Brief Response

• “To propose the trial of Louis XVI is to question the Revolution. If he may be tried, he may be acquitted [cleared of wrongdoing]; if he may be acquitted, he may be innocent. But, if he be innocent, what becomes of the Revolution? If he be innocent, what are we but his calumniators [those who tell lies about someone]? . . . his imprisonment is a crime; all the patriots are guilty; and the great cause which for so many centuries has been debated between crime and virtue, between liberty and tyranny, is finally decided in favour of crime and despotism!”

• — Maximilien Robespierre

• In the quotation above, what was Robespierre arguing for or against? Explain Robespierre’s point of view. Did Robespierre get his way? Explain.

Brief Response--Answer

• A. Robespierre did not did not want a trial.• B. POV: He argued that if Louis XVI goes to trial, he could be

cleared of wrongdoing if found innocent. – If Louis is found innocent, then the revolutionaries (including Robespierre) must

be criminals for making lies against him.

• C. Robespierre did not get his way: Louis XVI was put on trial. – But Louis XVI was convicted and executed, so Robespierre got what he wanted

in the end—the monarchy was abolished.

Napoleonic France and Europe

p. 128

Why Napoleon?

• Napoleon became dictator of France, but protected many of the enlightened ideas and laws of the French Revolution.

• His reputation and policies made him very popular and improved France.

• His wars to subjugate Europe spread revolutionary ideas and nationalism to other Europeans.

• Europeans would unite and oust Napoleon.• There would be a struggle for the next century between

those Europeans who tried to restore monarchies and those who wanted republics.

In 1799, coup d’etat.

• Plebiscite: C

• A vote by the nation to decide if the government can do something.

• Napoleon asked for powers permitting him to become dictator.

• His policies pleased many and they voted overwhelming support to him.

Napoleonic Code: C

• Napoleon kept many of the Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas in this system of laws.

• This made him a very popular, enlightened dictator.

• It also made him popular with ordinary French people and some in the nations France would capture.

Annex:

• to add another country or land to one’s own country.

• Napoleon began invading neighboring lands to add to his greater French Empire.

Napoleon in Egypt• The goal was to control Suez and cut

Britain off from India

• He failed, but few French heard about the failure.

Continental System: C

• Napoleon’s plan to cut off Britain from trade (embargo) with Europe.

• He hoped the blockade would cause the British economy would fail.

Guerrilla warfare:

• (means “little war”) • When the Spanish army surrendered, Spanish civilians,

called “guerrilleros”, continued fighting French troops. – The British called them ‘guerrillas’

• The would attack quickly and disappear almost as fast.

• They destroyed supply lines, assassinated leaders, and encouraged more people to join them.

– This kept French troops in Spain rather than being able to fight wars in other parts of Europe or wherever Napoleon needed them.

Scorched-earth policy:

• 1812, Russians destroyed all buildings and crops in the path of Napoleon’s Grand Army.

• The Russian army failed to stop the French. • As winter deepened, French troops froze and starved.

– Supplies from distant France were insufficient.

– Napoleon watched his 600,000-man army dwindle.

• Though he captured Moscow, the capital, he retreated to France.

– Russian guerrillas attacked the Grand Army all the way back…..

– Napoleon lost 97% of his army to death or desertion.

Abdicate:

• To resign from the monarchy. – Napoleon was forced by the Allies to give up

his crown and exiled from France. – King Louis XVIII was restored by the Allies.

Congress of Vienna:

• The royalist (conservative) powers of Europe formed it to – restore Europe to the way it was before Napoleon and the

French Revolution. – Members included:

• Great Britain,

• Austria,

• and Russia

• Even France was represented – It was not punished for all the destruction it did to Europe under Napoleon.

– Germany would remember that in the 1920s,

» after WWI, victor, France, severely punished Germany.

Legitimacy:

• The right to take the throne of a monarchy.

• The Congress of Vienna wanted to be sure the true successors were restored to the thrones of Europe’s monarchies.

Concert of Europe:

• The Congress of Vienna appointed a group to be in charge of protecting Europe from future revolutions.

• It had the power to raise armies from allies to send anywhere in Europe where revolt took place.

Hwk

Standards Check, p. 129

• Question:

• He was very ambitious and his military successes helped him gain power.

• EC: What historic figure that we studied is Napoleon’s rise similar to?

• Julius Caesar

Image, p. 129

• Question:

• Through censorship and a network of spies

Standards Check, p. 130

• Question:

• Economic reforms

• Established a public school system

• Introduced the Napoleonic Code

Map Skills, p. 131

• 2 (second part)• Germany• 3• Smaller countries have replaced the Austrian

and French Empires• The Confederation of the Rhine is now Germany• Italy has been united• New countries have emerged in Eastern Europe

Standards Check, p. 132

• Question:– Defeated others by moving his armies quickly– Took risks– Was willing to suffer great losses– Annexed lands– Forced others to be allies– Put family members and friends on several

European thrones.

Primary Source, p. 132

• Question

• The French army was devastated.

• They were weak, gaunt, weaponless, dressed in rags.

Standards Check, p. 133

• Question:

• Nationalism in individual European states

• Guerrilla warfare in Spain

• Austria seeking revenge

• Russia’s devastating winter

Biography, p. 134

• Question

• He wanted whatever was in the best interests of Austria

• He wanted monarchies restored.

Map Skills, p. 135

• 2

• Bavaria, Hanover, and Saxony

• 3

• To prevent French expansion

Standards Check, p. 135

• Question

• Spread nationalist ideas across Europe

• Facilitated American expansion into the Louisiana territory

• Abolished the Holy Roman Empire (beginning the creation of Germany later)

Standards Check, p. 136

• Question• Goal:• To create a lasting peace in Europe by

– establishing a balance of power between nations.– Protecting the monarchy system

• Outcome: • A balance of power that lasted for the next 100

years, – but failed to anticipate new forces such as

nationalism…..

p. 137, Thinking Critically

• 1.• Hills for protection• Accessibility to a water source for drinking and

irrigation.• Rich soil for growing crops• Easy to defend• 2. EC• A large earthquake generated a deadly tsunami

in Southern Asia in 2004

Brief Response

• In what ways did Enlightenment ideas influence liberal social and political views in the early 1800s, under Napoleon’s rule?