Bones Review

How many bones in an average adult body?

• 206

Bone Functions• Support:

• Gives shape to structures (head, chest, arms, legs, etc.)• Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis and vertebral column support the body’s

weight.

• Protection:• Fused bones of the skull protect your brain and eyes• Vertebra surround your spinal cord• Rib cage protects the vital organs of the thorax

• Movement:• Bones act as sites for attachment (muscles and tendons), allows for movement

• Mineral and Growth Factor Storage:• Bone is a reservoir for minerals (calcium and phosphate)• “deposits” and “withdrawals”

• Blood Cell Formation:• Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) occurs in the red marrow

• Triglyceride (fat) storage:• Used as a source of energy

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Structure of a long Bone

Proximal epiphysis

Distal epiphysis

Articular cartilage

Spongy BoneEpiphyseal line

PeriosteumCompact boneMedulary cavity

Diaphysis Yellow Marrow

Red Marrow(Hematopoiesis )

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1. A dense, fibrous membrane covering bone2. Contains blood vessels3. Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation

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Spongy Bone

Compact Bone

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Classification Of Bones

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Bone Formationossification begins (the mineral matter deposited replaces the cartilage)1

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Bone Marrow• Yellow marrow

– Medullary cavity of long bones– Fat storage

• Red marrow – hematopoietic tissue– In children – in all spongy bone– In adults – in the spongy bone

of the vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, cranial bones, proximal ends of femur, and humerus

• 3. Forms red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, some white blood cells (WBCs), and destroys old RBCs and some foreign materials

• Osteomalacia– A group of disorders in which bones are

inadequately mineralized

• Rickets– Analogous disease in children– More severe (due to rapid bone growth)– Bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis, skull &

rib cage– Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or

by vitamin D deficiency

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Osteoporosis Effects• Age

– Older individuals, BMD decreases as we age– Peek BMD by 25 years old

• Women – also happens in men but less often

• Postmenopausal women– Reduction of estrogen (sex hormone), estrogen helps to

maintain normal density – Smoking reduces estrogen

• Nutrition and Exercise– Diet rich in calcium and protein – Vitamin D– Avoid: caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, sodas, – Weight bearing exercises (walking, jogging, sports)

• Race• Caucasian• Asian (petite body form)

• Osteoporosis has traditionally been treated with calcium and vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing exercise, and hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT). – HRT only slows the loss of bone but does not reverse it.

• Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer is associated with estrogen replacement therapy

The Skull

• Find– Frontal bone– Ethmoid bone– Parietal, left and right– Temporal, left and right– Nasal– Maxilla (maxillary)– Mandible– Zygomatic – Occipital– Sphenoid– Fontanel

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The Ear

• 1. Malleus (2) – the hammer• 2. Incus (2) – the anvil• 3. Stapes (2) – the stirrups

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Name that bone?• a U-shaped bone in the neck at the base of the tongue; the only bone

that does not touch another bone, acts as a movable base for the tongue; raise and lowers the larynx during swallowing and speech

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Bones of the Vertebral Column

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• Where would you find the Axis?

• Which vertebra can be are forked?

• Which vertebra attach to ribs?

• Which are the largest?

• What is the name of the cartilaginous structure found between vertebra?

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Rib attached to vertebracostal cartilage attaches the ribs to the sternum

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Shoulder girdle

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Male vs. Female Bones

Male vs. Female

Male vs. Female

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Foot Bone

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Femur1

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