Brief Introduction Brief Introduction to European Cultureto European Culture

European CultureEuropean Culture

Broad sense of Broad sense of CultureCulture

history, geography, history, geography,

• natural conditions, natural conditions,

• social customs, social customs,

• means of life, means of life,

• literature and art, literature and art,

• codes of conduct, codes of conduct,

• moral valuesmoral values

1.The Greco-Roman Culture1.The Greco-Roman Culture

2.The Bible & Christianity2.The Bible & Christianity

3.The Middle Ages3.The Middle Ages

4.Renaissance & 4.Renaissance & ReformationReformation

5.Science in 17th Century5.Science in 17th Century

6.Age of Enlightenment6.Age of Enlightenment

What’re involved in the What’re involved in the course?course?

7.French Revolution7.French Revolution

8.Classicism & Romanticism8.Classicism & Romanticism

9.Communist International9.Communist International

10.Socialist Movement10.Socialist Movement

11.Realism & Naturalism11.Realism & Naturalism

12.Modernism & Post-12.Modernism & Post-ModernismModernism

What’re involved in the What’re involved in the course?course?

1.Ancient Egypt 3300- 30 1.Ancient Egypt 3300- 30 BCBC

2.Ancient Babylonia 1700-2.Ancient Babylonia 1700-500 BC500 BC

3.Kingdom of Israel 1000-722 3.Kingdom of Israel 1000-722 BCBC

4.Persian Empire 539 BC-4.Persian Empire 539 BC-651 651

5.Arabian Empire 632---5.Arabian Empire 632---665665

6.Ottoman Empire 1299-6.Ottoman Empire 1299-19221922

What’re related to the What’re related to the course?course?

1.Reading as thinking in nature1.Reading as thinking in nature a. To compare and to contrasta. To compare and to contrast b. From macro-scope to micro-scopeb. From macro-scope to micro-scope2.Materials available in 2.Materials available in sfs.scnu.edu.cn/hhzhang/index.htsfs.scnu.edu.cn/hhzhang/index.htmm3.References available in 3.References available in Encarta Encyclopedia 2004Encarta Encyclopedia 20044.Course paper as conclusion4.Course paper as conclusion

Suggested way of learningSuggested way of learning

1.Writing aims at cultivating 1.Writing aims at cultivating scientific scientific spirit of learning with discovery spirit of learning with discovery and and analysis by means of extensive analysis by means of extensive and and selective reading. selective reading. 2.A course paper is made up of2.A course paper is made up of a. summary of related readings a. summary of related readings to the to the topic under discussion; topic under discussion; b. arguments or hypothesisb. arguments or hypothesis c. confirmation of the hypothesisc. confirmation of the hypothesis

Significance of Course Significance of Course PaperPaper

1.Definition1.Definitiona.a. Historically 3000—100 Historically 3000—100

B.C. B.C. Xia—Han : 2100—Xia—Han : 2100—206 B.C.206 B.C.

b.b. GeographicallyGeographicallyc.c. CulturallyCulturally2.Prime of the civilization2.Prime of the civilization the Classical Age 480—323 the Classical Age 480—323

B.C.B.C.Spring-Autumn: 770—476 Spring-Autumn: 770—476 B.C.B.C.Warring States: 475—221 Warring States: 475—221 B.C.B.C.

freedom of self-government freedom of self-government waswas

treasured---ruled with no kingtreasured---ruled with no king

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

1. Afro-Asian settlement 50000 1. Afro-Asian settlement 50000 agoago2. Farming from Asia Minor 7000 2. Farming from Asia Minor 7000 BCBC3. Greek Bronze Age 3000-1200 3. Greek Bronze Age 3000-1200 BCBC4. Minoan Period 2200-1400 4. Minoan Period 2200-1400 BCBC Xia: 2100-1562 Xia: 2100-1562 BCBC5. Mycenaean Period 1550-1000 5. Mycenaean Period 1550-1000 BCBC Shang: 1562-1066 Shang: 1562-1066 BCBC6. The Greek Dark Age 1000-6. The Greek Dark Age 1000-750 BC750 BC Western Zhou: 1066-771 Western Zhou: 1066-771 BCBC

Early historyEarly history

a. The Archaic Age 750-480 a. The Archaic Age 750-480 BCBC Spring-Autumn: 770-476 Spring-Autumn: 770-476 BCBC

b. The Classical Age 480-323 b. The Classical Age 480-323 BCBC

Warring States: 475-221 Warring States: 475-221 BCBC

1. Athenian Empire 480-1. Athenian Empire 480-359 BC359 BC

2. Macedonian Supremacy-2. Macedonian Supremacy-323BC323BC

c. Hellenistic Greece 323--c. Hellenistic Greece 323--31 BC31 BC

Western Han: 206BC-AD Western Han: 206BC-AD 2323

The Archaic and Classical The Archaic and Classical AgesAges

Greek MythologyGreek Mythology1.What is the significance of learning 1.What is the significance of learning Greek mythology?Greek mythology? 1) Greek mythology reflects the 1) Greek mythology reflects the Greeks’ Greeks’ a.deification of natural forcesa.deification of natural forces b.idealization of human powersb.idealization of human powers c.perception, interpretation and c.perception, interpretation and personification of the universepersonification of the universe d.rich and colorful treasure of oral d.rich and colorful treasure of oral literary creation in the primitive literary creation in the primitive society society

Unit I Greco-Roman CultureUnit I Greco-Roman Culture

2) It provides lifelike materials for 2) It provides lifelike materials for us to us to understand early human understand early human civilizations civilizations a.mode of production—farming a.mode of production—farming b.social structure—matriarchal b.social structure—matriarchal c.family structure—communal c.family structure—communal marriagemarriage2.In what aspects does it influence 2.In what aspects does it influence the the shaping of the European culture? shaping of the European culture? a.development of Roman culture a.development of Roman culture b.development of Christian culture b.development of Christian culture c.as subjects for artistic creation c.as subjects for artistic creation in-- in-- painting, sculpture, music, painting, sculpture, music, literatureliterature

3.What are the three principal types o3.What are the three principal types of f figures involved in Greek mythology? figures involved in Greek mythology?

1) Gods1) Gods a.The creation of Gods a.The creation of Gods b.Cronus and Rhea b.Cronus and Rhea c.Zeus and the Olympian Gods c.Zeus and the Olympian Gods d.The Offspring of Zeusd.The Offspring of Zeus e.Disruptive Deities e.Disruptive Deities 2) Mortals2) Mortals a.The creation of Human Beings a.The creation of Human Beings b.The Greek People b.The Greek People

3) Heroes3) Heroes a.Jason and the Golden Fleece a.Jason and the Golden Fleece b.Meleager b.Meleager c.Heroes of the Trojan War c.Heroes of the Trojan War d.Heracles and Theseus d.Heracles and Theseus e.Oedipus e.Oedipus 4.Are the images of gods in 4.Are the images of gods in GreekGreek mythology the same as that of God in mythology the same as that of God in ChristianityChristianity?? a.with human emotions among usa.with human emotions among us b.dominating, almighty above usb.dominating, almighty above us

5.What are the Greek gods in 5.What are the Greek gods in nature?nature? a.symbols of human desire to a.symbols of human desire to show show authority authority b.symbols of human desire to b.symbols of human desire to punish punish anyone against authority anyone against authority c.symbols of human such c.symbols of human such emotions as emotions as jealousy, love, and grief jealousy, love, and grief d.idealized human forms d.idealized human forms 6.What are the Greek heroes in 6.What are the Greek heroes in nature?nature? a.supermen empowered by gods a.supermen empowered by gods b.symbols of god-man b.symbols of god-man relationshiprelationship

7.What are the functions of Greek 7.What are the functions of Greek mythology? mythology? 1) Explanation 1) Explanation 2) Exploration 2) Exploration 3) Legitimation 3) Legitimation 4) Entertainment 4) Entertainment 8.What are the origins of Greek 8.What are the origins of Greek mythology? mythology? The Middle Eastern mythologies The Middle Eastern mythologies 9.How did it develop? 9.How did it develop? By oral and written literature, and artist By oral and written literature, and artistic ic works of sculpture and decorated potte works of sculpture and decorated pottery ry

The Greeks built the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, Turkey (about 300 bc). The temple supposedly housed an oracle who foretold the future to those seeking knowledge. The predictions of the oracles, delivered in the form of riddles, often brought unexpected results to the seeker. With Ionic columns reaching 19.5 m (64 ft) high, these ruins suggest the former grandeur of the ancient temple.

After wounding his father and taking away his power, Cronus became ruler of the universe. But Cronus, in turn, feared that his own son would supplant him. When his sister and wife Rhea gave birth to offspring—Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon—Cronus swallowed them. Only the youngest, Zeus, escaped this fate, because Rhea tricked Cronus. She gave him a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow in place of their baby son, Zeus.

Zeus in Greek mythology was ruler of both the Olympian gods and the human race. Sometimes he is portrayed as a just and merciful defender of the weak. At other times he appears to be passionate, inconstant, and vengeful. This ancient Greek bust of Zeus is in the National Museum in Naples, Italy.

Hermes Holding the Infant Dionysus(about 340 bc) is attributed to the Greek sculptor Praxiteles. Dionysus, the god of wine, had two distinct aspects—ecstasy and violence. The followers of Dionysus often worshiped him in drunken revelry. This statue of him as an infant with Hermes, the messenger of the gods, was originally made for the Temple of Hera at Olympia.

Battle of Lapiths and CentaursIn Greek mythology, the centaurs were notorious for uncivilized behavior. When the Lapiths—neighbors of the centaurs—invited them to a wedding feast, they attempted to carry off the bride and other women.

Dionysus, also known as Bacchus, was the Greek god of wine and was celebrated in annual festivals.

The SirensIn Greek mythology sirens were sea nymphs who lured sailors with their sweet singing, causing their ships to founder. Odysseus overcame the temptation by tying himself to his ship’s mast

This modern reconstruction of the legendary Trojan Horse stands at the archaeological site of Troy in what is now Turkey. During the Trojan War, attacking Greek soldiers hid in a hollow wooden horse, which the unsuspecting Trojans brought inside the city walls of Troy. The Trojan War ended soon afterward with a Greek victory.

In the classical myth Penelope waited 20 years for her husband, Ulysses (the Latin name for the Greek hero Odysseus), to return from the Trojan War.

Struggle of Hercules with the Hydra of LernaHercules engaged in one of his twelve great labors, battling a nine-headed serpent called the Hydra. Each time one of its heads was cut off, the Hydra would grow two more in its place. Standing to one side with a torch is Hercules's nephew Iolaus, who, according to one version of the story, helped to cauterize the necks of the monster after Hercules cut the heads off, thereby preventing them from growing back.

Oedipus and the SphinxFrench painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was a superb draftsman who created numerous depictions of historical and mythological figures. Shown here is his Oedipus and the Sphinx (1808),

Artemis, Goddess of the HuntThe Greek goddess Artemis was associated with hunting and wild animals. She was also connected to childbirth, nature, the harvest, the moon, and the protection of young women.

Venus and AdonisAdonis was a Greek mythological figure noted for his great beauty.

Three Gorgons, monstrous, dragonlike sisters with snakes for hair, who were shunned because they turned all who looked at them to stone. The only mortal of the three, Medusa was killed when the young hero Perseus severed her head.

Death of AchillesAchilles, a Greek mythological hero, was invulnerable to injury except on one of his heels.

Palace at KnossosThe ancient city of Knossos was a center of the Minoan civilization, an advanced society on Crete named after Minos, a legendary Cretan king. Skilled in such fields as engineering and architecture, the Minoans constructed the palace at Knossos in 1700 bc.

Dido Receiving AeneasAccording to the Roman poet Virgil, Venus caused Dido to fall in love with the Trojan warrior Aeneas when he was shipwrecked at Carthage. When he was forced to continue his journey to Rome, Dido killed herself. Dido Receiving Aeneas and Cupid Disguised as Ascanius, created in the 1720s by Italian artist Francesco Solimena, is in the National Gallery in London, England.

Roman MythologyRoman Mythology1.What is Roman Mythology?1.What is Roman Mythology? A set of religious beliefs and A set of religious beliefs and practices practices of the people of ancient Rome of the people of ancient Rome2.How was the combination of Greco- 2.How was the combination of Greco- Roman mythology created? Roman mythology created? a.the Romans began to represent a.the Romans began to represent their their gods in human form when they met gods in human form when they met the the beliefs of Greek culture in the 500 beliefs of Greek culture in the 500 BCBC b.Roman writers introduced the b.Roman writers introduced the names & names & functions of Roman gods into Greek functions of Roman gods into Greek artsarts

3.What does the story of Romulus & Remu3.What does the story of Romulus & Remus s tell about the founding of Rome? tell about the founding of Rome? a.sons of the god Mars & a woman a.sons of the god Mars & a woman b.set by great uncle to float on the river b.set by great uncle to float on the river c.found & cared for by a she-wolf c.found & cared for by a she-wolf d.found & raised by a shepherd d.found & raised by a shepherd e.grown up, restoring grandfather to thro e.grown up, restoring grandfather to throne ne 4.What does the story of Aeneas tell about 4.What does the story of Aeneas tell about the founding of the city of Rome? the founding of the city of Rome? a.Aeneas, son of Venus & the Trojan princ a.Aeneas, son of Venus & the Trojan princee b.surviving the war, arriving at Carthage, b.surviving the war, arriving at Carthage, leaving the queen Dido, he reached Italy leaving the queen Dido, he reached Italy

Remus and RomulusLeft to drown at the edge of the flooding Tiber River, the legendary twins Romulus and Remus were found and raised by a she-wolf. As men, the brothers returned to the spot where they had been abandoned and founded the city of Rome. The Romans celebrated the festival of Parilia, today called the Natalis Romae, or the birth of Rome, on April 21 to commemorate the day the brothers founded the city.

Aeneas and AnchisesAccording to mythology, Aeneas was a Trojan prince. After Troy fell to the Greeks during the Trojan War, Aeneas traveled to Italy and met and married a woman in the kingdom that occupied the region that would one day become Rome. Through this marriage, Aeneas was the direct ancestor of Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome. In this painting he is carrying his father, Anchises, on his back while fleeing from Troy.

5.How did Roman mythology inspire 5.How did Roman mythology inspire writers, musicians and artists? writers, musicians and artists? a. a.VirgilVirgil’s poem ’s poem Aeneid, Aeneid, as celebration as celebration of of supposed Trojan origin of the Romans, supposed Trojan origin of the Romans,

transformed Zeus into amazing Jupite transformed Zeus into amazing Jupiter, r, and Hera into the angry Juno and Hera into the angry Juno b. b.OvidOvid produced a whole piece of Gree produced a whole piece of Greek k mythology covering the world’s histo mythology covering the world’s history ry c.musicians, writers and artists drew o c.musicians, writers and artists drew on n stories told by Virgil, Ovid and other stories told by Virgil, Ovid and other Roman writers, combining Roman Roman writers, combining Roman literary figures into their works literary figures into their works

6.What did early Romans associate their 6.What did early Romans associate their gods with? gods with? particular places-not in human form 7.W particular places-not in human form 7.What functions of gods did early Romans hat functions of gods did early Romans care about? care about? Control of life/death including agricultur Control of life/death including agriculturee8.How important were the gods 8.How important were the gods JupiterJupiter, , MarsMars, and , and QuirinusQuirinus to the early Romans? to the early Romans? JupiterJupiter as protector of the Roman state as protector of the Roman state MarsMars as a fighter god and protector of the as a fighter god and protector of the

farmers’ fields farmers’ fields QuirnusQuirnus as a symbol of Romulus as a symbol of Romulus

JupiterJupiter was the ruler of the Roman pantheon. He exhibited many of the characteristics of his Greek counterpart, Zeus. In this 1811 painting by French artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, the sea nymph Thetis beseeches Jupiter on behalf of her son, Achilles.

In The Origin of the Milky Way the Roman god Jupiter places his infant son Hercules on the goddess Juno’s breast. According to legend, Juno’s milk spilled up while feeding the boy, and the Milky Way was formed. In Roman mythology, Juno was the queen of the gods.

9.How were 9.How were JupiterJupiter, , JunoJuno and and MinervaMinerva treated as holy figures in the 6th treated as holy figures in the 6th century BC when Rome was ruled century BC when Rome was ruled by by the dynasty of Etruscan kings? the dynasty of Etruscan kings? JupiterJupiter as ruler of the Roman state as ruler of the Roman state JunoJuno as protector of women in as protector of women in marriage marriage and childbirth, and supporter and childbirth, and supporter of of several groups in Ancient Italy several groups in Ancient Italy MinervaMinerva as goddess of as goddess of craftsmanshipcraftsmanship10.How important was the Capitoline 10.How important was the Capitoline temple in the time of the Roman temple in the time of the Roman Republic? Republic?

New officersNew officers offered sacrifices to offered sacrifices to open open the new year the new year Local governors Local governors took religious took religious promises promises before leaving for their before leaving for their provincesprovinces GeneralsGenerals offered sacrifices for offered sacrifices for victories 11.What caused the Romans victories 11.What caused the Romans to accept to accept gods of other cultures? gods of other cultures? a. a.ExpansionExpansion of Roman territory led to of Roman territory led to their their contact with other cultures of the contact with other cultures of the EastEast b.Rome as an international b.Rome as an international business business centercenter allowed for foreign gods to find their allowed for foreign gods to find their way way into the Roman culture into the Roman culture

12.When was the religious belief in 12.When was the religious belief in the the Greek gods introduced into Greek gods introduced into Rome?Rome? In the In the late 5late 5thth century BC century BC 13.What else did the Romans show 13.What else did the Romans show their their respect for besides the Greek respect for besides the Greek gods?gods? DomesticDomestic gods and gods of the gods and gods of the fieldsfields14.14.How and when did the practice How and when did the practice of the of the religion devoted to more gods religion devoted to more gods come come to an end? to an end? By the end of the By the end of the 44thth century century when it when it was officially banned by the was officially banned by the emperor emperor who was a supporter of who was a supporter of Christianity Christianity

15.How did the Romans develop the 15.How did the Romans develop the treatment of emperors as gods? treatment of emperors as gods? a.Territorial expansion to the east a.Territorial expansion to the east caused caused them to meet the culture of kings as them to meet the culture of kings as holyholy b.absolute authority caused emperors b.absolute authority caused emperors to to accept holy honors accept holy honors16.What foreign cultural experiences 16.What foreign cultural experiences could could probably contribute to the shaping probably contribute to the shaping of the of the Roman culture? Roman culture? GreekGreek mythology, mythology, PersianPersian mythology and mythology and beliefs of other cultures of the beliefs of other cultures of the easterneastern MediterraneanMediterranean Sea region Sea region

Constantine the Great, who reigned from 306 to 337 ad, was the first emperor of Rome to convert to Christianity. During his reign Christians, previously persecuted, gained freedom of worship. By the end of the 4th century ad, under Emperor Theodosius I, Christianity had become the official religion of the Roman Empire, and the old Roman pagan religion was banned.

Julius CaesarOne of the most influential political and military leaders in history, Julius Caesar helped establish the vast empire ruled by Rome. With Caesar began a tradition in Roman mythology of worshiping Roman rulers as gods.

Birth of Venus (after 1482) depicts a mixture of Roman mythology, astrology, and Christianity. The painting is a famous rendition of how Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty, was born.

FortunaIn this 15th-century manuscript illumination, Fortuna, the Roman goddess of chance, is shown blindfolded and turning a wheel, which symbolizes the situation of humanity, subject to alternating fortunes and perpetual change.