GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A...

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GO EUROPE ! GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity European culture & identity Cultural history of Cultural history of Europe Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 Thursday, January 9 th th 2014 2014

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Page 1: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

GO EUROPE !GO EUROPE !European culture & identityEuropean culture & identity

Cultural history of EuropeCultural history of Europe

A ‘Brief’ IntroductionA ‘Brief’ IntroductionThursday, January 9Thursday, January 9thth 2014 2014

Page 2: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Main elements of culture / civilization: Main elements of culture / civilization: 1.1. ReligiReligionon

e.g. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Confucianisme.g. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Confucianism 2.2. History, shared pastHistory, shared past

Western history, Arab history, Russian etc.Western history, Arab history, Russian etc.

33.. Language, the language familiesLanguage, the language families e.g.e.g. Indo-Europ Indo-European, Turkic, Semitic, etc.ean, Turkic, Semitic, etc.

44.. EtEthhnicinicityty

e.g. e.g. BantuBantu, Chinese, Caucasian, etc., Chinese, Caucasian, etc.

++ Self-identificationSelf-identification `̀usus' ' ` `themthem', ', ingroup ingroup outgroup outgroup

Page 3: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Dominant religions in Europe

Page 4: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Civilizations are closely connected to the great religions: `culture is religion’, basically

http://www.mapsofwar.com/images/Religion.swf

Page 5: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Three Era’s: Ancient, Medieval, Modern

1. Ancient 0-500 AD• Greco-Roman world• Birth of Christianity

2. Medieval 500-1500• Holy Roman Empire & Islamic empires• Spread of Christianity & Islam

3. Modern 1500-2000• Age of Empires• Reformation & Enlightenment

3a. Modern/Contemporary 1900-present• Nation states • Global Christianity & Islam, Western secularism

Page 6: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

1.1. Antiquity 0 - 500 ADAntiquity 0 - 500 AD• Greco-Roman worldGreco-Roman world• Birth of ChristianityBirth of Christianity

Page 7: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The basics: European civilization = legacy of the Roman Empire (Greco-Roman world)

Page 8: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Roman bridge in Maastricht

Page 9: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.
Page 10: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The Greco-Roman legacy = modern Europe:

1. Religion: Christianity (= the Greco-Roman religion)

2. Language: Latin alphabet, Latin concepts

3. Public order: rule of law, citizenship, republic/monarchy

4. Science and philosophy (Greek)

5. The Arts: literature, drama, painting, sculpture, architecture, music

Page 11: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Latin + Romania (19th C.) + Turkey (1928) Greek, Arabic, a.o. alphabets

The Latin Alphabet

Page 12: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

`Oriental’ traditions with their own alphabets:

Greek alphabet

Cyrillic alphabet

Georgian alphabet

Armenian alphabet

Hebrew alphabet

Arabic alphabet

Page 13: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

AlAlphabets worldwidephabets worldwide:: grgreeeen = n = LatinLatin,, rreed = d = CCyrilliyrillicc,, blblueue = = AArabirabicc,, blackblack = = own typesown types,, yellowgreenyellowgreen = = BBrahmarahmann,, grgreyey = = NO NO

alphabetalphabet

Page 14: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The Western Roman Empire collapsed during the `Age of Invasions’ (5th Century), followed by a series of Barbarian successor states (Goths, Franks, Alemans, a.o.)

Page 15: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

2. Middle Ages 2. Middle Ages 500-1500 500-1500

• Holy Roman Empire & Islamic empiresHoly Roman Empire & Islamic empires• Spread of Christianity & IslamSpread of Christianity & Islam

Page 16: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Two `Roman’ empires: Charlemagne’s Empire and Byzantium

(around 800)

Page 17: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The Dome of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen, Germany) built by Charlemagne, and dating from c.800

= meant to `compete’ with Byzantium

(and the only Early Medieval monumental building North of the Alpes)

Page 18: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.
Page 19: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Expansion of Christianity + IslamExpansion of Christianity + IslamUntill the Great Schism of 1054Untill the Great Schism of 1054

Rome + Byzantium + Monophysites + NestoriansRome + Byzantium + Monophysites + Nestorians

Page 20: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The different European civilizations = are all a consequence of big “schisms” within Christianity

1. Eastern Christians convert en masse to Islam 700-1100

Christian minorities: Copts, Maronites, Church of the East (now in trouble within Syria and Egypt)

2. The Great Schism: Rome versus Orthodoxy

1054Greco-Catholics unite with Rome (16th+17th C.)

3. The Reformation: Protestants secede from Rome 1517-1648

Evangelicals and Pentecostals (19th+20th C.)

Secularism: especially within Western Protestantism (20th C.)

Page 21: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Latin = the West

Byzantin

e = Orth

odox

Arabic = IslamSanskrit = Hinduism

Chinese = Confucianism

Japanese = Shinto

Civilizations since Middle Ages: Latin West, Byzantine East, Islam India, China, Japan

Page 22: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Afther the fall of Rome (476), the [Eastern half of the] Roman Empire continues,becoming ever more `Greek’ in the process = `Byzantium’ (untill 1453)

Page 23: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The `Church of Holy Wisdom’ (hagia sofia), Aya Sofya, built 532-537 and model for all

mosques - and many churches - worldwide

Page 24: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Byzantium = Constantinople = `Second Rome’ = Istanbul

The `Hagia Sofia’ = Holy Wisdom,Now: `Aya Sofiya’

When the `heavenly emperor’ of Byzantium moved forward, cuppola after cuppola revealed an ever more divine reality: heaven on earth ...

1. Orthodox church 532-1204, 1261-14532. Catholic church 1204-1261

3. Mosque 1453-19314. Museum 1931-present

Page 25: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.
Page 26: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

One of the biggest success stories of history:

How the tiney city state of Moscow (“Muscovia”), from around 1300 developed into

the world’s largest empire, the Russian Empire

(c.1600-1917)

-and into the even larger Soviet Empire (1917-1991)

-And Putin just dreams of it

Page 27: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The Moscow Kremlin (Uspensky Cathedral) was literally considered the “Third Rome” – and czars yearly conducted the divine emperors’ rituals, representing Christ on Earth

Page 28: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The Orthodox half of Europe: from Athens to Vladivostok

Page 29: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

3. Modern 3. Modern 1500-20001500-2000

• Age of EmpiresAge of Empires• Reformation & EnlightenmentReformation & Enlightenment

Page 30: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Protestant Reformation, 1517-1648Protestant Reformation, 1517-1648

Page 31: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

PROTESTANTISM MODERNITY

Priesthood of believersRight of individual conscience Egalitarianism

Revolt against Papal authorityScripture as the highest authority Right to revolution

Christian Liberty (internal) Individualism

Voluntary Covenant Liberalism

The split into Protestant sects Religious Toleration

No celibacy, married priesthood Women's Liberation

"Protestant ethic"Election CapitalismPredestination

Congregation as ultimate authority Democracy

Translation of Scripture into the vernacular Nationalism

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Page 32: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Europe’s Latin civilization created`The West’ and Western Civilization

Page 33: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.
Page 34: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

3a.3a. Modern/Contemporary 1900-present Modern/Contemporary 1900-present

• Nation statesNation states• Global Christianity & Islam, Western Global Christianity & Islam, Western

secularismsecularism

Page 35: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Europe AD 1900Europe AD 1900

Page 36: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Europe AD 2000Europe AD 2000

Page 37: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

`Unification of Europe’, 1939-1945, by the `Third Reich’

Page 38: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Cold War: `the West’ versus `the East’

Page 39: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Page 40: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

In summary: In summary: European cultureEuropean culture is the outcome of: is the outcome of:

(1.)(1.) Greek-Roman legacy: Greek-Roman legacy:• Christianity:Christianity:

• `time and eternity’ perspective`time and eternity’ perspective• the conscience: individual’s freedom/equality the conscience: individual’s freedom/equality • concept of `society’ (congregation)concept of `society’ (congregation)

• Public order: rule of law, citizenship, republic/monarchyPublic order: rule of law, citizenship, republic/monarchy• Classical arts & literatureClassical arts & literature• Classical philosophyClassical philosophy• Latin (Alphabet, Concepts of all Western languages)Latin (Alphabet, Concepts of all Western languages)

(2.)(2.) European Middle Ages (c.500-1500) European Middle Ages (c.500-1500)::• Latin (Catholic) Christianity = ‘Western Church’ Latin (Catholic) Christianity = ‘Western Church’ • Monasteries, churchesMonasteries, churches• Universities (Theology, Philosophy, Law)Universities (Theology, Philosophy, Law)• Public order: concept of the `Sacrum Imperium’Public order: concept of the `Sacrum Imperium’• Arts: Romanesque, GothicArts: Romanesque, Gothic• Music: PolyphonyMusic: Polyphony

Page 41: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

(3.)(3.) Renaissance, Humanism, Reformation (c.1500-1650): Renaissance, Humanism, Reformation (c.1500-1650):• Revival of Classical culture (arts, knowledge)• Protestantism (Reformation, Radical Reformation)• Politics: absolutism, state religion• Mass media: books, pamphlets, newspapers• Arts: Renaissance, Baroque• Literature: drama, poetry• Music: opera, ballet, instrumental music

(3.)(3.) Enlightenment & Modernity Enlightenment & Modernity (c.1700-present) (c.1700-present)::• Enlightenment and Radical Enlightenment• Arts: Classicism, Romanticism, Modernism• Politics: seperation of church and state, nation states• Citizenship and ‘human rights’• People’s souvereignity,republicanism, democracy

(e.g. liberalism / socialism / conservatism)

• BUT ALSO: totalitarian states, totalitarian ideologies(mainly: fascism,

Nazism, communism) (m.n. communisme, nazisme, fascisme)

Page 42: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Western

Scheme of the rise and fall of the great civilizations

from Arnold J. Toynbee’s A Study of History

(12 volumes, 1934-1961) – “Western” civilization follows the decline of the “Islamic” and Byzantine (“Orthodox Christian”) Medieval civilizations

Page 43: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

Map of Global civilizations (c.1950) by the British historian Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975). His analysis of the rise and fall of the great civilizations was very influential in its time.

Page 44: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

“The West”

“Africa”

“Islam”

Latin-America

“Orthodox”

“Hindu”

China

Japan

Civilizations according to Samuel

P. Huntington

Page 45: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

The famous “ fault line “ between the

Western (`Latin’) and Eastern (`Byzantine’, Orthodox)

European civilizations

Suggested by Samuel P. Huntington,

Arnold Toynbee, and others

Page 46: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

CatholicProtestantOrthodoxMuslim

Greco-Catholic

`The (Latin) West’ Eastern Europe South-East

Page 47: GO EUROPE ! European culture & identity Cultural history of Europe A ‘Brief’ Introduction A ‘Brief’ Introduction Thursday, January 9 th 2014.

What is ‘European culture’ ?What is ‘European culture’ ?

Monotheïsm: European culture is essentially ``Christian’’

Rationality: European culture is basically ``Greek’’

Public Order: European culture is very much ``Roman’’

Typically European values stemming from these great traditions: Egalitarianism, equality (e.g. between man and woman) Freedom of conscience, freedom of expression (‘sacred!’) The individual (even religion is considered something ‘’individual’’ !) Separation of powers (church/state, state/law, government/parliament) Self-organisation, civil society


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