Bread in Ancient Egypt

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Transcript of Bread in Ancient Egypt

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    William A. Ward, Index of Egyptian Administrative and Religious Titles of The Middle Kingman, With a Glossary of Words and Phrases Used, American University of Beirut (Lebanon, 1982).

    Henry George Fischer, Egyptian Titles of the Middle Kingdom: ASupplement to Wm. Wards Index, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (1985).

    William A. Ward, Essays on Feminine Titles of the Middle Kingdom and related subjects, American University of Beirut, First published (Beirut-Lebanon, 1986).

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    ()1990.

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    /1415 8=.(Wolfgang Helck, Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs

    (Leiden, 1958). Wolfgang Helck, Materialien zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Neuen

    Reiches, 5 Bde, AMAW (1961-1970). Abdul Rahman Al-Ayedi, Index of Egyptian Administrative,

    Religious and Military Titles of the New Kingdom,printed by Al-Sharquia Press, Obelisk Publications (Ismailia-Egypt, 2006).

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    Ahmed M. Badawi, Memphis als zweite Landeshauptstadt im Neuen Reich [Ph.D.], (Le Caire, 1948).

    Farouk Goma, gypten whrend der Ersten Zwischenzeit (Wiesbaden, 1980).

    Farouk Goma, Die Besiedlung gyptens whrend des Mittleren Reiches, 2 Banden (Wiesbaden, 1987).

    Hermann Kees, Provinzialverwaltung, in: Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gttingen = NGWG (1932), 108-109.

    Heba Ibrahim Mohamed Mahran, Memphis in the First Millennium B.C. to 332 B.C., An Archaeological and Historical Study, 2 vols., Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Tourist Guidance Department for the degree of M.A., under the supervision of: Prof. Dr. Abd El-Halim Nur El-Din & Dr. Shrief El-Sabban, Minia University, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Tourist Guidance Department (Minia, Egypt, 2000).

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    - !EQ 2) $1984(1291831185.Wolfgang Helck, Beamtentum, L I (Wiesbaden, 1975), 672-675. Aylward M. Blackman, On the position of women in the ancient

    Egyptian hierarchy, JEA 7 (1921), 8-30. Arthur Weil, Die Viziere des Pharaonenreiches (Straburg, 1908)

    (become obsolete).