Building Features Affecting Building During Earthquake
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Transcript of Building Features Affecting Building During Earthquake
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Building features affecting building during earthquake.
A desire to create an aesthetic and functionally efficient structure drives architects to conceive wonderful and
imaginative structures. Sometimes theshape of the building catches the eye of the visitor, sometimes the structural
system appeals, and in other occasions both shape and structural system work together to make the structure a
marvel. However, each of these choices of shapes and structure has significant bearing on the performance of the
building during strong earthquakes. The wide range of structural damages observed during past earthquakes acrossthe world is very educative in identifying structural configurations that are desirable versus those which must be
avoided.
Size of Buildings: In tall buildings with large height-to-base size ratio (Figure 1a), the horizontal movement ofthe floors during ground shaking is large. In short but very long buildings (Figure 1b), the damaging effects during
earthquake shaking are many. And, in buildings with large plan area like warehouses (Figure 1c), the horizontal
seismic forces can be excessive to be carried by columns and walls.
Vertical Layout of Buildings: The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in a building need tobe brought down along the height to the ground by the shortest path; any deviation or discontinuity in this load
transfer path results in poor performance of the building. Buildings with vertical setbacks (like the hotel buildings
with a few storeys wider than the rest) cause a sudden jump in earthquake forces at the level of discontinuity (Figure
3a). Buildings that have fewer columns or walls in a particular storey or with unusually tall storey (Figure 3b), tendto damage or collapse which is initiated in that storey. Many buildings with an open ground storey intended for
parking collapsed or were severely damaged in Gujarat during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake. Buildings on slopy ground
have unequal height columns along the slope, which causes ill effects like twisting and damage in shorter columns
(Figure 3c). Buildings with columns that hang or float on beams at an intermediate storey and do not go all the way
to the foundation, have discontinuities in the load transferpath (Figure 3d). Some buildings have reinforced concrete
walls to carry the earthquake loads to the foundation. Buildings, in which these walls do not go all the way to the
ground but stop at an upper level, are liable to get severely damaged during earthquakes.
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Adjacency of Buildings: When two buildings are too close to each other, they may pound on each otherduring strong shaking. With increase in building height, this collision can be a greater problem. When building
heights do not match (Figure 4), the roof of the shorter building may pound at the mid-height of the column of the
taller one; this can be very dangerous.
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How buildings respond to Earthquakes
Ground Acceleration and Building Damage
Comparatively speaking, the absolute movement of the ground and buildings during an earthquakeis not actually all that large, even during a major earthquake. That is, they do not usually undergo
displacements that are large relative to the building's own dimensions. So, it is not the distance
that a building moves which alone causes damage.
Rather, it is because a building is suddenly forced to move very quickly that it suffers damage
during an earthquake. Think of someone pulling a rug from beneath you. If they pull it quickly
(i.e., accelerate it a great deal), then they needn't pull it very far to throw you off balance. On the
other hand, if they pull the rug slowly and only gradually increase the speed of the rug, they can
move (displace) it a great distance without that same unfortunate result.
In other words, the damage that a building suffers primarily depends not upon its displacement,but upon acceleration. Whereas displacement is the actual distance the ground and the building
may move during an earthquake, acceleration is a measure of how quickly they change speed as
they move. During an earthquake, the speed at which both the ground and building are moving will
reach some maximum. The more quickly they reach this maximum, the greater their acceleration.
It's worthwhile mentioning here that in order to study the earthquake responses of buildings, many
buildings in earthquake-prone regions of the world have been equipped with strong motion
accelerometers. These are special instruments which are capable of recording the accelerations of
either the ground or building, depending upon their placement.
Newton's Law
Acceleration has this important influence on damage, because, as an object in movement, the
building obeys Newton' famous Second Law of Dynamics. The simplest form of the equation which
expresses the Second Law of Motion is F = MA.
This states the Force acting on the building is equal to the Mass of the building times
theAcceleration. So, as the acceleration of the ground, and in turn, of the building, increase, so
does the force which affects the building, since the mass of the building doesn't change.
Of course, the greater the force affecting a building, the more damage it will suffer; decreasing F is
an important goal of earthquake resistant design. When designing a new building, for example, it is
desirable to make it as light as possible, which means, of course, that M, and in turn, Fwill be
lessened
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Inertial Forces
It is important to note that F is actually what's known as an inertial force, that is, the force is
created by the building's tendency to remain at rest, and in its original position, even though the
ground beneath it is moving. This is in accordance with another important physical law known
as D'Alembert's Principle, which states that a mass acted upon by an acceleration tends to
oppose that acceleration in an opposite direction and proportionally to the magnitude of the
acceleration (See Figure 2.)
This inertial force F imposes strains upon the building's structural elements. These structuralelements primarily include the building's beams, columns, load-bearing walls, floors, as well as the
connecting elements that tie these various structural elements together. If these strains are large
enough, the building's structural elements suffer damage of various kinds.
figure 3: Simple Rigid Block
To illustrate the process of inertia generated strains within a structure, we can consider the
simplest kind of structure imaginable--a simple, perfectly rigid block of stone. (See Figure 3.)
During an earthquake, if this block is simply sitting on the ground without any attachment to it, the
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block will move freely in a direction opposite to that of the ground motion, and with a force
proportional to the mass and acceleration of the block.
If the same block, however, is solidly founded in the ground and no longer able to move freely, it
must in some way absorb the inertial force internally.
Of course, real buildings do not respond as simply as described above. There are a number of
important characteristics common to all buildings which further affect and complicate a building's
response in terms of the accelerations it undergoes, and the deformations and damages that it
suffers.
Building Frequency and Period
The magnitude of the building response that is, the accelerations which it undergoes depends
primarily upon the frequencies of the input ground motion and the building's natural frequency.
When these are near or equal to one another, the building's response reaches a peak level.
In some circumstances, this dynamic amplification effect can increase the building acceleration
to a value two times or more that of the ground acceleration at the base of the building. Generally,
buildings with higher natural frequencies, and a short natural period, tend to suffer higher
accelerations but smaller displacement. In the case of buildings with lower natural frequencies, and
a long natural period, this is reversed as the buildings will experience lower accelerations but larger
displacements.
Building Stiffness
The taller a building, the longer its natural period tends to be. But the height of a building is alsorelated to another important structural characteristic: the building flexibility. Taller buildings tend
to be more flexible than short buildings. (Only consider a thin metal rod. If it is very short, it is
difficulty to bend it in your hand.
If the rod is somewhat longer, and of the same diameter, it becomes much easier to bend.
Buildings behave similarly.) We say that a short building is stiff, while a taller building is flexible.
(Obviously, flexibility and stiffness are really just the two sides of the same coin. If something is
stiff, it isn't flexible and vice-versa.)
Stiffness greatly affects the building's uptake of earthquake generated force. Reconsider our first
example above, of the rigid stone block deeply founded in the soil. The rigid block of stone is very
stiff; as a result it responds in a simple, dramatic manner. Real buildings, of course, are more
inherently flexible, being composed of many different parts.
Furthermore, not only is the block stiff, it is brittle; and because of this, it cracks during the
earthquake. This leads us to the next important structural characteristic affecting a building's
earthquake response and performance ductility.
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Ductility
Figure 4
Ductility
Ductility is the ability to undergo distortion or deformation bending, for example without
resulting in complete breakage or failure. To take once again the example of the rigid block in
Figure 3, the block is an example of a structure with extremely low ductility. To see how ductility
can improve a building's performance during an earthquake, consider Figure 4.
For the block, we have substituted a combination of a metal rod and a weight. In response to the
ground motion, the rod bends but does not break. (Of course, metals in general are more ductile
than materials such as stone, brick and concrete.) Obviously, it is far more desirable for a building
to sustain a limited amount of deformation than for it to suffer a complete breakage failure.
The ductility of a structure is in fact one of the most important factors affecting its earthquake
performance. One of the primary tasks of an engineer designing a building to be earthquakeresistant is to ensure that the building will possess enough ductility to withstand the size and types
of earthquakes it is likely to experience during its lifetime.
Damping
The last of the important structural characteristics, or parameters, which we'll discuss here is
damping. As we noted earlier, ground and building motion during an earthquake has a complex,
vibratory nature. Rather than undergoing a single "yank" in one direction, the building actually
moves back and forth in many different horizontal directions.
All vibrating objects, including buildings, tend to eventually stop vibrating as time goes on. More
precisely, the amplitude of vibration decays with time. Without damping, a vibrating object wouldnever stop vibrating, once it had been set in motion. Obviously, different objects possess differing
degrees of damping. A bean bag, for example, has high damping; a trampoline has low damping.
In a building undergoing an earthquake, damping the decay of the amplitude of a building's
vibrations is due to internal friction and the absorption of energy by the building's structural and
nonstructural elements. All buildings possess some intrinsic damping.
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The more damping a building possesses, the sooner it will stop vibrating--which of course is highly
desirable from the standpoint of earthquake performance. Today, some of the more advanced
techniques of earthquake resistant design and construction employ added damping devices like
shock absorbers to increase artificially the intrinsic damping of a building and so improve its
earthquake performance.