British Expansion

7/28/2019 British Expansion

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British expansion


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British Arrival

Britain is one of the leading colonial power inthe past and now.

1. British colony has more than 80 countries where itbecome British colonial territory. Until now, there arestill areas that remain a British colony.

2. Malaysia was also under British empire.

Until now, the British occupation left a deepimpression on our country.


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cont

Before the British arrived in Malaya, they haveestablished a strong presence in India.

Their position in India is a ticket for them to do

business with China.

5. Trade with China is profitable and long-termbenefit to the British.


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British Arrival

8. However, China's position far to the east make itdifficult for the British trade with China.

9. At the same time, they have to face a dangerous

journey because the threat of piracy in the Straitsof Malacca and South China Sea.

10. Furthermore, their position in India is not verystrategic. Major British ports in India are

Bombay and Madras.


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BombayMadras


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Reasons

1. The British needed a port in the MalayArchipelago to China to facilitate trade.

2. The port is intended for the supply of Britishmerchant ships because;

i. The port can also act as collectors merchandisefrom the Malay Archipelago.

ii. Protection from enemies and pirates.

iii. British and French competition was also oneother reason why the British have alternativeports in the Malay Archipelago


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British Interference

KEDAH

i. Kedah since the middle of the 17th century facinga threat from Siam. Siam wants Kedah because

wants Kedah to pay tribute ufti and supplyingsoldiers to war with the Burmese.

ii. It is some sort of Burdensome to Kedah in termsof paying the tribute ufti.


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KEDAH

Therefore Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah triedto get foreign (interference) in order to provideprotection to Kedah.

Therefore, he invited the British to come to Kedahwith a intention to get British protection.


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KEDAH

The British had come to Kedah for Penang asearly as 1770an. But negotiations for theacquisition has failed.

During the reign of Sultan Abdullah (1778 -1798), re-emerging threats from Siam. Thisforced the Sultan to consider the offer of Penang

to the British for military protection.


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KEDAH

Francis Light saw the opportunity as a chance toinsert British presence in Penang who had longedby the British.

Sultan of Kedah had discussions with FrancisLight, who represents the British East IndiaCompany (SHTI) for British protection from the

threat of Siam.


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KEDAH

Sultan of Kedah, Penang offers in return forprotection given by the British.

At this point, Francis Light had answered the offerby considering military assistance, but it needstime to bring this matter to BEIC.

Sultan also urged to get 30 000 (paseta) as annualrent money to BEIC.


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PENANG

1. Without giving a final decision on military aid, theBritish had landed and occupied Penang on August11, 1786.

2. Meanwhile, Francis Light had informed the BEIC

administration in India about the occupation ofPenang WITHOUT informing them of the militaryaid need to be given.

3. He also informed that, 30,000 paseto should notbeen paid but just a smaller amounts. Heacknowledges the ability BEIC who never gavemilitary aid to anyone.


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KEDAH REACTION

1. Sultan of Kedah became impatient waiting for help whichstill not arrived. Therefore, he decided to expel the Britishfrom Penang.

2. He strengthened the defenses, (especially Seberang Prai)

as a preparatory step to regain Penang in early 1791.

3. British, who knows the Sultan of Kedah plan had attackedthe Sultan of Kedah in advance. As a result, Kedah hadbeen defeated.

4. The defeat occurred because the forces are not ready andBritish using more modern weapons


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SEBERANG PERAI


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Wellesley

Acquisition of Penang brings dissatisfaction due tosome problems that often interfere with the British

administration in Penang.

1. Among them is the shortage of land foragriculture and security issues.

2. This has made the British persuaded the Sultanof Kedah submit Seberang Prai in 1800.


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Cont

With the submission of Wellesley, the British haveincreased the compensation to the Sultan of Kedahwhere 10 000 peseto per year

10 000 pesetas money is still paid to the Sultan ofKedah to this day. But the money is paid by thePenang state government instead of the Britishgovernment. END


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SINGAPORE

1. Before the advent of the British, there is a royaldispute among the Johor royal family.

2. Tengku Hussein has been set aside to be the

Sultan of Johor-Riau because he did not attendthe funeral of his.

3. His younger brother, Tengku Abdul Rahmancrowned as the Sultan in 1812.

Singapurawas under Temenggongs authorityknown as Wilayah Pegangan


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POSITION SINGAPURA AND JOHOR

PULAU RIAU


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THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES

1781 - 1826


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SINGAPORE

5. Stamford Raffles was sent by SHTI to explore newareas around Malay Archipelago in order to form thenew British base.

6. Penang's position in the far north made it difficult tothe British to compete with the Dutch trade in theMalay Archipelago.

7. Raffles see Singapore as the best choice afterthinking about the current situation that occurred inSingapore.


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BRITISH MENDUDUKI SINGAPURA

9. Raffles was well awared of the political crisis inthe Johor Royal Family. Sultan Abdul Rahmanwas influenced by the Dutch. Therefore, Raffles

see Tengku Hussein as a useful tool to achieve theBritish aims.

10. Raffles proclaimed Tengku Hussein as Sultan ofJohor. After Tengku Hussein instated, Raffles

uses this situation to establish Singapore as aBritish base and port.


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SINGAPORE

11. As a result of the permission granted, SultanHussein granted 5000 Spanish pesetas andTemenggong Abdul Rahman granted 3000pesetas.

12. With the British occupation of Singapore, theBritish have 2 main ports in Malaya which are;Penang and Singapore.

13. Apart from Penang and Singapore, the Britishalso have bases in Bangkahulu (Bencoolen) inWest Sumatra.


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SINGAPORE

1. British occupation of Singapore does not meanthat the British have become the absolute power.Raffles agreement with Sultan Hussein only to

build the plant in Singapore.2. Meanwhile, Sultan Hussein, who lived lavishly

often face financial difficulties. At the same time,British delays the annual payment to the Sultan.


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SINGAPORE

3. As a result of this situation, the British haddecided to solve the problem by giving lump sumof money to the Sultan and Temenggong.

4. The annual payment is important for the Britishbecause of Sultan Hussein always urged theBritish by try to raise the annual payment to him.

5.With the lump sum amount of payment, It canresolve the pressure comes from Sultan.


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SINGAPORE

1. Finally, Singapore was given to the British with apayment of 50 000 pesetas Spain. Sultan hadreceived a total of 33 200 and the remainder

obtained by Temenggong.2. Singapore became a British colony since from

that date. Singapore Delivery Agreement wasknown as the Crawfurd Treaty in 1824.


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MALACCA

1. In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars haveerupted in Europe. This war has caused the Dutchoccupied by France. Perancis.

2. To avoid the Dutch colonial territories in the east fell

into the hands of France, King of the Netherlands hasissued a declaration to allow the British to take over theDutch territories in the east during the pendency of the

war ended.

3. As a result, the British took over Malacca and theislands of Indonesia from the Netherlands for a whileuntil the war in Europe ended.


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MALACCA

4. Up to the year 1818, the British occupied Malacca.When the war in Europe ended, the British forcedto give back these territories to the Dutch.

5. It creates dissatisfaction to the British as theseDutchs territories bring benefits to British trade.

6. British occupation in Singapore in year 1819 also

raised a protest by the Dutch as they claimed thatSingapore was under Dutch territories.


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MALACCA

7. As a result of this dispute, the British and theDutch agreed to negotiate. As a result, Treaty ofLondon in 1824 was endorsed.

8. Among the contents of this agreement includesthe inter change between Malacca to the Britishand Bangkahulu to the Dutch.

9. This agreement also divided the Malayarchipelago into two areas of influence. - Britishand Dutch.


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PERAK

1) In the 1870s, there was a problem of inheritance ofthe throne of Perak.

2) This is because THE QUALIFIED person does notbeen appointed to become the Sultan.

3) Since 1800, there was a system of succession to the

throne in order to solve the disputes.


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SUCCESSION SYSTEM IN PERAK

Before 1857 1857 1865 1871

SULTAN SultanMuhammad

Sultan Jaafar Sultan Ali Sultan Ismail

RAJA MUDA Raja Jaafar Raja Ali Raja Abdullah Raja Abdullah

RAJABENDAHAR

A

Raja Ali Raja Ismail Raja Ismail

RAJA DIHILIR Raja Yusof Raja Abdullah


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PERAK

In 1871, the problem gets worse when SutlanIsmail (Raja Bendahara) was appointed as aKing and Raja Abdullah (Raja Muda) wasexcluded from the throne succession of the

Sultan King Abdullah dismissed because he did not

attend the funeral custom of Sultan Ali, FormerSultan of Perak. It is required to the Rulers toattend the funeral of former Sultan.. NgahIbrahim is the individual who plays the role inappointing Raja Ismail.


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LARUT

1) The war occurred due to competition for tinmining area in the district of Larut. [the Taiping& Kuala Sepetang].

2) Clash between Ghee Hin and Hai San groups,causing war peak.

3) This war is hardly controlled. This war even

spreaded to Pulau Pinang. The British wereforced to act because Penang was under Britishcolony.


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PERAK

1) All of these problems happened in Perakcausing the British have a basis forintervention in Perak.

2) At the same time, King Abdullah, who missedthe chance to become the sultan had written aletter to Sir Andrew Clarke requested that hecan became king.

3) It create a valid reason for British interventionin Perak.As a result, the Pangkor Agreementsigned on January 1874.


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PERAK

5) Britain has invited all the dispute parties to cometo the British ship named Pluto near the waters ofPulau Pangkor.

6) Almost all the dispute parties came except theSultan Ismail. He did not attend because hisstatus as the Sultan.

7) Pangkor Treaty was signed, and among the

important clauses are:


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PERAK

1) Sultan Abdullah WAS ANNOUNCED AS Sultan ofPerak. Sultan Ismail was announced as SultanMuda as well as received a pension total amount is$1000.

2) Perak Sultan agreed to accept a British residentwho will advise the sultan in all matters except inthe affairs of the Islamic religion and Malaycustom.

3) Residents advices need to be obliged in allmatters.

4) Ngah Ibrahim will receive a British officer know asAssistant Resident.


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PERAK

1) The British sent an experienced officer namedJWW Birch in Perak as British Resident. InLarut, Captain Speedy was appointed asAssistant Resident.

2) British arrival has created a lot of changes withregards to state of Perak administration. Manynew laws were introduced, particularly in

taxation and administrative affairs.3) Established government departments andpolice stations were built.


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PERAK

4) But not all the innovations introduced by theBritish had received a positive response fromthe Perak leaders.

5) Most of the leaders lost power to collect taxeswhile the Sultan of Perak lost his absolutepower .

6) Dissatisfaction had prompted the rise in Perakin 1875.


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SELANGOR

1) Previously, the British had to intervene in settingthe boundaries of Perak and Selangor in 1826.

2) Klang War began in 1867 as the Klang territorial

dispute between the Raja Mahadi and RajaAbdullah. Previously, it was dominated by RajaSulaiman , Raja Mahadis father.

3) The war get worse since Ghee Hin and Hai Sangroups in favor of conflicting parties.


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SELANGOR

4. Sultan Abdul Samad appoint his in law, Tunku Kudinas a mediator resolving disputes that occur in Klang.- Not so successful.

5. In 1873, there was a arm robbery near the Klangterritorial water. - Eight British sailors were killed.

6. Events that took place in Selangor is causing theBritish intervened to solve the problem occurred in

Selangor.7. Similar agreements like Pangkor Agreemnt was

enacted between Selangor rulers with British Power.


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SELANGOR

SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD TUNKU DHIAUDDIN [KUDIN]


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SELANGOR

8. As a result of this agreement, J. G. Davidson wasappointed British Resident in Selangor

9. Implementation of the Resident in the Selangorstate system has worked well as shown thatDavidson efficient and understands the situationin the Selangor state, compared to Birch in Perak.


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PAHANG

1. Before 1857, Pahang was administered by aTreasurer (Bendahara) who represented the Sultan

of Johor-Riau. But there is some weakness causeby the Sultanate of Johor-Riau where they canliberate themselves from the authority of thesultanate.

2. Finally the treasurer and his descendents declared as a

legitimate ruler over Pahang State.3. But after the death of Treasurer Wan Ali, there was

an arguments between his three sons about thesuccession to the throne


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PAHANG

4. This argument succeeded won by Wan Ahmad.He proclaimed himself Sultan in 1884 andappointed his son as Crown Prince.

5. Despite the pressures face by the Sultan. Sultan

Ahmad still reluctant to accept BritishResident.

6. But in October 1887, he had to accept a British

Consul. With the appointment of BritishCounsel means that Resident system cant beinserted in Pahang.


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PAHANG

1. But on Feb 1888, there was a murder whichinvolved British resident near Pekan Castle. Withthis murder, the British have used this issue as anexcuse to intervene on the state of Pahang.

2. The British government in London to givepermission to use force if the Sultan Wan Ahmadrefused to accept a British Resident


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SULTAN and THE RESIDENT

SULTAN WAN AHMAD J. P. RODGER


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NEGERI SEMBILAN

1. Before 1895, there was no political entity by the nameof Negeri Sembilan.

2. Before that, there is migration of Minangkabaupeople from Sumatra to the area between the Langat

River and Linggi stem.

3. Their migration to Negeri Sembilan bring along theirpolitical entity as well as its custom and culture. For

example Undang,Luak and others.4. Luak includes: Sungei Ujong, Jelebu, Johol, Rembau,

Naning, Jelai, Ulu Pahang and Segamat.


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NEGERI SEMBILAN

5. Conflict started when there is struggle of powerbetween the Dato 'Bandar and Dato' Kelanawith regards in collecting taxes at the SungaiUjong.

6. The disputes between these leaders give affectover the export of tin out of the Sungei Ujong.

7. As a result, Chinese tin merchants (these were

British citizens) to appeal to the Governor ofthe Straits Settlements to intervene to solve theproblems.


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NEGERI SEMBILAN

1. To protect the Britishs interest, they (most of TheChinese merchants) were in favor of the Dato'Kelana and recognize him as the legitimateauthority in Sungei Ujong.

2. Dato 'Bandar, who lost in the war with Dato'Kelana had been granted a pension and deportedto Singapore.

3. Dato 'Kelana had accepted British authority byaccepting a Assistant Resident.

4. Gradually, the British managed to put theAssistant Residents in every luak in NegeriSembilan.


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NEGERI SEMBILAN

1) Finally after British successful inserted allAssitant Resident in everylulak. British tend tocombine all the luak in the name of NegeriSembilan where there is one ruler known asYang di Pertuan and was assisted by Resident asthe advisor.

2) In 1895, Yamtuan Antah was appointed as the

Yang Besar and Martin Lister was appointed thefirst Resident of Negeri Sembilan.

KELANTAN TERENGGANU PERLIS


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KELANTAN, TERENGGANU, PERLIS,KEDAH

1. Before 1909, there four states were under Siamcolony. They are required to send tribute ufti toSiam at the prescribed rates.

2. These four states are considered as not veryprofitable by Siamese government and alsoendured a lot of debt.

3. Siam also received strong pressure from the British

to hand over there states. British fear that otherpowers such as Germany and France try to expandtheir power over these four states.



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4. So, an agreement was signed in March 1909between the British government with the Siamese.Siam agreed to hand over four states to the British.

5. With this agreement, the British would like to

insert British advisor over these states which hassimilar power as a Resident authority same as inPerak, Pahang, Selangor and NS.

6. However, the sultan in these four countries

opposed to the British idea on British advisorbecause they feared that they will face sameproblems as what happen in as PRK, PHG, SELand NS.


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9. In contrast to the resident system, the sultan inthe four states are not required to accept theadvice from the British advisers, compared toResident system.

10. These four states were combined together andhad became the Unfederated Malay States(Negeri-Negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu).

11. Compared to Federated States, they were lesscontrolled by British.


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JOHORE

1) Since 1855, Johor is effectively ruled by the Royalfamily under Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.

2) In 1862, he was succeeded by his son Wan AbuBakar. Temenggong Abu Bakr, then change the hisroyal title to the Emperor in 1868 then turned tothe Sultan in 1885.

3) Under the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar, it showssignificant level of modernization where heinserted either local and west value in order todevelop Johor as modern sate in Malay at thattime.


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JOHORE

4. In 1885, Johor received a British consul. Johoralso signed a unique agreement with the Britishwhere Johor become British auspices (NegeriNaungan).

5. In administer domestic affairs, Johor remains as afree and independent states. In addition, Johor hasan efficient administrator, such as Abdul Rahman

Andak dan Mohd Salleh Perang.6. External affairs of the state of Johor was controlled

and supervised by the British in accordance to theAgreement.

JOHOR RULERS


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JOHOR RULERS

SULTAN ABU BAKAR [1862

1895]SULTAN IBRAHIM [1895 1959]


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JOHORE

7) After the demise of Sultan Abu Bakar, hissuccessor, Sultan Ibrahim received tremendouspressure from the British to accept an Adviser.

8) Finally in 1914, Johor received its GeneralCounsel from British where it has more authoritycompared to British Counsel.

9) General Counsel will be a member of the JohorState Executive Council, compared with theBritish Consul.


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JOHORE

10) Douglas Graham Campbell was appointed thefirst General Counsel of Johor in 1914

11) However, the General Counsel has limited powercompared to the Resident in Perak, Selangor, NSand Pahang.

12)With the appointment of a General Counsel,Johor was included within the Non-FederatedMalay States.

British Expansion

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