

high reading due to the light coming in from the entrance door between Grid A2 and

A3. The data collected in grid E4, F4, G4, H4 and I4 are relatively low as the building

is an infill building. Although the walls are of a curtain wall, the lux reading is low as

the adjacent space is a dimly lit restaurant. The readings in grid I1 is low as the walls

are constructed of concrete material.

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Observation 3

The data collected during the peak hour of 6.00pm shows a lower lux reading due to

the sun setting around that time. All of Grid A can be seen showing a higher lux reading

when compared to the other Grid readings.


The higher lux reading collected at Grid A is due to the surrounding curtain walls and

it being near the entrance door. Grid A is also adjacent facing west, which is the

evening sun.

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3.2.3 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

ZONE A (DINING)

Component Material Colour Surface Finish

Reflective Value (%)

Surface Area (m²)

Reflective Index

Ceiling

Metal deck

Black Matte 20 68.0 1.519

Wall

Brick wall

Brown Matte 15 10.94 1.519

Painted Wall


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Curtain Glass wall

Transparent Glossy 6 107.5 1.517

Floor

Concrete

Grey Matte 15 79.8 4.500

Door

Metal Frame with glass panel

Black /transparent

Matte/ Glossy

20/6 2.5 1.517

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Stairs

Steel


Frosted Glass

Translucent Matte 8 19.5 1.517

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Furniture Timber Chair

Brown Glossy 10 0.8x24 = 19.2

1.46

Timber Stool

Dark Brown

Matte 12 0.7x8 = 5.6

1.328

Timber table painted

Brown Matte 12 0.36 x 10 = 3.6

1.328

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Leather sofa


Reclaimed timber table

Brown Matte 12 1.1 1.328

Reclaimed palette coffee table


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ZONE B (KITCHEN)

Component

Material Colour Surface Finish


Surface Area (m²)

Reflective Index

Ceiling

Concrete

Grey Matte 15 22.5 4.500

Wall

Brick wall


Floor

Concrete

Grey Matte 15 17.1 4.5

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Window

Clear Glass


Furniture Timber Stool

Dark Brown

Matte 12 0.7x4 = 2.8

1.328



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ZONE C (SERVICE)

Component

Material Colour Surface Finish


Surface Area (m²)

Reflective Index

Ceiling

Metal deck


Wall

Brick wall


Curtain Glass wall


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Floor

Concrete

Grey Matte 15 8.4 4.5

47

3.2.4 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING FIXTURES AND SPECIFICATIONS

Product Model Dowsing & Reynolds Vintage light bulb - squirrel cage filament (old fashioned Edison) E27 screw

Rated luminous flux 610 lm Colour rendering Index - Power 40 watts

Beam Angle - Function and Zone Placement Ceiling Lamp Dimmable - Colour Temperature 2200 Kelvin

48

Product Model LED bulb GU10 Rated luminous flux 400lm Colour rendering Index 90 Power 6W Beam Angle 36 degree Function and Zone Placement Spotlight beside entrance

Dimmable Yes Colour Temperature 2700K

49

Product Model Osram 36W Warm White Lumilux Fluorescent Tube

Rated luminous flux 1350lm Colour rendering Index - Power 18 Watt

Beam Angle - Function and Zone Placement Display light Dimmable Yes Colour Temperature 3000 Kelvin

50

Product Model OSRAM Lumilux T8 Cool White

Rated luminous flux 1350lm Colour rendering Index - Power 36 Watt Beam Angle - Function and Zone Placement Display light

Dimmable Yes Colour Temperature 4000 Kelvin

51

3.2.5 DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS

ZONE A (DINING)

Figure 3.16 Non-peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Dining Space.

Figure 3.17 Image of Zone A Dining Space. (Lee,2016)

52

Daylight (11.30AM)

1.5m 157.25 1.0m 206.5 Average Flux 181.88

Figure 3.18 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone A.

Zone Type Daylight Average Lux reading Daylight Factor, DF Performance based

level in based on collected on MS 1525

Malaysia E0 (Lx) data, Ex (Lx)

A Dining 12000 181.88

Fair

Figure 3.19 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone A.

Below is the daylight factors and distribution table obtained from the MS1525:


Based on MS1525, Zone A which is the dining area achieved an average lighting with

a daylight factor of 1.52%. With a daylight factor of 1.52% it can be considered dark,

however it is also a relaxing ambience for chilling and hanging out. Although the

surrounding walls are mostly curtain walls, light doesn’t really illuminate the interior

spaces. This is due to the surrounding buildings being dimly lit as well, therefore not

much lights are being transferred into the café dining spaces.

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very bright > 6 Very large with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3 - 6 Good

Average 1 - 3 Fair

Dark 0 - 1 Poor

DF =181.88

12000x 100%

= 1.52%

DF =𝐸𝑥

𝐸𝑜x 100%

53

ZONE B (KITCHEN)

Figure 3.21 Non-Peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Kitchen Space.

Figure 3.22 Panorama Image of Zone B Kitchen Space. (Hong,2016)

54

Daylight (11.30AM)

1.5m 123 1.0m 193.4 Average Flux 158.2

Figure 3.23 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone B.

Figure 3.24 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone B.

Below is the daylight factors and distribution table obtained from the MS1525:


Based on MS1525, Zone B which is the kitchen space achieved an average lighting

with a daylight factor of 1.31%. The Kitchen space is located in front near the entrances

surrounded by curtain walls. The surrounding curtain walls help to illuminate the

spaces. However, it still resulted in an average lighting distribution. This is due to the

external overhang that helped to shelter the interior from the afternoon sun. The

façade is filled with overhangs that sheltered the ground floor from direct sun, providing

shade even for the outdoor sitting area.Thus, influencing the incoming light into the

kitchen space.

Zone Type Daylight

Average Lux

reading Daylight Factor, DF

Performance

based

level in based on collected

on MS 1525

Malaysia E0 (Lx) data, Ex (Lx)

B

Kitchen 12000 158.2

Fair



Bright 3 - 6 Good

Average 1 - 3 Fair

Dark 0 - 1 Poor

DF =158.2

12000x 100%

= 1.31%

DF =𝐸𝑥

𝐸𝑜x 100%

55

ZONE C (SERVICE AREA)

Figure 3.26 Non-Peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Service Area.

Figure 3.27 Image of Zone C Service Area. (Wong,2016)

56

Figure 3.28 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone C.

Zone Type Daylight

Average Lux

reading Daylight Factor, DF

Performance

based

level in based on collected on MS 1525

Malaysia E0 (Lx) data, Ex (Lx) C Service 12000 16.53

Poor

Figure 3.29 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone C.

Below is the daylight factors and distribution table obtained from the MS1525,


Based on MS1525, Zone C which is the Service Area achieved a daylight factor of

0.14%. It is considerably dark in the area with poor lighting distribution according to

MS1525. Being the service area, it does not require too much lighting as hardly anyone

goes there. The space is also not designed for any uses except to access outdoor

where the maintenance of air conditions are done. Although surrounded by curtain

walls, hardly any harsh lights penetrate the space. This is due to the surrounding tall

buildings outdoor that shields the spaces from direct sunlight.

Daylight (11.30AM)

1.5m 13.05 1.0m 20 Average Flux 16.53



Bright 3 - 6 Good

Average 1 - 3 Fair

Dark 0 - 1 Poor

DF =𝐸𝑥

𝐸𝑜x 100%

DF =16.53

12000x 100%

= 0.14%

57

3.2.6 ARTIFICIAL LIGHT ANALYSIS

ZONE A (DINING)

Dimension of room (L X

W)(m)

13.41m x

4.62m Total Floor Area, A (m²) 62m²

Type of Lighting Fixture LED bulb GU10

Dowsing & Reynolds Vintage light bulb

Number of Fixture, N 19 4 Lumen of Lighting Fixture, F (lm) 400 610 Height of Luminaire (m) 4.05 2.4 Height of work level (m) 0.8 0.8 Mounting height (m) 3.45 1.4 Reflection Factors

Ceiling- Concrete:3

Wall- Brick wall + Black Painted

Wall: 2.0

Floor- Concrete

Flooring: 3 Room Index, RI (K)

Utilisation Factor, UF 0.4 0.57 Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8 0.8 Illuminance Level - E (Lux)

Number of lamps required– N

*MS1525 Recommended Dining Illumination Level – 200 Lux

RI =13.41 x 4.62

(13.41 + 4.62) x 3.45

= 1.00

RI =13.41 x 4.62

(13.41 + 4.62) x 1.4

= 2.45

RI =L x W

(L + W) x H

E =19 (400 x 0.4 x 0.8)

62

= 39.22 E =

N x F x UF x MF

A

N =(200 − 39.22) x 62

( 610 x 0.57 x 0.8)

= 35.83 ⋍ 36

N =E x A

( F x UF x MF)

Analysis: The dining area of the café is under-lit and it requires another 32 Dowsing & Reynolds Vintage

light bulb to meet the requirements of MS1525. However, the cafe is surrounded by curtain walls which

allows light to brighten the interior during the day. Furthermore, the café only operates until 7pm,

therefore there is no need to worry for lighting issues during the night.

58

ZONE B (KITCHEN)

Dimension of room (L X W)(m) 4.88m x 4.89m

Total Floor Area, A (m²) 24m²

Type of Lighting Fixture LED bulb GU10

Number of Fixture, N 12

Lumen of Lighting Fixture, F (lm) 400

Height of Luminaire (m) 4.05

Height of work level (m) 0.8

Mounting height (m) 3.45

Reflection Factors Ceiling- Concrete : 3

Wall- Brick wall + Black Painted Wall : 2.0

Floor- Concrete Flooring : 3

Room Index, RI (K)

Utilisation Factor, UF 0.4

Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8

Number of lamps required – N

*MS1525 Recommended

Kitchen Illumination Level –

150 Lux

RI =L x W

(L + W) x H

RI =4.88 x 4.89

(4.88 + 4.89) x 3.45

= 0.71

N =E x A

( F x UF x MF)

N =150 x 24

( 400 x 0.4 x 0.8)

= 28.13 ⋍ 28

Analysis: The Counter/Kitchen area of the café is clearly under-lit. It would need another 16 bulbs to

meet the criteria of MS1525 Recommended Illumination level. By changing the bulbs to a higher lumen

can also be an alternative solution.

59

ZONE C (SERVICE)

Dimension of room (L X W)(m) 3.60m x1.67m

Total Floor Area, A (m²) 6m²

Type of Lighting Fixture Dowsing & Reynolds Vintage light bulb

Number of Fixture, N 1

Lumen of Lighting Fixture, F (lm) 610

Height of Luminaire (m) 2.4

Height of work level (m) 0.8

Mounting height (m) 1.4

Reflection Factors Ceiling: Concrete : 3

Wall: Brick wall + Black Painted Wall : 2.0

Floor: Concrete Flooring : 3

Room Index, RI (K)

Utilisation Factor, UF 0.57

Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8

Number of lamps required – N

*MS1525 Recommended Service Platform Illumination Level - 50 Lux

RI =L x W

(L + W) x H RI =

3.60 x 1.67

(3.60 + 1.67) x 1.4

= 0.81

N =E x A

( F x UF x MF)

N =50 x 6

( 610 x 0.57 x 0.8)

= 1.08 ⋍ 1

Analysis: The service area of the café is sufficiently lit as its illumination level meet the MS1525

Recommended illumination level of 50 Lux with the installed artificial lightings.

60

3.2.7 DAYLIGHT AND LIGHTING DIAGRAMS

REVIT SIMULATION, DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

FLOOR PLAN


The calculations and data recorded reveal that Zones B and C as well as a small

portion of Zone A receive the most daylight. This is due to the area being next to the

glass walls. Most of Zone A is located away from the glass walls hence less intensity.

61

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

ZONE A (DINING)


Zone A is very well lit even though the intensity of the daylight reduces by quite a far

amount in the middle of the zone. The glass walls surrounding the zone allow for ample

daylight to enter the zone without the use of much artificial lighting needed, saving

costs.

62

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

ZONE B (KITCHEN)


Zone B receives the most natural light among all the zones as it is nearest to the glass

walls. Furthermore, the zone is flanked by sides that allow for daylight to pass through

as well. This well-lit area means that throughout the day no artificial lighting is needed

to provide better illumination.

63

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

ZONE C (SERVICE)


Zone C is situated at the rear of the building and also receives a substancial amount

of natural light as it is surrounded on 3 sides by glass walls. Little to no artificial lighting

is needed in this zone as well, except in the case of during evenings.

64

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS

FLOOR PLAN


Based on our analysis the area with the highest concentration of artificial lighting is

located in Zone A, with the zone providing ready illumination being the dining area

for customers.

65


ZONE A (DINING)


Zone A is most commonly exposed to artificial lighting by the fact that it is the location

of space usage by the customers and hence extra lighting is needed when possible.

The lighting fixtures are located on the walls and ceilings.

66


ZONE B (KITCHEN)


Zone B receives the least amount of artificial lighting assistance due to the fact that

most of the time it isn’t needed as a result of exceptional use of natural lighting.

However, ceiling lights are installed in the event that artificial lighting is needed. Most

of the time, these lights are left off.

67


ZONE C (SERVICE)


Zone C also receives little to no artificial light assistance, with only a few lights in place

in the event that it is needed. Usually the natural daylight is sufficient to light the area.

68

3.2.8 LIGHTING ANALYSIS

Figure 3.39 Dining Area Facing the West Sun. (Wong,2016)

Having the front façade facing west, the evening sun lights up the interior spaces

during the evening. In the picture shown above, the entrance is seen allowing light into

the premise. With the curtain wall installation, lights illuminate the spaces allowing for

a natural light experience. Thus, also reducing the need and reliance on artificial

lighting throughout the day.

Figure 3.40 Kitchen Space Facing the West Sun. (Wong,2016)

69

The Kitchen space are also illuminated by natural light mostly. During the evening, the

west sun illuminates the interior spaces through the curtain wall. Thus, it fully optimizes

the daylighting of the evening sun in the space.

Figure 3.41 Service Area Facing the Morning Sun. (Wong,2016)

The back of the café has a service area which leads to the outdoor space for

maintenance of the air conditioner. Surrounded by curtain wall, natural light illuminates

the surrounding area, thus also reducing the reliance on artificial lightings. It can be

observed that the service area only requires a single light bulb to achieve sufficient

daylighting. Although it is considered a poor lighting distribution, however according to

MS1525, a service area is sufficiently lit to 50 Lux.

70

Figure 3.42 Natural Skylight Illuminates The Interior Spaces. (Wong,2016)

The front part of the dining spaces is also lit by natural skylight in the café. Thus,

allowing natural light from the roof top to illuminate all the way to the ground floor. With

the openings, it allows for the reduction and reliance on artificial lightings in the space.

Figure 3.43 Kitchen Area Illuminated with Warm Spotlights. (Hong,2016)

Even with all the natural lightings and transparencies, artificial lightings are also

installed to light up the interior spaces and aids the café in illuminating during the

morning or evening.

71

Although artificial lightings can provide certain aesthetic and mood to the spaces, it also

serves in a very practical manner. For instance, the kitchen area has several spotlights which

helps illuminates the menu items. It also helps the baristas to prepare the drinks in dimly lit

situations. The kitchen which also acts as a counter, needs to be brightly lit up to allow

customers to better view the menu and so on. Surrounded in conjunction with curtain wal ls,

the kitchen/counter area is brightly lit up by natural and artificial lightings to serve for both a

practical and aesthetic manner.

Figure 3.44 Dining Spaces Illuminated with Warm Spotlights. (Hong,2016)

The middle area of the café which houses the dining spaces are also lit up by artificial lightings

throughout most of the day. Although surrounded by curtain walls and having several

openings nearby like the stairs, it is still not enough to provide a fair daylighting distribution.

Though with artificial lights, it can achieve the desired daylighting results with a warm mood

as a bonus.

Figure 3.45 Warm Mood Created by Artificial Lightings. (Wong,2016)

72

To provide a better level of illumination, the interior finishes plays a huge role. For instan ce,

the slightly tinted glass of the curtain walls decreases the glaring issues when sunlight

penetrates the interior spaces of the building. Thus, helping the user feel more comfortable

gazing outside. Moreover, the natural skylight from the rooftop decreases the usage of

artificial lightings to achieve the sufficient daylight illumination of the interior spaces. With

the inclusion of minimal artificial lightings, the interior spaces can be illuminated to desired

levels and yet still achieve the mood and aesthetic that was aimed for. Thus, creating a warm,

natural and cozy feeling to the users.

73

4.0 ACOUSTICS

4.1 PRECEDENT STUDY

4.1.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.01 Sky City and the Auckland Skyline. (http://vizts.com/901-2/)

Figure 4.02 Site of Sky City in Auckland. (Google Maps)

74

In this precedent study, the Sky City Casino and Conference Centre in Auckland was

undergoing a renovation, an existing conference room is to be converted into a bar/

nightclub. The Marshall Day Acoustics were engaged in order to design a sound

insulation device to mitigate the noise transmission from the bar to the hotel suites

which are located on level 4, one floor above the bar’s new location which is on level

3. Complaints were made previously from the hotel as noise can be heard from the

conference room when amplified music was being played. After performing noise

reduction measurements before and after the renovation, it was considered that the

concrete slab between the hotel rooms and conference space was the primary

medium for sound transmission and so design solutions will be focus on the medium.

4.1.2 OBJECTIVES AND ISSUES

Since that the concrete slab was the cause of the noise transmission between the two

floors, an acoustic ceiling is design in order to mitigate and minimize the noise

transmission that affects the concrete slab. This had to be achieved with a buildable

and affordable solution that could accommodate the services and architectural issues

that are existing. The existing structure of the building was remaining and as such

there is no leeway for structural changes. The immediate obvious solution is to achieve

a high degree of transmission loss at low frequencies from the planned acoustic ceiling

as any mid-high frequency components of the music would be attenuated through the

structure itself and hence it was merely a low frequency problem at 63 Hz - 125 Hz.

4.1.3 EXISTING CONSTRUCTION

Figure 4.03 Hotel Layout.

75

All of the hotel suites are located one floor above the converted conference space and

they all share the same floor slab. The shared ceiling floor is 120 Hibond which gives

an average concrete thickness of 90 mm. The ceilings in the conference room was a

perforated acoustic ceiling and the walls on both the hotel levels and the conference

room were made of lightweight drywall construction.

Figure 4.04 Lightweight Drywall.

Figure 4.05 Perforated Acoustic Ceiling Tiles.

76

4.1.4 PRE-RENOVATION MEASUREMENTS

Measurements were carried out in the conference room before renovation to

determine the sound insulation provided by the existing structure.

Audio equipment were used to generate the high noise levels required. Independently,

pink noise and a dance music sample were amplified to a reverberant level of L𝑒𝑞 95-

97 dBA in the conference room. Pink noise and dance music samples were used to

measure the level of noise received in the five hotel suites on Level 4.

Reverberant levels of the pink noise generated in the conference room were :

● L𝑒𝑞 105 dB @ 63 Hz

● L𝑒𝑞101 dB @ 125 Hz

In suite 5, the pink noise was barely audible above the ambient noise levels. In Fact

the bass beat of the dance music was barely detectable hence measurements in this

room were discarded.

All measurements here were slightly affected by the traffic from the surrounding

neighbourhood and nearby construction noise. The table below summarizes the

results obtained.

Figure 4.06 Pre-Renovation Measured Noise Levels.

77

4.1.5 DESIGN STANDARD

Sound received from dance music and live bands normally consist of a rhythmic low

frequency tone. When this noise is clearly identifiable from above the ambient noise

levels in a bedroom than it is likely to be a nuisance to the occupants. As such, the

ambient noise levels in the hotel suites were used as a benchmark for a design

criterion. It is clear that it would not be practically possible to achieve acceptable noises

in all the hotel suites from the previous measurement. Hence, the objective is to

mitigate as much of the noise as practically possible.

4.1.6 FINAL TREATMENT

An acoustic ceiling is to be incorporated into the architectural ceiling and would be

suspended 2 meters below the bottom of the slab in order to avoid the structural

steelwork with the construction as follow:

● 120 mm Hibond slab;

● 2000 mm air gap accommodating structural steelwork and services;

● 3 layers of R1.8, 75 mm Pink Batts insulation

● Ceiling consisting of 1 layer 21 mm plywood and 2 layers 13 mm Gib Noiseline

suspended on spring hangers

4.1.7 COMMISSIONING MEASUREMENTS

Sound insulation performance of the acoustic ceiling was measured in the same way

as the pre-renovation measurements once the refitting is complete. The table below

summarizes the results:

78

Figure 4.07 Commissioning Measured Noise Levels.

A comparison with the before and after measurements gives an indication that an

improved sound insulation has been achieved with the acoustic ceiling.

Low frequency noise level in the hotel room has a moderate increase from the noise

cause by the bar. However, there was no change to the A-weighted noise levels in the

rooms. Dance music was played at high levels in the bar and a moderately low level

of low frequency was detectable in the hotel suites.

4.1.8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The sound insulation performance resulting from the measurement has an

improvement from the previous measurement due to the installation of the acoustic

ceiling but it was not as great as predicted theoretically. This shortcoming of

performance was already expected and most likely cause by the nature of the field

conditions, possible material variations in the building products and also some flanking

transmission through other paths.

The level of noise generated by the bar need to be limited to approximately 95 dB at

63 Hz and 92 dB at 125 Hz in order to control the transmission of low frequency noise

and this in turn would limit the number of complaints received. As a conclusion, the

bar/night club has now been undergoing operation successfully for several months

since the installation. As predicted, they were occasional complaints made by the

guest staying at the hotel in rooms above which are most affected by the bar. However,

the overall result is such that the acoustic ceiling design is considered to be successful

in being a sound insulation.

79

4.2 CASE STUDY

4.2.1 SITE AND ZONING

NOISE IDENTIFICATION

TYPE OF EXTERNAL SOUND SOURCE DESCRIPTION

The macro site is surrounded by main roads

which are heavily used by cars throughout the

day (highlighted red). However, due to the

location of the site noise factor from these main

roads are almost unnoticeable. As for the micro

site, the surrounding roads of the site is used

heavily by many types of vehicles including

lorries and trucks, and produce a high level of

noise. However, the noise is reduced as the site

is enclosed in an area, and the building

surrounded by other adjacent buildings

dampening outdoor noise and keeping noise

pollution to a minimum.

The neighboring buildings, although vary in

activities do not serve any real noise intrusion to

the building, as the operational hours do not

coincide with many of the activities. For instance,

church activities on one side is normally

conducted before or after the café operation

hours and the restaurant is always constantly low

on noise volume.

One area in which that the café receives external

noise is located at the back, where the air

condition condensers are located. Fully

functional during opening hours, they constantly

blare out bland humming tone at up to 54dB

which is most obvious at the back of the café.

Towards the front the sound is eliminated from

the brick wall.

80

SITE ZONING

Figure 4.08 Gridlines Which Are Used to Collect Acoustic Data.

The gridline, established together with the lighting data collection grid, is also used to

gather acoustic measurements in and around the building, with a 1.5m spacing in

between each grid point, forming a total of 49 grid points.

81

4.2.2 DATA TABULATION AND ANALYSIS

*The acoustics were recorded and measured at 1.5m.

ACOUSTIC DATA

UNIT: DECIBEL (dB)

HEIGHT: 1.5M (STANDING)



Non Peak Hour 11.30AM - 12.00PM GRID A B C D E F G H I J K

1 60.3 61.3 62.9 61.5 61.4 62.3 61.3 62.8 64.3

2 60.4 60.7 60.2 66.7 61.3 61.7 61.8 62.7 63.9

3 61.1 62 68.3 62 68.4 62.7 63.2 63.3 63.4 67.8 71.2

4 60.6 70.4 72 63.2 64.2 66.6 65.3 65.4 66.2 68.2 69.2

5 58 58.3 60.4 6 60 59 63.5

7 60 59.4 58.6

Non Peak Hour 11.30AM - 12.00PM GRI

D A B C D E F G H I J K

1 1.07E

-06 1.35E

-06 1.95E

-06 1.41E

-06 1.38E

-06 1.69E

-06 1.34E

-06 1.90E

-06 2.69E

-06

2

1.10E

-06

1.17E

-06

1.05E

-06

4.67E

-06

1.34E

-06

1.47E

-06

1.51E

-06

1.86E

-06

2.45E

-06

3 1.29E

-06 1.58E

-06 6.76E

-06 1.58E

-06 6.91E

-06 1.86E

-06 2.08E

-06 2.13E

-06 2.18E

-06 6.02E

-06 1.31E

-06

4 1.15E

-06 1.10E

-06 1.58E

-05 2.08E

-06 2.63E

-06 4.57E

-06 3.38E

-06 3.46E

-06 4.16E

-06 6.60E

-06 8.31E

-06

5 6.30E

-07 6.76E

-07 1.10E

-06

6 1.00E

-06 7.94E

-07 2.24E

-06

7

1.00E

-06

8.71E

-07

7.24E

-07

82



Peak Hour 5pm-5.15pm GRID A B C D E F G H I J K

1 65 63 67 69 69 68 67 67 65

2 65 64 66 71 71 67 64 66 64

3 66 68 65 66 66 65 69 66 65 69 75

4 68 70 67 71 70 68 67 68 67 74 78

5 70 71 77 6 72 73 76

7 64 65 75

Peak Hour 5pm-5.15pm GRID A B C D E F G H I J K

1

3.16E

-06

1.99E

-06

5.01E

-06

7.94E

-06

7.94E

-06

6.30E

-06

5.01E

-06

5.01E

-06

3.16E

-06

2 3.16E

-06 2.51E

-06 3.98E

-06 1.25E

-05 1.25E

-05 5.01E

-06 2.51E

-06 3.98E

-06 2.51E

-06

3

3.98E

-06

6.30E

-06

3.16E

-06

3.98E

-06

3.98E

-06

3.16E

-06

7.94E

-06

3.98E

-06

3.16E

-06

7.94E

-06

3.16E

-05

4 6.30E

-06 1.00E

-05 5.01E

-06 1.25E

-05 1.00E

-05 6.30E

-06 5.01E

-06 6.30E

-06 5.01E

-06 2.51E

-05 6.30E

-05

5 1.00E

-05 1.25E

-05 5.01E

-05

6

1.58E

-05

1.99E

-05

3.98E

-05

7 2.51E

-06 3.16E

-06 3.16E

-05

83

Figure 4.13 Non-Peak Sum Intensity and Sound Intensity Levels (BELOW)

Sum of Intensity for each zone, I

Non Peak Hour 11.30AM - 12.00PM


1 2 9.62E-05 3 2.22E-05

4

5

6 9.03E-06 7

Sound Intensity level (SIL) per zone Non Peak Hour 11.30AM - 12.00PM


1

2 79.83

3 73.46

4

5 6 69.56 7

84

Figure 4.14 Peak Sum Intensity and Sound Intensity Levels (BELOW)

Sum of Intensity for each zone, I Peak Hour 5pm-5.15pm


1

2 2.00E-04

3 1.28E-04

4

5 6 1.86E-04 7

SIL Peak Hour 5pm-5.15pm GRID A B C D E F G H I J K

1 2 83.01

3 81.07

4

5 6 82.7 7

85

INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

Observation 1

There is a peak of 70.4dB in grid B4.


Grid B4 is situated near the barista counter where the making of coffee and the

machinery sound are produced.

Observation 2

There is a significant rise in decibels in grid k3 and k4.


There is a backdoor adjacent between grid k3 and k4. Outside the perimeter are the

placement of the outdoor condensers which are required to operate the air conditioner

of the café and the nearby restaurant. The rise in decibels in grid k3 and k4 are due to

the sound coming from the outdoor spaces.

Observation 3

During the non-peak hour (11.30am), Grid B4 and C4 can be seen having a

significantly higher decibel when compared to the rest.


The reason it has a higher decibel reading could be due to the placement of the cake

display cabinet/fridge. Another reason could be during the time of measurement, the

Ice blender located in the kitchen area is being used.

86

Observation 4

During the peak hour (6.00pm), a rise of decibels in the collected data is observed.


The data collected shows a rise in decibels during the peak hour. Working adults and

university students hang out in the café after classes and work. There were more

people in the café at the time, chatting, talking and discussing on things. Thus, the

higher reading. Moreover, during the peak hour, music was even played in the

background. No music was playing in the background during the non-peak hour visit.

Observation 5

During the peak hour (6.00pm), a rise of decibels in Grid B5, B6, C5, C6 and C7 are

collected and measured.


The higher decibels in Grid B5, B6, C5, C6 and C7 are due to the coffee machines,

grinders and etc. working to meet the demand of the customers during the peak hour

of 6pm.

87

4.2.3 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

ZONE A (DINING)


Absorpti

on Coefficie

nt (500 Hz)

Abso

rption

Coefficient (200

0 Hz)

Surface Area (m²)

Ceiling

Metal deck

Black Matte 0.7 0.86 68.0

Wall

Brick wall

Brown Matte 0.02 0.02 10.94

Painted Wall

Black Matte 0.02 0.02 9.05

88

Curtain Glass wall

Transparent Glossy 0.04 0.03 107.5

Floor

Concrete

Grey Matte 0.05 0.05 79.8

Door

Metal Frame with glass panel

Black /transparent

Matte/ Glossy

0.04 0.03 2.5

89

Stairs

Steel


Frosted Glass

Translucent Matte 0.04 0.03 19.5

90

Furniture Timber Chair

Brown Glossy 0.22 0.38 0.8x24 = 19.2

Timber Stool

Dark Brown

Matte 0.22 0.38 0.7x8 = 5.6

Timber table painted

Brown Matte 0.22 0.38 0.36 x 10 = 3.6

91

Leather sofa



Brown Matte 0.22 0.38 1.1

Reclaimed palette coffee table


92

ZONE B (KITCHEN)

Ceiling

Concrete

Grey Matte 0.05 0.05 22.5

Wall

Brick wall

Brown Matte 0.02 0.02 29.2

Floor

Concrete

Grey Matte 0.05 0.05 17.1

93

Window

Clear Glass


Furniture Timber Stool

Dark Brown

Matte 0.22 0.38 2.8



94

ZONE C (SERVICE)

Ceiling

Metal deck


Wall

Brick wall

Brown Matte 0.02 0.02 1.72

Curtain Glass wall


95

Floor

Concrete

Grey Matte 0.05 0.05 8.4

96

4.2.4 FIXTURES AND SPECIFICATIONS

Type of Sound Source Product Model

Units and zone Placement

Wattage Voltage Noise Level

Acson Wall

Mounted Split G series R22 Model

1 unit at Zone B 880 220 52dB

York Floor Ceiling Convertible

Deluxe R410A

1 unit at Zone C 1130 220 55dB

JAMAJKA 1.3W

1 unit at Zone A 1300 220 52dB

Xs-160yx Glass Top Deep

Freezers Mini Ice Cream

Display Freezer

1 unit at Zone A - 220 50dB

Berjaya Counter

Chiller CC2100-S


97

KDK Ceiling Fan

KY14X8MC

-3 units at Zone A

-1 unit at Zone B

760 230 45dB

Phillips Rice Cooker HD3027


Anfim

Caimano Coffee Grinder


Sharp Countertop

Microwave Oven 0.9 CU.

FT. 900W


98

Keesvanderwestern Mirage


APPLIANCES INTENSITY CALCULATION

Source Noise Level (dB) Intensity, I

Acson Wall Mounted Split G

series R22 Model

52 1.5849E-07

York Floor Ceiling Convertible Deluxe R410A

55 3.1623E-07

JAMAJKA 1.3W 52 1.5849E-07

Xs-160yx Glass Top Deep Freezers Mini Ice Cream

Display Freezer

50 0.0000001

Berjaya Counter Chiller CC2100-S

50 0.0000001

KDK Ceiling Fan KY14X8MC 45 3.1623E-08

Phillips Rice Cooker HD3027 49 7.9433E-08

Anfim Caimano Coffee Grinder 80 8.71E-07

Sharp Countertop Microwave

Oven 0.9 CU. FT. 900W

58 0.0004

Keesvanderwestern Mirage 85 3.1623E-04

99

Combined Appliances at Zone A

Source Quantity Intensity Total Intensity

KDK Ceiling Fan

KY14X8MC

3 3.1623E-08 9.4869E-08

Xs-160yx Glass Top Deep Freezers Mini Ice Cream Display Freezer

1 0.0000001 0.0000001

JAMAJKA 1.3W 1 1.5849E-07 1.5849E-07

Grand Total Intensity 3.5336E-07

100

Combined Appliances at Zone B


Acson Wall Mounted

Split G series R22 Model

1 1.5849E-07 1.5849E-07

Berjaya Counter

Chiller CC2100-S

1 0.0000001 0.0000001

Phillips Rice Cooker HD3027

1 7.9433E-08 7.9433E-08

Anfim Caimano Coffee

Grinder

1 8.71E-07 8.71E-07

Sharp Countertop Microwave Oven 0.9 CU. FT. 900W

1 0.0004 0.0004

Keesvanderwestern

Mirage

1 3.1623E-04 3.1623E-04


101

Combined Appliances at Zone C


York Floor Ceiling Convertible Deluxe

R410A

1 3.1623E-07 3.1623E-07


102

APPLIANCES SIL CALCULATION

Sound Intensity Level (SIL) by Zone

Zone Intensity, I Sound Intensity, SIL

A 3.5336E-07 55.48

B 7.1745E-04 88.56

C 3.1623E-07 55

Sound Intensity Level (SIL) of entire space

Zone Intensity, I

A 3.5336E-07

B 7.1745E-04

C 3.1623E-07

Entire Space 7.1813E-04

𝑆𝐼𝐿 = 10 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝐼

1𝑥10−12)

𝑆𝐼𝐿 = 10 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (7.1813𝑥10−4

1𝑥10−12)

𝑆𝐼𝐿 = 88.56𝑑

Hence, the total SIL of the space is 88.56 dB

103

ANALYSIS

Figure 4.15 Noise Criteria for Acoustic Environment in Building Interiors.

Figure 4.16 Sound Decibel Table.

104

According to Academic Resource Centre of Illinois Institute of Technology, restaurants

or cafes have a noise criteria ranging from 48-52 dB. Greyskymorning cafe has a total

Sound Intensity of 88.56 dB, which almost doubles the amount of acceptable sound

intensity in the build environment probably due to the machinery being used in the

cafe. As a comparison, Noise that exceeds 80dB is considered as too loud for normal

conversation to be held and would be a nuisance to users.

105

4.2.5 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX (SRI) CALCULATION

CEILING


Surface Area(m2)

SRI Transmission Coefficient, T

ST

Ceiling Metal deck

Black Matte 74.7 50 0.00001 0.000747

Concrete Grey Matte 22.5 43 0.00005 0.001125

Total Surface Area 97.2 Total ST 0.001872

T = 1

𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑆𝑅𝐼

10)

Tav = 𝑆1𝑇1+𝑆2𝑇2+𝑆𝑛𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

= 0.001872

97.2

= 0.00002

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.00002

= 47 dB

106

FLOOR


Surface Area(m2)


ST

Floor Concrete Black Matte

105.3 50 0.00001 0.001053


T = 1


10)



= 0.001053

105.3

= 0.00001

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.00001

= 50 dB

107

Figure 4.17 Plan with Indications for SRI Calculations.

108

WALL A


Surface Area (m2)


ST

Wall Curtain Glass Wall

Transparent Glossy 19.2 37 0.0002 0.00384

Door Metal Frame w/ Glass Panel

Black/ Transparent

Matte/ Glossy

2.8 37 0.0002 0.00056

Total Surface Area 22 Total ST 0.0044

T = 1


10)



= 0.0044

22

= 0.0002

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.0002

= 37 dB

109

WALL B


Surface Area (m2)


ST

Wall Curtain Glass Wall


Concrete Grey Matte 3.4 43 0.00005 0.0002


Black/ Transparent

Matte/ Glossy

2.8 37 0.0002 0.00056

Column Concrete Grey Matte 4.8 43 0.00005 0.00024 Total Surface Area 63.2 Total ST 0.01144

T = 1


10)



= 0.01144

63.2

= 0.00018

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.00018

= 37 dB

110

WALL C


Surface Area (m2)


ST

Wall Brick Wall Brown Matte 11.57 45 0.00003 0.00035 Window Clear

Glass Transparent Glossy 3 37 0.0002 0.0006


T = 1


10)



= 0.00095

14.57

= 0.00007

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.00007

= 42 dB

111

WALL D


Surface Area (m2)


ST


Glass Transparent Glossy 10.5 37 0.0002 0.0021


T = 1


10)



= 0.00225

15.6

= 0.00014

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.00014

= 39 dB

112

WALL E


Surface Area (m2)


ST


Glass Transparent Glossy 3 37 0.0002 0.0006


Black/ Transparent

Matte/ Glossy

2.8 37 0.0002 0.00056


T = 1


10)



= 0.00121

7.6

= 0.000159

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.000159

= 38 dB

113

WALL F


Surface Area (m2)


ST

Wall Glass Curtain Wall


Brick Wall Brown Matte 3.9 45 0.00003 0.00012 Column Concrete Grey Matte 2 43 0.00005 0.0001 Total Surface Area 49.8 Total ST 0.009

T = 1


10)



= 0.009

49.8

= 0.00018

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.00018

= 37 dB

114

WALL G


Surface Area(m2)


ST

Wall Brick Wall Brown Matte

17.9 45 0.00003 0.000537


T = 1


10)



= 0.000537

17.9

= 0.00003

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.00003

= 45 dB

115

WALL H


Surface Area (m2)


ST


Transparent Glossy 7 37 0.0002 0.0014

Brick Wall Brown Matte 10.1 45 0.00003 0.0003 Door Metal

Frame w/ Glass Panel

Black/ Transparent

Matte/ Glossy

2.8 37 0.0002 0.00056


T = 1


10)



= 0.00226

19.9

= 0.000114

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.000114

= 39 dB

116

WALL I


Surface Area(m2)


ST


Transparent Glossy

15.4 37 0.0002 0.003

Brick Wall Brown Matte 2.2 45 0.00003 0.000066


T = 1


10)



= 0.003066

17.6

= 0.000174

SRI = 10 Log10 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣

= 10 Log10 1

0.000174

= 38 dB

117

SOUND TRANSMISSION BETWEEN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

Due to the nature of our site, certain areas were inaccessible. Therefore, we only

managed to obtain the Exterior sound levels of certain outdoor spaces.

Using the formula:

Exterior sound levels – SRI of the respective surface = Sound Transmission of

respective surface

Through this formula, we are able to obtain the Sound Transmission of the given

surfaces so that we may identify its percentage in which it transmits.

Figure 4.18 Plan with Indications of The Measured Outdoor Acoustic Levels.

118

Wall A

Exterior sound levels – SRI of the respective surface = Sound Transmission of respective surface

54 dB – 37 dB = 17 dB

17𝑑𝐵

54𝑑𝐵 x 100% = 31%

Wall E

73 dB – 38 dB = 35 dB

35𝑑𝐵

73𝑑𝐵 x 100% = 48%

Wall F

62 dB – 37 dB = 25 dB

25𝑑𝐵

62𝑑𝐵 x 100% = 40%

Average of Percentages

31+48+40

3 = 39.7%

ANALYSIS

Without the remaining measurements for the other surfaces, it’s quite hard to draw a

proper conclusion. However, due to the similarity in the types of spaces outside as

well as the materiality of the which create a very uniform Sound Reduction Index

throughout the overall building, it is safe to assume that the average of the percentages

would be roughly the same. Overall the buildings surface allows more than 50 percent

of the exterior sound found on the site. This is most likely due to the large amounts of

glass found throughout the site.

119

4.2.6 REVERBERATION TIME

1

120

2

121

4.2.7 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

The recommended Noise Criteria for a café, referring to AS/NZS 2107:2000, is in the

region of 45-50dBA. The recommended reverberation time for a café should also be

in the proximity of 0.4-0.6s, as stated by AS/NZS 2107:2000. However, during our

testing and analysis the sound levels consistently breach the 70-80 dBA readings. To

put that into perspective, the human ear works optimally at the 48-72 dBA range.

Acoustic comfort in a building or space is very important for the users to feel

comfortable and be able to work and play efficiently in that space. Acoustic levels also

play a very important role in the balance and effect on the psychological and

physiological well-being of the user.

Thankfully, the building does not suffer from major acoustical disturbances from the

exterior as the road networks and isolation of the site work in favour to dampen

acoustic levels. The café does, however, receive some noise at the back portion in via

the noise generated by the air conditioning systems. In the interiors of the café, the

main acoustical noises are generated from the usage of Coffee Machines as well as

Kitchen Appliances that are all important to serve customers. The café tackles these

situations by placing the kitchen in a corner, away from the users and sound direction

and not placing any seats or usage space within close proximity of the back portion of

the café.

The material usage, namely steel, bricks and wood also help in reducing the acoustical

levels, with acoustic absorption characteristics that ensure acoustic acceptability of

space. The café may improve its acoustic absorption characteristics further by using

more soft materials which aid in absorbing sound.

122

5.0 CONCLUSION

After conducting a detailed analysis on the site and gaining a newfound understanding

on lighting and acoustic properties and functions, many conclusions may be made.

Starting with the lighting design, our observations as well as calculations came to the

conclusion that the building is able to receive sufficient amounts of light via natural

lighting with little extra aid from artificial lights throughout all zones studied as

stipulated by MS 1525. Although it may be recommended that the café adopt some

shading properties in the form of shading devices as at times during our analysis we

have come to find that the building, especially the areas close to the walls may receive

too much light and heat, causing discomfort to the users.

As for the acoustic properties, the building is exceptional in that it takes advantage of

it’s infill nature to reduce acoustic disturbance from the outdoors. The relative isolation

of the café and entire building itself also contributes heavily to the reduction or

prevention of major acoustic hazards from penetrating anywhere close to the café.

Internally the café suffers from slight acoustic hazards especially in and around the

kitchen area and the back part of the café. As the noise origins are unavoidable it can

be recommended that the café implement the usage of more soft materials such as

pillows or carpets around the café to improve noise absorption as well as maybe even

purchasing and using sound masking speakers that not only serve to absorb noise,

but also play any form of music that may aid to the acoustical comfort of the customers.

An example of such a product is the XOUNT 360, widely used and available in the

market.

Overall, this is a project that has brought us, all the members, new and improved

knowledge about lighting and acoustics that are related to a building. Through this

project we are also able to improve our bond from working together which will help

propel us to improve ourselves as well. Finally the lessons learnt from this assignment

would be crucial and important to the application and design of subsequent

assignments relating to architecture that any of us may partake in the future.

123

APPENDIX

133

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