SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN

ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (BLD 61303 / ARC 3413)

PROJECT 2: INTERGRATION PROJECT

(with integration with Design Studio 5 Project 2)

Student Name: Patricia Kong Weng Yee

Student ID: 0315837

Tutor: Mr. Azim Sulaiman

Date of Submission: 30.11.2016

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 – (IN)TRODUCTION

1.1 Objectives

1.2 Project Description

1.3 Floor Plans

2.0 – (LI)GTHING

2.1 Daylighting Factor Analysis

2.1.1: Café

2.1.2: Library

2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

2.2.1: Café

2.2.2: Library

2.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting (PSALI)

2.3.1: Café

2.3.2: Library

3.0 – (RE)FERENCES

1.0 – (IN)TRODUCTION

1.1 Objectives

This project aims to integrate the understanding of the principle of lighting in

the context of the final design of Design Studio 5. This project involves the

ability to think ahead of the daylighting systems and the integration of artificial

lighting in the community library.

1.2 Project Description

Located along the streets of Petaling Street in Kuala Lumpur, the new

community library integrates a vibrant space for the nearby community. The

community library is intended to be an interesting place for them to chill and

relax that at the same time welcome people of all ages and backgrounds in.

The role of the library is to be the centre of community interaction. With the

design concept of proving the community a sense of space, the floors of the

library are made with different heights and voids. The community library also

integrates a self-sustaining environment whereby there are community spaces

like the community kitchen which feeds the homeless people.

1.3 Floor Plans

Figure 1: Floor plan of the café on the first floor

Figure 2: The floor plan of the library which is situated on the second floor of the

library

2.0 – (LI)GTHING

2.1 Daylighting Factor Analysis

Daylighting factor also known as DF for short, is defined as the ration of interior

illuminance, Ei, to the available outdoor illuminance, Eo. This can be defined through

the formula:

𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝐷𝐹) = 𝐸𝑖 (𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝐸𝑜 (𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)

The daylight factor concept is only applicable when the sky distribution is known or

can be reasonably estimated. In this case, the average value of the daylight level in

Malaysia is assumed to be around 20, 000 lux

The daylight factors can be categorized into these few options;

Daylight factor, DF (%) Distribution

> 6 Very bright with thermal and glare

problem

3 – 6 Bright

1 – 3 Average

0 – 1 Dark

Table 1: Daylight factor, DF

Daylight is used in several spaces initially with the purpose of reducing the usage of

mechanical energy usage in the library. In this project, the spaces chosen are the café

and the library.

2.1.1 – Café

The café is a mezzanine floor that adopts an open plan design and placed in the

centre with wide openings from both side, allowing possible sunlight to enter into the

space.

Figure 3: The location of the café on the first floor plan

Floor Area (m²) 245.30m²

Area of Opening Exposed to Sunlight

Perimeter: (5.2 + 7.6 + 5.2 + 7.6) = 25.6m

Height: 4.5m

Area: 25.6 × 4.5 = 115.2m²

Daylight Factor

DF = E𝑖

E𝑜 ×100%

= 115.2

245.3 ×100%

= 4.7%

Natural Illumination Conclusion

Given that E𝑜 is 20,000 lux

DF = E𝑖

E𝑜 ×100%

4.7 = E𝑖

20000 ×100%

E𝑖 = 940 lux

The selected café area has a daylight factor of 4.7% and a natural illuminance of 940

lux. Based on the requirements of MS 1525 whereby the café only required at least

200 lux of illuminance in the area, the café has 7.4% more than the standard

requirement causing the space to be bright and a possibility of having thermal glare

problems.

Therefore, in order to help reduce the illuminance to 200 lux, the opening of both side

of the café will be added with double skin façade to prevent thermal glare problems

into the café area. Although most of the space of the café is dim due to the lack of

sunlight, artificial lights will be added.

Figure 4: The light contour diagram of the café (made with Revit)

2.1.2 – Library

The second space that is selected is the library area. It is located on the second floor

of the community library. The reason of choice is due to the presence of area being

exposed to the sun by the mass number of opening.

Figure 5: The location of the library on the second floor plan

Floor Area (m²) 483m²

Area of Opening Exposed to Sunlight

Perimeter: (9.2+16.1+9.2+16.1) = 50.6m

Height: 3.5m

Area: 50.6 × 3.5 = 177.1m²

Daylight Factor

DF = E𝑖

E𝑜 ×100%

= 177.1

483 ×100%

= 3.7%

Natural Illumination Conclusion

Given that E𝑜 is 20,000 lux

DF = E𝑖

E𝑜 ×100%

3.7 = E𝑖

20000 ×100%

E𝑖 = 740 lux

The selected library area has a daylight factor of 3.7% and a natural illuminance of

740 lux. Based on the standard requirements for a library space in MS 1525, the

library has 3.4% more than the requirement in which the space is brighter than the

required standard.

Therefore, in order to reduce the brightness of the library to the average illuminance

value of 400 (as MS 1525 standard requirement is about 300 – 500 lux for the

library), the openings of the glass can be tinted with a slight darker colour or adding

curtain blinds or louvers blind to the opening, This is to prevent the additional glare

into the space.

Figure 6: Light contour of the library (made with Revit)

2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

2.2.1 – Café

Material Properties

Material Function Colour Surface

Type

Reflectance

Value

Concrete Ceiling Grey Reflective 70

Plaster Wall White Reflective 50

Timber Floor Brown Reflective 20

Lighting Fixture Properties

Type of Fixture Amadora 3 Light Pendant

Specification Width/ Diameter: 720mm

Depth: 105mm

Height: 1100mm

Voltage: 240V

Wattage: 53W

Bulb Finish: Warm white

Colour Temperature: 2700k

Lumen Method Calculation

Space Café

Dimension L: 15.4m W: 8.6m H:4.5m

Total floor area 132.44m²

Lumens of lighting fixture, F (lux) 774 lm

Standard Illumination Requirement 200

Room Reflectance

Ceiling: 0.7

Wall: 0.5

Floor: 0.2

Luminance Height 2.4m

Mounting Height 1.1m

Room Index

𝑅𝐼 = 𝐿 ×𝑊

𝐻 × (𝐿 + 𝑊)

= 15.4 ×8.6

1.1 × (15.4 + 8.6)

= 132.44

26.4

= 5.02

Utilization Factor 0.75

Maintenance Factor 0.8

No. of Luminaries

𝑁 = 𝐸 × 𝐴

𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹

= 200 × 132.44

774 ×0.75 × 0.8

= 26488

464.4

= 57.04 (57 units)

Space to height ratio

𝑆𝐻𝑅 =1

𝐻𝑚×√

𝐴

𝑁

𝑆𝐻𝑅 =1

1.1×√

132.44

57

= 1.39 (m)

Fittings required along wall

𝐿

𝑆𝐻𝑅

=15.4

1.39

= 11.08 (≈ 11 rows)

No. of fittings/row = 57

11

= 5.18 (≈ 5 units)

Spacing along the width = 8.6

5

= 1.72 (m)

Figure 7: The light fitting layout of the café

Based on the calculation, the café requires a total of 57 units of lighting fixture with a

spacing of 1.72m arranged in a 11 by 5 row configuration in order to achieve an even

light distribution.

Figure 8: Artificial lighting contour diagram of the café (made with Revit)

2.2.2 – Library

Material Properties

Material Function Colour Surface

Type

Reflectance

Value

Concrete Ceiling Grey Reflective 70

Timber Wall Brown Reflective 50

Concrete Floor Grey Reflective 70

Lighting Fixture Properties

Type of Fixture LEDlux dawn 48W White Flush

Mount in Cool White

Specification Width/ Diameter: 1210mm

Depth: 120mm

Height: 30mm

Wattage: 48W

Bulb Finish: LED Lights

Colour Temperature: Cool White

Lumen Method Calculation

Space Library

Dimension L: 16.1m W: 30.0m

H:3.5m

Total floor area 483m²

Lumens of lighting fixture, F (lux) 4300 lm

Standard Illumination Requirement 300 – 500

Room Reflectance

Ceiling: 0.7

Wall: 0.5

Floor: 0.7

Luminance Height 2.4m

Mounting Height 3.2m

Room Index

𝑅𝐼 = 𝐿 ×𝑊

𝐻 × (𝐿 + 𝑊)

= 16.1 × 30

3.2 × (16.1 + 30)

= 483

147.5

= 3.27

Utilization Factor 0.49

Maintenance Factor 0.8

No. of Luminaries

𝑁 = 𝐸 × 𝐴

𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹

= 400 × 483

4300 × 0.49 × 0.8

= 193200

1685.6

= 114.6 (115 units)

Space to height ratio

𝑆𝐻𝑅 =1

𝐻𝑚×√

𝐴

𝑁

𝑆𝐻𝑅 =1

3.2×√

483

115

= 0.64 (m)

Fittings required along wall

𝐿

𝑆𝐻𝑅

=16.1

0.64

= 25.1 (≈ 25 rows)

No. of fittings/row =

115

25

= 4.6 (≈ 5 units)

Spacing along the

width = 30

5

= 6 (m)

Figure 9: Library lighting fitting layout

Based on the calculation made, the library requires a total of 115 units of lighting

fixture with 6m spacing arranged in 5 by 25 row configuration in order to achieve an

evenly distributed light.

Figure 10: Artificial lighting contour diagram in the library (made with Revit)

2.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting (PSALI)

2.3.1 – Café

Figure 11: The proposed reflected ceiling plan and switch arrangement

Based on the calculation made, the total of 57 units of luminaries in the café will be

controlled by 5 switches. During the day, SW 1 and SW 2 can be switched off where

else SW 3, SW 4 and SW 5 is needed to be switched on in order to achieve the

minimum light requirement.

2.3.2 – Library

Figure 12: Proposed reflected ceiling plan and switch arrangement for the library

After the calculations that were made, the total of 115 units of luminaries will be

controlled by 6 switches. As the openings in the library are wide, it allows plenty of

sunlight into the library which can enable SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4 and SW5 to be

switched off. SW6 is in the toilet and thus is needed to be switched on every now

and then. SW3 can be switched on during the day in order to keep the minimum

standard requirement of MS 1525.

3.0 – (RE)FERENCES

Hunt, D. R. G. (1979). The use of artificial lighting in relation to daylight levels and

occupancy. Building and environment, 14(1), 21-33

Li, D. H., & Lam, J. C. (2001). Evaluation of lighting performance in office buildings

with daylighting controls. Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 793-803

Malaysia., Jabatan Standard. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use

of renewable energy for non-residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya:

Department of Standard Malaysia.