Brick and PVC
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Brick and pvcPresented by:
Khushbu bansal
Nemat dhesi
Nikhita malhotra
Pallav bansal
Parul gupta
Prerna jain
Vijay karan singh
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BRICK IS AN BUILDING MATERIAL
THIS MATERIAL IS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION BECAUSE OF BEING CHEAP,DURABLE,AND
EASY TO HANDLE AND WORK WITH.CLAY BRICKS ARE USED FOR BUILDING- UP EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR WALLS,PARTITIONS,FOOTINGS AND OTHER LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES.
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A BRICK IS RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE AND SIZE THAT CAN BE CONVINIENTLY HANDLED WITH ONE HAND
LENTH OF BRICK =2 X WIDTH OF BRICK+TCKNESS OF MORTOR
HEIGHT OF BRICK=WIDTH OF BRICK
STANDARD SIZE OF A BRICK
19 X 9 X 9 CM
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THE SURFACES OF A BRICK HAVE NAMES:
TOP AND BOTTOM SURFACES ARE BEDS.
ENDS ARE HEADERS AND HEADER FACES.
SIDES ARE STRETCHERS OR STRETCHER FACES.
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A STANDARD METRIC BRICK HAS COORDINATING DIMENSIONS OF 225 X 112.5 X 75 MM (9''×4½" ×3“)
CALLED NOMINAL SIZE AND
WORKING DIMENSIONS (ACTUAL DIMENSIONS) OF 215 X 102.5 X 65 MM (8.5“ * 4 *2.5) CALLED ARCHITECTURAL SIZE
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I. SOLID BRICKS
SOLID BRICK SHALL NOT HAVE HOLES, CAVITIES OR DEPRESSIONS.
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PERFORATED BRICK SHALL HAVE HOLES NOT EXCEEDING THE 25% OF THE GROSS VOLUME OF THE BRICK; MINIMUM 30% SOLID ACROSS THE WIDTH OF BRICK.
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FROGGED BRICKS
FROGGED BRICKS SHALL HAVE DEPRESSIONS IN ONE OR MORE BED FACES BUT THEIR TOTAL VOLUME SHALL NOT EXCEED 20% OF GROSS VOLUME OF A BRICK.
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IV. CELLULAR BRICKS
CELLULAR BRICKS HAVE CAVITIES OR DEPRESSIONS EXCEEDING 20% OF THE VOLUME IN TOTAL.
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FIRST CLASS BRICKS THESE ARE THOROUGHLY BURNT AND OR OF DEEP RED
,CHERRY COLOUR. THESE SHOULD BE FREE FROM FLAWS ,CRACKS AND
STONES. THE SURFACE SHOULD BE SMOOTH AND RECTANGULAR
,WITH PARALLEL ,SHARP AND STRAIGHT EDGES AND SQUARE CORNERS
THESE SHOULD HAVE UNIFORM TEXTURE WATER ABSORPTION SHOULD BE
12-15% OF ITS DRY WEIGHT WHEN IMMERSED IN COLD WATER
FOR 24 HOURS.USES:
THESE BRICKS ARE RECOMMENDED FOR POINTING,EXPOSED FACEWORK IN MASONRY STRUCTURES.
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SECOND CLASS BRICKS THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO HAVE THE SAME
REQIREMENTS AS THE FIRST CLASS BRICKS
1. SMALL CRACKS AND DISTORTIONS ARE PERMITTED.
2. A LITTLE HIGHER WATER ABSORPTION OF ABOUT 16-20% OF ITS DRY WEIGHT IS ALLOWED
3. THE CRUSHING STRENGTH SHOULD NOT BE LESSTHAN
7.0 N/mm^2.
USES:
THESE ARE RECOMMENDED FOR
ALL MASONRY WORKS
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THIRD CLASS BRICKS THESE ARE UNDERBURNT.
THEY ARE SOFT AND LIGHT COLOURED PRRODUCING A DULL SOUND
WATER ABSORPTION IS ABOUT 25% OF DRY WEIGHT
USES:
IT IS USED FOR BUILDING TEMPORARY
STRUCTURES
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FOURTH CLASS BRICKS THESE ARE OVERBURNT AND BADLY DISTORTED
IN SHAPE AND SIZE AND BRITTLE IN NATURE.
USES:
THE BALLAST OF SUCH BRICKS IS USED FOR FOUNDATION AND ROAD METAL.
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USES: COMMON BRICK: IT IS A GENERAL MULTIPURPOSE
UNIT MANUFACTURED ECONOMICALLY WITHOUT SPECIAL REFERRENCE TO APPEARANCE
FACING BRICK:THESE ARE MADE PRIMARLY WITH A VIEW TO HAVE GOOD APPEARANCE AND TEXTURE
ENGINEERING BRICKS:THESE ARE STRONG IMPERMIABLE SMOOTH TABLEMOULED.
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ENGLISH BOND
THE FACING BRICKS ARE LAID IN ALTERNATE COURSES OF HEADERS AND STRETCHERS.
QUEEN-CLOSER INSERTED NEXT TO QUOIN-HEADERS TO PRODUCE OVERLAP.
ENGLISH BOND IS THE STRONGEST. a. AVOIDS CONTINUOUS VERTICAL JOINTS.
DISADVANTAGE: PENETRATION OF DAMP THROUGH TRANSVERSE
JOINTS. APPEARANCE NOT AS GOOD AS FLEMISH BOND.
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FLEMISH BOND IN THIS BOND A QUEEN CLOSER IS PROVIDED AFTER EVERY
QUEEN HEADER IN THE ALTERNATE COURSES TO BREAK THE CONTINUITY OF VERTICAL JOINTS.
BRICK BATS ARE TO BE USED FOR FORMING THIS BOND WHEN THICKNESS OF WALL IS MULTIPLE OF HALF BRICK.
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HEADING OR HEADER BOND
HEADING OR HEADER BOND IS LAID ON HEADERS.
USED FOR ROUND QUICK SWEEPS, AS IN FIG. 4.
SHOULD NEVER BE USED IN STRAIGHT WORK, AS IT IS VERY WEAK
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STRETCHING OR STRETCHER BOND BRICKS ARE LAID IN STRETCHERS, AS IN THE FIGURE
BELOW.
USED IN WALLS OF HALF-BRICK IN THICKNESS.
DUE TO ITS CONSTANT OCCURRENCE IN THE LAST POSITION IT IS ALSO CALLED CHIMNEY BOND.
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GARDEN-WALL BOND
USED FOR 9 INCH WALLS.
USED WHEN A FAIR FACE IS REQUIRED ON BOTH SIDES.
WALL IS COMPOSED OF THREE OR FOUR COURSES OF STRETCHERS ALTERNATING WITH ONE OF HEADERS, AS IN THE FIGURE BELOW.
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RAT TRAP BOND
IT IS MADE BY PLACING THE BRICKS ON THEIR SIDES HAVING A CAVITY OF 4″ (100 MM)
ALTERNATE COURSE OF STRETCHERS AND HEADERS.
IT IS STILL USED IN INDIA AS AN ECONOMICAL BOND.
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DONOT BURN, BUCKLE OR MELT.
DONOT ROT AND ALLOW TERMITES TO INVADE.
DONOT RUST AND CORRODE.
DONOT DENT.
DONOT FADE FROM THE SUN'S UV RAYS.
WILL NOT BE DAMAGED BY HIGH WINDS, RAIN OR HAIL.
DONOT REQUIRE CONSTANT MAINTENANCE.
DNOT DEVALUE.
DONOT LIMIT YOUR PERSONAL EXPRESSION.
DONOT LIMIT YOUR DESIGN OPTIONS.
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LOAD BEARING MASONRY HAS A HIGH SELF-WEIGHT OR LOW STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO.
LABOUR INTENSIVE CONSTRUCTION
MOISTURE PENETRATION.
THERMAL EXPANSION
A SLOW AND TEDIOUS PROCESS.
REQUIRES SKILLED MASONS.
LOW TENSILE STRENGTH, CAN FAIL DURING EARTHQUAKES.
STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS : MASONRY HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH UNDER
VERTICAL LOADS BUT HAS LOW TENSILE STRENGTH (AGAINST TWISTING OR STRETCHING) UNLESS REINFORCED.
THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF MASONRY WALLS CAN BE INCREASED BY THICKENING THE WALL, OR BY BUILDING MASONRY PIERS (VERTICAL COLUMNS OR RIBS) AT INTERVALS.
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SIZE AND SHAPE
THE BRICKS SHOULD HAVE UNIFORM SIZE AND PLANE,RECTANGULAR SURFACES WITH PARALLEL SIDES ANDSHARP STRAIGHT EDGES
COLOUR
THE BRICK SHOULD HAVE A UNIFORM DEEP RED OR CHERRY COLOUR AS INDICATIVE OF UNIFORMLY IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
TEXTURE AND COMPACTNESS
THE SURFACES SOULD NOT BE TOO SMOOTH TO CAUSE SLIPPING OF MOTOR
THE BRICK SHOULD HAVE PRECOMPACT AND UNIFORM TEXTURE
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HARDNESS AND SOUNDNESS THE BRICK SHOULD BE SO HARD THAT
WHEN SCRATCHED BY A FINGERNAIL
NO IMPRESSION IS MADE
WATER ABSORPTION IT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20% OF ITS
DRYWEIGHT WHEN KEPT IMMERSED IN
WATER FOR 24 HOURS
CRUSHING STRENGTH
IT SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 10N/MM^2
BRICKEARTH
IT SHOULD BE FREE FROM STONES , KANKARS,ORGANICMATTER ,SALTPETRE ETC
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PVC IS REPLACING TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, METAL, CONCRETE AND CLAY IN MANY APPLICATIONS.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, PVC, IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR PLASTICS USED IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION. IT IS USED IN WINDOW FRAMES, FLOORING AND ROOFING FOILS, WALL COVERINGS, CABLES AND MANY OTHER APPLICATIONS
AS IT PROVIDES A MODERN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, METAL, RUBBER AND GLASS
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MADE FROM SALT (57 PER CENT) AND OIL/GAS (43 PER CENT).
WAS FIRST PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN THE LATE 1920S.
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PVC IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
PVC IN TRANSPORT
PVC IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
PVC IN TOYS
PVC IN CONSUMER GOODS AND EVERYDAY LIFE
PVC IN PACKAGING
PVC IN ART AND DESIGN
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DURABLE, STRONG, LIGHTWEIGHT
LOW MAINTANENCE REQUIRED
ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY RECYCLED PLASTICS
HIGH PERFORMANCE AT LOW COST
HELPS CONSERVE ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SAFE AND INERT TO USE (PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN SAVING PEOPLE’S LIVES)
DOESN’T SUPPORT COMBUSTION (INHERENTLY FIRE RESISTANT)
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MAJOR APPLICATIONS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE:
WINDOW FRAMES
DRAINAGE PIPES
WATER SERVICE PIPES
RESILIENT FLOORINGS
ROOFING MEMBRANES
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WINDOW PROFILES
PVC REPRESENTS A GOOD ECONOMIC AND
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE COMPARED TO ALTERNATIVES
AND, BECAUSE LITTLE MAINTENANCE IS REQUIRED,
PVC AVOIDS THE NEED FOR CLEANING
CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS AND PAINT.
CLADDING
PVC CLADDING IS AN ATTRACTIVE WAY OF ADDING
VALUE TO A PROPERTY. IT OFFERS HIGH RESISTANCE TO
THE ELEMENTS AND REQUIRES LITTLE MAINTENANCE.
ROOFLINE DRAINAGE, DRAINPIPES,
SOFFITS, BARGEBOARDS
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CONSERVATORIES AND ATRIA
PVC IS A STRONG AND DURABLE CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL ALLOWING MASS-PRODUCED OR
ONE-OFF DESIGNS FOR APPLICATIONS SUCH AS
CONSERVATORIES, SWIMMING POOL ROOMS
AND ATRIA.
WALLCOVERINGS
PVC WALLCOVERINGS OFFER THE WIDEST VARIETY OF
FINISHES IN DOMESTIC OR COMMERCIAL
BUILDINGS. FROM FASHIONABLE PRINTED VINYL
WALLPAPER TO HIGH-TECH SPECIALIST
COVERINGS IN AREAS SUCH AS OPERATING THEATRES.
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DAMP-PROOF COURSE
PVC IS IMPERVIOUS SO AN IDEAL MATERIAL FOR DAMP-PROOFING WALLS
CABLING
DUCTING FOR CABLES LIGHTWEIGHT, MODULAR DUCTING ALLOWS EASY ACCESS TO BUILDING SERVICES INCLUDING WATER, POWER AND TELECOMS.
PIPES AND FITTINGS
ECONOMY, EASY INSTALLATION, CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, GOOD FLOW PROPERTIES, AND MINIMAL MAINTENANCE ALL MEAN SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES FOR PVC PIPES AND FITTINGS IN CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS.
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CABLING FOR TV
DOORS
BETTER SOUND AND HEAT INSULATION TOGETHER
WITH IMPROVED SECURITY ARE JUST SOME OF
THE BENEFITS OF A WELCOMING PVC DOOR.
FLOORING
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THIS RANGE IS USED IN DECORATING HOMES, WALL CLADDING AND POSSESS PIVOTAL FEATURES THAT ENHANCE THE APPEAL OF A ROOM.
THESE WALL PANELS ARE HIGHLY DEMANDED BY CUSTOMERS FOR GIVING THEIR INTERIOR A ELEGANT AND STYLISH LOOK.
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STRONG AND LIGHTWEIGHT
EASY TO INSTALL
DURABLE
COST-EFFECTIVE
SAFE MATERIAL
FIRE RESISTANT
GOOD INSULATOR
VERSATILE
joined easily in a variety of styles. Its light weight
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ALL PVC WALL CLADDING PRODUCTS HAVE SILVER IONS EMBEDDED AT THE TIME OF MANUFACTURE MEANING THAT IT HAS ANTIMICROBIAL PROTECTION THROUGHOUT THE SHEET
THIS MEANS THE BIOCLAD PVC CLADDING SYSTEM WILL REMAIN EFFECTIVE EVEN WHEN SCRATCHED AS THE ANTIMICROBIAL PROTECTION CANNOT BE WASHED AWAY LIKE OTHER SYSTEMS.
THE BIOCLAD PVC CLADDING SYSTEMS HAS BEEN PROVEN TO BE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING BACTERIA, MICROBES, PROTOZOAN AND FUNGI.
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