British Defence Doctrine

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Transcript of British Defence Doctrine

Page 1: British Defence Doctrine

JOINT CONTENTS

Page 2: British Defence Doctrine

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FOREWORD

BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DEFENCE

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CONTENTS

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Doctrine has its foundation in history - it is enduring but not unchanging. The RoyalNavy's Submarine H3 (in service 1902-1913) seen here passing Nelson's FlagshipHMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour early this century. Picture courtesy of the ImperialWar Museum.

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The Nature of Doctrine

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The Importance of Doctrine

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1 AAP-6: NATO Glossary

2 Sir Julian Corbett (1854 - 1922) - maritime historian and strategist.

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BritishDefence Doctrine

JWP 0-01

BritishMaritimeDoctrineBR1806

BritishMilitaryDoctrine

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DoctrineAP3000

United KingdomDoctrine for

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Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

BRITISH DOCTRINE HIERARCHY

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Doctrine Publications

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pertaining to the Army); and AP 3000 Second Edition dated 1993.

4 AJP-1, Allied Joint Operations Doctrine, 1994 (Second Edition (AJP1A) due for publication in 1997).

Doctine is relevant across the wholerange of military operations. Seen here,British and Canadian troops comeashore in Normandy, 6 June 1944.Picture courtesy of the Imperial WarMuseum.

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THE LEVELS OF WARFARE

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British Minehunters in The Gulf,1991

Page 11: British Defence Doctrine

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British soldiers man their "stand to" positions inthe Desert

British Jaguar aircrafton patrol over the Gulf.

Page 12: British Defence Doctrine

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An RAF Regiment Rapier detachment onthe shores of the Gulf.

Page 13: British Defence Doctrine
Page 14: British Defence Doctrine

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Chapter 2

WAR AND ARMED CONFLICT

The Nature of War and Armed Conflict

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� A useful definition of war is:"When differences between states reach a point at which both parties resort to force, or one of themdoes acts of violence, which the other chooses to look on as a breach of the peace, the relation of war is set up, in which thecombatants may use regulated violence against each other until one of the two has been brought to accept such terms as hisenemy is willing to grant". Hall on International Law Driefontein Consolidates Mines v Janson [1900] 2QB 339 at 343.

2 On War, Carl Von Clausewitz, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1984, .page87

3 On War, page 121

Page 15: British Defence Doctrine

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� On War, page 121.

Page 16: British Defence Doctrine

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Practical factors suchas geography mayplace constraints onthe use of militaryforce.

Page 17: British Defence Doctrine

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� Sun Tzu's advice - that one should seek victory in the shortest possible time, with the least possible effort and at the least cost incasualties to one's enemy, remembering that one had to live next door to him when the fighting was over - seems relevant still.

Page 18: British Defence Doctrine

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"No fly zones" are increasingly used as part ofcontrol regimes imposed by the United Nations.An RAF Harrier lands on an RN Carrier in theAdriatic.

In lower intensity operations there will bean greater emphasis on minimising civiliancasualties and collateral damage. ABritish Army Scimitar in Bosnia in 1996.

Page 19: British Defence Doctrine

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Below:Military forces need to beabe to operate effectivelyin a nuclear, biologicaland chemical environment

Above:Symblizing the asymmetry of sometypes of modern conflict, a BritishChallenger tank passes a civilian car -frequently used to transport warringfaction fighters to and from theconfrontation line in Bosnia.

Page 20: British Defence Doctrine

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Page 21: British Defence Doctrine

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Page 22: British Defence Doctrine
Page 23: British Defence Doctrine

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Chapter 3

SECURITY AND DEFENCE

The Nature of Security

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Formal treaties andalliances provide mutualsecurity guaranteesbetween states. Russiajoins Partnership forPeace (PfP), June1994. (Picture courtesyof the NATO Office ofInformation and Press).

Page 24: British Defence Doctrine

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stability, and which requires decision and action. Crisis management is the name given to measures to prevent, contain, reduce or

resolve a crisis including, if necessary, an orderly transition to war. It is discussed in some detail in Chapter 7.

Page 26: British Defence Doctrine

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Individualelements ofeach servicemust be ableto operate inan alliedforce.American andBritishsoldiers relaxduringexercisePurple Star in1996

The moral base isfounded, in part, on thepolitical will of agovernment to maintainand, when necessary, usearmed forces. PrimeMinister John Major visitsUN soldiers in Bosnia, in1995

Page 28: British Defence Doctrine

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The armed forces are reliant on augmentation by reserves in time ofcrisis. RAF reservists load equipment onto a C-130

Page 29: British Defence Doctrine

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Effective,affordable,equipment isessential to providea battle-winningedge in moderncombat. Seen her,the launch of theRoyal Navy's newhelicopter carrierHMS Ocean.

Synthetic training must be developed tocomplement live training as financial andenvironmental pressures increase. Selfpropelled AS 90 guns on exercise onSalisbury Plain.

Page 30: British Defence Doctrine

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Destruction is a form of denial.Seen here, the aftermath of an airattack on an Iraqi hardenedaircraft shelter during the Gulf War

Page 32: British Defence Doctrine
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Chapter 4

STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS

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� 1 David Fraser, "Alanbrooke", London, 1982, page 215

� In some circumstances - for example peacekeeping operations (see Chapter 6) - there may not be a clearly defined enemy.

However, in almost all circumstances in which a military force is deployed there are likely to be forces or groups of people seeking

to frustrate the military force achieving its objectives or to attain conflicting objectives. References to the enemy or the opponent in

the remainder of this Chapter should be read in this light.

Page 34: British Defence Doctrine

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The support of thelocal population maybe crucial to successand it is essential towin their confidence.A British soldiermakes friends with alocal in Bosnia.

Page 35: British Defence Doctrine

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The Enemy

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� On War, page 595�� The Art of War, Sun Tzu, translated by Samuel B Griffith, Clarendon Press 1963, page 85.

Page 37: British Defence Doctrine

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The ULTRA intelligence produced by breaking the German Enigma codeswas crucial to Allied success during the Second World War. Seen here,General Heinz Guderian and his Enigma operators, France, June 1940.

Page 39: British Defence Doctrine

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In many situations, servicemen will operatealongside allied forces as part of a jointforce. Seen here, sailors of NATO'sStanding Naval Force Atlantic.

Page 40: British Defence Doctrine

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� JSP 398 describes the policy and application of UK national rules of engagement.

Logisticconsiderations areoften the decidingfactor in planningan operation,particularly oneinvolving a long-range deployment,as was the casewith the seadeployment to Al-Jubail at the start ofthe Gulf War. Seenhere, a LandingShip Logistic entersport.

Page 41: British Defence Doctrine

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Public support forany militaryoperation must berooted in anaccurateunderstanding ofevents and theirbackground. TheDivisionalCommanderbriefs the press inBosnia.

Page 42: British Defence Doctrine
Page 43: British Defence Doctrine

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Chapter 5

UNITED KINGDOM SECURITY AND DEFENCE

The Security Context

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Page 44: British Defence Doctrine

British Indian Ocean Territory

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Falkland Islands

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Figure 2

Page 45: British Defence Doctrine

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of Defence Procurement and the Chief Scientific Adviser.

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The Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1996.

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CDS may take the chair for particular items of business, depending on the subject matter

The Ministry of DefenceHeadquarters in Whitehall playsa dual role as both a departmentof state and a militaryheadquarters.

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The procurementExecutive isresponsible for theacquisition of majorweapons systems,such as the Apacheattack helicopter.Picture courtesy ofWestland Helicopters.

A type 42Destroyer atspeed in theAtlantic.

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Chapter 6

BRITISH MILITARY CAPABILITY

Capability

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Protecting the security of the United Kingdomand Dependent Territories. Seen here, aSentry airborne early warning aircraft andTornado F3.

Page 54: British Defence Doctrine

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Promoting and defendingBritish interests world-wide. Seen here, aFrigate of the Royal Navyin heavy seas.

Armed forces are raised, structured and equippedprincipally for combat. A British armouredbattlegroup forms up on completion of a field trainingexercise in Canada.

Page 55: British Defence Doctrine

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Training overseasstudents and deployingmilitary training teamssupport long termdiplomacy. Seen here aBritish Army officer inMozambique.

Peacekeeping operations aim tosupport efforts to achieve ormaintain peace in areas ofpotential or limited conflict. ABritish Soldier on patrol inCyprus.

Page 57: British Defence Doctrine

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� UN Secretary General, An Agenda for Peace, 1992

A PeaceEnforcementforce requires acombat capability.British AS90 selfpropelled gunsdeploy as part ofthe NATOImplementationForce (IFOR) inBosnia.

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Page 60: British Defence Doctrine

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Allied forces board an Americanstrategic transport aircraft duringthe Gulf War.

Page 65: British Defence Doctrine

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An RAF Pumahelicopter is loadedaboard an Americanstrategic transportaircraft during the GulfWar.

Page 66: British Defence Doctrine

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British Forces will almostinvariably operate jointly andoften in combination withallied or coalition forces.They need, therefore, to becommanded, structured,equipped and trained for jointand combined warfare.

Firepower - Challenger 2undergoing night firing trials.

Page 67: British Defence Doctrine
Page 68: British Defence Doctrine

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Chapter 7

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Principles of Crisis Management

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Page 69: British Defence Doctrine

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The Secretary ofState for Defence,accompanied by theChief of the DefenceStaff and the Chief ofJoint Operationsopening the newUnited KingdomPermanent JointHeadquarters in April1996

Page 70: British Defence Doctrine

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A Nimrod MR2 on maritime patrol accompanied by Tornados armed with SeaEagle anti-ship missiles.

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Puma and Chinook support helicopters flying troops into a landing site duringan exercise in Germany.

Page 75: British Defence Doctrine

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Page 76: British Defence Doctrine
Page 77: British Defence Doctrine

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Annex A

THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR

Introduction

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ZLWKRXW� GHWUDFWLQJ� IURP� WKHLU� JHQHUDO� YDOLGLW\�� � 1DWLRQV� KDYH� YDU\LQJ� DSSURDFKHV� WR� PLOLWDU\

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IROORZ�� � 7KHLU� RUGHU� LV� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� ORJLFDO� UHODWLRQVKLS� EHWZHHQ� WKH� WRSLFV� DQG� WKH� DFW� RI

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HFRQRP\�RI�HIIRUW��IOH[LELOLW\��DQG�VXVWDLQDELOLW\�

The Selection and Maintenance of the Aim

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Page 78: British Defence Doctrine

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FKHFNHG� DJDLQVW� WKH� SXUSRVH� RI� WKH� FDPSDLJQ� RU� RSHUDWLRQ� WR� HQVXUH� WKDW� WKH\� DUH� NHSW� LQ

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Maintenance of Morale

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Security

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Surprise

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Offensive Action

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Page 79: British Defence Doctrine

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Concentration of Force

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Economy of Effort

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Page 80: British Defence Doctrine

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Co-operation

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Sustainability - [formerly called Administration]

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Page 81: British Defence Doctrine

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Annex BCONFLICT AND LEGALITY

International Law

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which the League of Nations suffered in deciding whether a particular conflict constituted war in the formal sense.

Page 82: British Defence Doctrine

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LQVXOWHG� RU� H[SRVHG� WR� SXEOLF� FXULRVLW\�� � 7KH\�PXVW� EH� UHOHDVHG� DQG� UHSDWULDWHG�ZLWKRXW� GHOD\

DIWHU� DFWLYH� KRVWLOLWLHV� KDYH� ILQLVKHG�� � 7KHUH� LV� D� GXW\� WR� UHVSHFW� DQG� SURWHFW� WKH� VLFN� DQG

ZRXQGHG���7KXV�D�VWDWH�VKRXOG�FROOHFW�DQG�FDUH�IRU�HQHP\�ZRXQGHG��ZLWK�QR�GLVWLQFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ

WKHP�DQG�WKH�VWDWHV�RZQ�ZRXQGHG�

� Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Convention, Article 51(2). The new rules introduced by this Protocol are not intended to have

any effect on and do not regulate the use of nuclear weapons (c.f. UK Misc 19 (1977), Cmnd. 6927 and C Pilloud et al,

'Commentary on the additional Protocols of 8 June 1977', ICRC, 1987).

Page 85: British Defence Doctrine

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Annex C

COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND DEFENCE

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� Following such an attack each member will take such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore

and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. NATO Handbook Page 235.

� Partnership for Peace helps Partner nations to prepare their forces to operate alongside NATO forces in peace support and

humanitarian operations. It also prepares those states that aspire to membership of NATO, and offers states which may never join

the opportunity of a substantial relationship with the Alliance.

Page 86: British Defence Doctrine

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�� RI� WKH�:DVKLQJWRQ� 7UHDW\�� � ,W� ZLOO� EH� PRUH� GLIILFXOW� WR� DJUHH� RQ� D� FRPPRQ� SROLWLFDO� DLP�

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GLIIHUHQW�FRQWLQJHQWV�

� For example, the Western European Union played a large part in naval embargo operations during the conflicts in the Gulf and informer Yugoslavia.

Page 87: British Defence Doctrine

EU

WEUPfP

NATO NACC

OSCE

Ireland (2)

Austria (2,4)Finland (2,4)Sweden (2,4)

Denmark (2)FranceGreeceLuxembourgPortugalUnited Kingdom

BelgiumGermanyItalyNetherlandsSpain

Bulgaria (3)Hungary (3)Lithuania (3)Romania (3)Czech Republic (3)

Estonia (3)Latvia (3)Poland (3)Slovakia (3)Slovenia (3,4)

Norway (1)Turkey (1)Iceland (1)

United StatesCanada

AlbaniaArmeniaAzerbaijanBelarusGeorgiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanMoldovaRussiaTurkmenistanUzbekistanUkraine

Bosnia-HerzegovinaCroatiaCyprusHoly SeeLiechtenstein

MonacoSan MarinoSwitzerlandF.R. Yugoslavia (5)Tajikistan

The Framework of SecurityOganisations in Europe

EU: European UnionNACC: North Atlantic Co-operation CouncilNATO: North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationOSCE: Organisation on Security and Co-operation in EuropePfP: Partnership for PeaceWEU: Western European UnionWEAG: Western European Armaments Group

(1) Associate Members of WEU(2) Observers of WEU(3) Associate Parners of WEU(4) Observer of NACC(5) Membership suspended

Figure 3

Page 88: British Defence Doctrine

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Annex D

COMMAND AND CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS

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� Operational Command is the authority to assign missions or tasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy units, to reassign forces

and to retain or delegate operational and/or tactical control as necessary. It does not of itself include responsibility for

administration or logistics.

� Operational Control is the authority to direct forces assigned so that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks,

which are usually limited by function, time or location, to deploy units concerned, and to retain or assign tactical control of those

units. It does not include authority to assign separate employment of the units concerned. Neither does it of itself include

administrative or logistic control.

� Command and control of operations in support of the civil power in Northern Ireland is covered in Chapter 6 under Military Aid to

the Civil Power.

Page 89: British Defence Doctrine

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