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British Imperialism in IndiaBritish Imperialism in India
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IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution
Source forRaw
Materials
Source forRaw
Materials
Markets forFinishedGoods
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalismEuropean
Nationalism
MissionaryActivity
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
SocialDarwinism
SocialDarwinism
AdvancedWeaponryAdvancedWeaponry
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British East India CompanyBritish East India Company
• Intervened in local wars that pitted Muslims against Hindus.
• Won trade monopolies from Mughal Empire
• Trained Indian soldiers (Sepoy)
• Competed for and won territory from French imperialists.
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Robert Clive and the Battle of Plassey: 1757Robert Clive and the Battle of Plassey: 1757 Robert Clive and the Battle of Plassey: 1757Robert Clive and the Battle of Plassey: 1757
• Pitted Muslim nawabs and French against British and Hindus.
• Gave British important Bengal region of India.
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““Company Men” in IndiaCompany Men” in India• Direct Rule
– Three Presidencies Established:
• Madras • Bombay• Calcutta
• Indirect Rule of “Princely States”– British controlled local princes
through agents in their courts
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The British Raj 1818-1857The British Raj 1818-1857
• Aimed both to introduce administrative and social reform and to hold the support of Indian allies by respecting Indian social and religious customs.
• These contradictory goals led to many inconsistencies in British policies toward India. – British initially enforced caste while introducing a law
code that emphasized legal equality– Attempted to outlaw sati– Required sepoys to serve overseas
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Reasons Why the British were Reasons Why the British were able to Conquer Indiaable to Conquer India
• Industrialization
• Mughal disintegration
• Lack of Indian identity
• Hindu/Muslim conflict
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The British Raj 1818-1857The British Raj 1818-1857• British political and economic
influence benefited Indian elites– created jobs in some sectors – Provided education
• Oppressed the poor– Introduction of British
manufactured goods caused the collapse of cottage industries (the traditional textile industry hurt the most).
– New taxes forced peasants to grow cash crops not food
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The Sepoy Rebellion 1857The Sepoy Rebellion 1857• Discontent rose among the needy and particularly
among the Indian soldiers. • Sparked by rumor.• The rebellion was suppressed in 1858.
• It gave the British a severe shock.
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Results of the Sepoy RebellionResults of the Sepoy Rebellion
• British eliminated the last traces of Mughal and Company rule and installed a new government – administered from London; aided by viceroy.– India officially a member of the British Empire.– the Indian Civil Service, now controlled the Indian
masses; in theory opening all offices in colonial government to Indians
– continued to emphasize tradition & reform – maintained Indian princes in luxury – and staged elaborate ceremonial
pageants known as durbars
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Economic TransformationEconomic Transformation
• Expanded production and export of cash crops.• Improved infrastructure.
– irrigation systems– Railroads– telegraph lines.
• Freer movement of people into the cities caused the spread of cholera.– brought under control with new sewage and filtered
water systems
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Indian Reaction to Sepoy RebellionIndian Reaction to Sepoy Rebellion
• Indian intellectuals tended to turn toward Western secular values and western nationalism as a way of developing a Pan-Indian nationalism that would transcend regional and religious differences.
• Ram Mohun Roy tried to reconcile Indian religious traditions with Western values
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Indian National CongressIndian National Congress • Indian middle class nationalists convened the
first Indian National Congress in 1885 • The Congress promoted national unity and
argued for greater inclusion of Indians in the Civil Service
• It was an elite organization with little support from the masses