The Skeletal System. How many bones are in the body? 206.

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The Skeletal System

Transcript of The Skeletal System. How many bones are in the body? 206.

Page 1: The Skeletal System. How many bones are in the body? 206.

The Skeletal System

Page 2: The Skeletal System. How many bones are in the body? 206.

How many bones are in the body?

206

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There are 5 main functions of bones

1. Framework- support muscles

2. Protection- surrounds vital organs, etc.

3. Levers- attach to muscles to provide movement

4. Produce blood cells- red, white, and platelets

5. Storage- calcium

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Parts of long bones

• Long bones are bones of extremities

• Periosteum-tough membrane covering outside of bones

»Contains osteoblasts which are special cells that form new bone tissue

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Spongy Bone

• Located at the ends of long bones

• Has many small, open spaces that make bones lightweight

• Filled with a substance called marrow – yellow composed of fat cells – red produces red blood cells

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Cartilage

• Smooth, slippery, thick layer of tissue

• Covers the ends of bones

• Does not contain blood vessels or minerals

• Flexible and acts as a shock absorber

• Makes movement easier by reducing friction

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Two sections of a skeleton

1. Axial Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton

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Axial Skeleton

• Forms main trunk of the body

• Composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Forms extremities (arms and legs)

• Composed of shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones

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Skull

• Composed of cranial and facial bones

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Cranium

• Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain

• At birth, the cranium is not solid bone– Spaces are called

fontanels “soft spots” that allow for brain growth

– Turns into solid bone by 18 months

• Composed of 8 bones

1.Frontal

2.Two parietal

3.Two temporal

4.Occipital

5.Ethmoid

6.Sphenoid

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Facial bones

• Fourteen facial bones– Main bones of the face

• Mandible: lower jaw• Maxilla: two bones forming upper jaw• Zygomatic: two cheek bones• Nasal: five bones in upper part of nose• Lacrimal: two bones at inner aspect of eyes• Palatine: two bones of hard palate or roof of mouth

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Sutures

• Areas where cranial bones have joined together

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Sinuses

• Air spaces in the bones of the skull

• Act as a resonating chamber for the voice

• Lined with mucous membranes

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Foramina (Foramen)

• Openings in the bones

• Allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave bone

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Vertebrae

Spinal column is composed of 26 bones called vertebrae

• Protects the spinal cord

• Provides support for head and trunk

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Main sections of vertebral column:

• Cervical: 7 neck vertebrae

• Thoracic: 12 vertebrae in back of chest, attached to ribs

• Lumbar: 5 vertebrae by waist

• Sacrum: 1 large vertebra on back of pelvic girdle

• Coccyx: 1 fused vertebra called “tailbone”

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Intervertebral disks

• Pads of cartilage tissue that separate vertebrae

• Act as shock absorbers

• Permit bending and twisting movements of vertebral column

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Ribs (costae)

• 12 pairs of long, slender bones

• Attach to thoracic vertebrae on dorsal surface of body

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• True ribs– First 7 pairs of ribs– Attach directly to sternum on front of body

• False ribs– Next 5 pairs of ribs– First three pairs attach to cartilage of rib

above

• Floating ribs– Last 2 pairs of false ribs– No attachment on front of body

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Sternum

• “Breastbone”• Consists of three parts

– Manubrium or upper region– Gladiolus: body or center area– Xiphoid process: small piece of cartilage at

bottom (landmark for chest compressions)

• Two clavicles attach to the manubrium by ligaments

• Ribs attach to sternum with cartilage

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Shoulder or pectoral girdle

• Two clavicles or “collarbones”• Two scapulas or “shoulder

bones”• Scapula provides for

attachment of upper arm bone

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Bones of the arm

• Humerus: upper arm bone

• Radius: lower arm bone on thumb side that rotates around ulna to allow the hand to turn freely

• Ulna: larger bone of lower arm that contains a projection called the olecranon process at upper end, forming “elbow”

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Wrist and hands

• Carpals: 8 wrist bones on each hand

• Metacarpals: 5 bones on each hand to form palm

• Phalanges:– 14 bones on each hand to form a thumb and

fingers– 3 on each finger– 2 on each thumb

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Pelvic Girdle

• Made of two os coxae or “hip bones”

• Join with sacrum on dorsal part of body

• Join together at a joint called the symphysis pubis on ventral part of body

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• Each os coxae is made of three bones that are fused or joined– Ilium

– Ischium

– Pubis

• Contains 2 recessed areas or sockets called acetabulum that provide for attachment of smooth rounded head of the femur

• Obturator foramen– Opening between the ischium and pubis

– Allows for passage of nerves and blood vessels to and from the legs

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Bones of the legs

• Femur: Thigh bone

• Patella: Knee cap

• Tibia: Larger weight bearing bone of lower leg. Commonly called the “shin bone”

• Fibula: slender smaller bone of the lower leg that attaches to the proximal end of the tibia

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Ankles and Feet

• Tarsals: 7 bones of ankles

• Calcaneous- Heel bone

• Metatarsals: 5 bones forming instep of foot

• Phalanges1. 14 bones on each foot

2. Form the toes

3. 2 on each great toe

4. 3 on each of other toes

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Joints

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• Joints – areas where 2 or more bones

join together

• Ligaments:– connective tissue bands that

hold long bones together

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3 Main Types of Joints

1. Diarthrosis or synovial

• Freely movable• Ex: “Ball-and-

socket joints” of the shoulder and hip

• Ex: Hinge joints of the elbow and knee

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2. Amphiarthrosis• Slightly movable• Ex: is the attachment of the ribs to the thoracic

vertebrae• Ex: symphysis pubis or joint between two pelvic

bones

3. Synarthrosis• Immovable• Examples are the suture joints of the cranium

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Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

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ArthritisGroup of diseases involving an

inflammation of the joints

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Two main types:

1. Osteoarthritis

– Chronic disease that occurs with aging

– Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion

– Treatment: rest, heat/cold applications, ASA, anti-inflammatory medications, steroid injections, special exercises

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2. Rheumatoid – Chronic inflammatory disease of joints– Three times more common in women– Often begins between age 35-45– Scar tissue forms and atrophy of bone and

muscle occurs– Permanent deformity and immobility Treatment:

» Rest and prescribed exercise» Anti-inflammatory medications: ASA and

steroids» Surgery, or arthroplasty to replace damaged

joints such as hips or knees

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Bursitis

Inflammation of bursae, (small fluid-

filled sacs surrounding joints)

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• Bursitis frequently affects shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees

• Symptoms:• Severe pain, limited movement, accumulation of

fluid in joint

• Treatment:• Pain medications and rest• Injections of steroids and anesthetics into joint• Aspiration of joint• Physical therapy to preserve joint motion

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Fractures

A crack or break in a bone

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Types of fractures:

• Greenstick: bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or an incomplete break: common in children

• Simple: complete break with no damage to skin

• Compound: break in bone that ruptures through skin; increased chance of infection

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Types of fractures, cont…• Impacted: broken fragments; or splinters into

more than two pieces• Spiral: severe twisting of a bone causing one

or more breaks: common in skiing and skating accidents

• Depressed: broken piece of skull bone moves inward

• Colles: breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist, caused by falling with outstretched hand.

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Compound Fracture

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Greenstick

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Simple Fracture

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Spiral Fracture

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Impacted Fracture

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Depressed

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Reduction

Process by which bone is put back into proper alignment

• Closed reduction: position bone in alignment, usually with traction, and apply cast or splint to maintain position

• Open reduction: surgical repair of bone and, at times, insertion of pins, plates, and other devices.

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ORIF (Open Reduction Internal Fixation)

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Disclocation

Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint

• Frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips

• Reduced and immobilized with splint, cast or traction

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Sprain

Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint• Common sites are wrists and ankles

• Symptoms: pain, swelling, discoloration, limited movement

• Treatment: rest and elevations, immobilization with elastic

bandage or splint, cold applications.

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Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of bone usually caused by pathogenic organism

• Pathogen causes formation of abscess within bone and accumulation of pus in medullary canal

• Symptoms: pain at site, swelling, chills, fever

• Treatment: antibiotics for infection

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Osteoporosis

Metabolic disorder with increased porosity or softening of bones

• Causes– Deficiency of hormones, especially estrogen in

females– Prolonged lack of calcium in diet– Sedentary lifestyle

• Tx: Increased intake of Ca and Vit D, exercise, medications such as Fosamax and Citracel, Estrogen replacement

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Ruptured disk (herniated)

Interbertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the

spinal nerve

Most common site is lumbrosacral area: can occur anywhere on spinal column

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• Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness

• Treatment: – Pain, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxant

medications– Rest and traction– Physical and Massage therapy– Chiropractic treatment– Heat or cold applications– Laminectomy: surgical removal of the protruding

disk for severe cases– Severe cases, spinal fusion can be performed to

insert a screw/rod

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Abnormal curvatures of spinal column

• Kyphosis: “hunchback” bowing of thoracic area

• Scoliosis: side to side, or lateral curvature of spine

• Lordosis: swayback, inward curvature of lumbar spine

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Kyphosis

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Scoliosis

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Lordosis

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• Causes of abnormal curvatures of spine:• Poor posture• Congenital defects• Structural defects• Malnutrition

• Treatment:• Therapeutic exercises, firm mattresses,

and braces• Surgical repair for severe deformities