Bones Miss Ulrich. Cartilage Connective tissue Most of the skeleton is initially formed by fast-...
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Transcript of Bones Miss Ulrich. Cartilage Connective tissue Most of the skeleton is initially formed by fast-...
BonesMiss Ulrich
Cartilage
Connective tissue
Most of the skeleton is initially formed by fast-growing cartilage. This is replaced by bone tissue in the fetal and childhood periods
Consists primarily of water (60-80%) and is very resilient --> has the ability to spring back to original shape after being compressed
Types of Cartilage Hyaline: most common
form of cartilage
Provides support through flexibility and resilience.
Makes up articular cartilage (covers the ends of adjoining bones in movable joints
Also forms the cartilaginous attachments of the ribs to sternum.
Most of the cartilage found in the respiratory structures and the embryonic skeleton
Types of Cartilage
Elastic: similar to hyaline but more elastic
Better to tolerate repeated bending
Epiglottis is made up of elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage: unusual tissue that resist both strong compression and strong tension (pulling) forces.
In certain ligaments (i.e., discs between vertebrae and menisci of the knee)
Classification of Bones
Bone are classified by their shape:
1.Long bones: most bones in the limbs are long bones
2.Short bones: roughly cubed shaped. Occur in wrist and ankle
3.Flat bones: thin, flattened, and usually somewhat curved. Most cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula
4.Irregular bones: various shapes and do not fit into other categories . Hip bones, vertebrae.
The Skull
a bony structure Support the structure of the face and creates a
cavity for the brain provides attachments for the head and neck
muscles At birth, the skull is large in comparison to the
rest of the body, and a baby's skull is compressible. The "soft spots" in a baby's head harden and grow together until the bones meet and mesh like a jigsaw puzzle.
The largest of the six main soft spots is a diamond-shaped area near the middle of the top of the skull. This is the last area to harden and close, usually at about the age of eighteen months.
The Mandible
Largest, strongest bone of the face
Our Jaw
Serves for the reception of the lower teeth
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) is the joint that acts as a hinge as well as gliding mechanism
The Spine The three types of vertebra
Cervical vertebrae contain three holes Located in the neck
Thoracic vertebrae have a long, thin spinous process that is angled downward (it looks like a giraffe)
The lumbar vertebrae have a short spinous process that is flat and sticks straight out (it looks like a moose)
The sacrum and coccyx bones
The sacrum is a triangular shaped bone with many openings for nerves It is located in the back of
the pelvis
Between the red brackets
The coccyx bone is the tailbone that hangs down from the sacrum The blue arrows point to
the coccyx
Where are the back bones located on the body?
The cervical is in the neck Fracture often leads to paralysis or
death The thoracic is in the upper back
Most common fracture of the spine along with lumbar
The lumbar is in the lower back Most common fracture of the spine
along with thoracic Severe back pain, if spinal cord
involved: numbness, tingling, weakness, bowel/bladder dystfunction
The sacrum is below the lumbar vertebra Low back pain, buttock, or hip pain,
pain in the groin and front portion of thigh. Weakness is lower limbs, bladder control
The coccyx hangs off the sacrum Common from falls. More common in
females due to wider pelvis
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
The clavicle
The clavicle is the only ‘s’ shaped bone in the body…it is our collar bone
Acts as braces (hold scapulae and arms out laterally from thorax)
Commonly fractured. Usually by a fall
Signs and Symptoms: Sharp pain with movement Swelling Referred pain Possible nausea, dizziness
Treatment: rest and sling
clavicle
The Scapula
The scapula is your shoulder blade The scapula contains a large
ridge on the posterior side that is referred to as the scapular spine (the red arrow points to the scapular spine)
Fracture is caused by blunt trauma
Symptoms: Extreme pain when moving arm Swelling around back of
shoulder Skin abrasions
Treatment: sling works for most fractures. Sometimes hospitalized
The Sternum
The sternum is the breastbone The sternum is composed of three
bones (specifically) The manubrium is the enlarged
upper section The body is the blade-like center
section The xiphoid process is the
downward projection from the body of the sternum
Fracture caused by blunt trauma Symptoms:
Pain, tenderness, bruising, swelling, may be bent or deformed
Treatment: reducing pain and limiting movement. Fractures often come with internal injuries
The Ribs A thin curved bone The body has 12 pairs of ribs All attach to the thoracic
vertebrae posteriorly and run to the front of the chest
The top 7 pairs attach directly to the sternum and are called true ribs
The bottom 5 pairs attach to the sternum either indirectly or not at all and are called false ribs
Middle ribs are most commonly fractured, usually from direct blows. The 7th and 10th rib are most commonly fractured.
Symptoms: pain/ grating sound while breathing or with movement
The Humerus
The humerus is the upper arm bone It has a large round
knob at the proximal end which fits into the cavity of the scapula
This creates a “ball and socket joint”
Fracture symptoms: severe bone pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness
Treatment: hanging cast, surgery
The Ulna
The ulna is a forearm bone that has a ‘u’ shape at the proximal end Red arrow indicates the
bone Slightly longer than the
radius Main bone forming the
elbow joint with the humerus
Looks like a monkey wrench
Causes of fractures: sporting accident, repetitive stress
Symptoms: pain, swelling, arm deformity tenderness
The Radius
The radius is the forearm bone that has a ‘golf tee’ like dip in the proximal endRotates over the ulna
when pronating
Most common fracture in the arm
Casting, surgery
Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges of the hand (general)
The carpals are the wrist bones
The metacarpals are the bones of the palm of the hand
The phalanges of the hand are the finger bones
These bones will be asked on articulated hands (assembled together)
Most injuries result from direct trauma
Treatment: casting, splints, pins, metal plates/screws
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
The Coxal bone The coxal bone is the hip
bone. Three bones make up the
coxal Ischium is the rough thick
section, it is what you sit on (green color)
Ilium is the large, flat upper section (cream color)
Pubis is the thin, curved anterior, inferior section of the coxal bone (orange color)
Fractures are difficult to heal. 90% are in patients 65 or over.
The Femur The femur is the thigh
bone Largest, longest, and
strongest bone of the body and highly vascular
The femur has a round knob on the proximal end on the medial side
The main shaft of the bone bows forward
Most fractures are treated surgically
Up to 40% require blood transfusion
The PatellaKnee cap (looks like
a little rock)Protects the anterior
articular surface of the knee joint
Functional role: knee extensionIncreases the
leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts
Dislocations occur with significant regularity, particularly in young female athletes-Patella slides out of position, with intense pain and swelling-Can be tracked back into place with extension of the knee
The Tibia
The large bone of the lower leg, the proximal end is more enlargedWeight baring
Medial malleolus is the medial projection at the distal end
Shaft fractures are most common
Cast is most common treatment, rodding may also take place
The Fibula
Smaller, thinner bone of the lower leg
The lateral malleolus is the lateral projection at the distal end of the bone
Most common fracture comes from an rolling your ankle inwards
The FootTarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges (general)
Tarsals are the ‘ankle bones’
Metatarsals are the bones of the flat part of the food
Phalanges of the foot are the bones of the toes
Fractures in the foot are very common
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
Disorders of Bones
OsteoporosisThe most common type of bone disease. (1 out of 5 women over the age of 50)
Occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both.
Calcium and Phosphate are two minerals that are essential for normal bone formation
Disorders of Bones (cont’d)
As you age, calcium and phosphate may be reabsorbed back into the body from the bones, which makes tissue weaker. Results in: brittle, fragile
bones that are prone to fractures. Even without injury
Loss usually occurs gradually over the years.
Leading cause are a drop in estrogen in women at the time of menopause and a drop in testosterone in men
Higher risk in women over the age of 50 and men over the age of 70
Testing: bone mineral density test, spine CT, spine or hip x-ray
Disorders of Bones (cont’d)
OsteosarcomaCancerous bone tumor
Develops during the period of rapid growth that occurs in adolescence.
Average age at diagnosis is 15 (between the age of 10-25)
Males and females have similar incidence until late adolescence, when males are more commonly affected.
Disorders of Bones (cont’d)
Cause is unknown.
Commonly occurs in the bones of the:
Shin (near the knee)
Thigh (near the near)
Upper arm (near the shoulder)
In large bones and in the area of bone with fastest growth rate
Complications:
Limb removal
Spread of cancer to the lungs
Side effects of chemotherapy
Testing: biopsy, blood tests, bone scan, CT scan, x-ray)
Disorders of Bones (cont’d)
Scoliosis The “twisted disease”
3 general causes:
Congenital (present at birth)- due to a problem with the formation of the vertebrae or fused ribs during development in the womb or in early life
Neuromuscular: poor muscle control or muscle weakness, or paralysis due to diseases such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, etc.
Idiopathic scoliosis- unknown cause. Most common in adolescents
Most cases occur is girls
Disorders of Bones (cont’d)
Scoliosis Symptoms:
One shoulder appears to be higher than the other
Pelvis appears to be tilted
Backache or low-back pain
Fatigue
Shoulders or hips appear uneven
Spine curves abnormally to the side (laterally)
Testing: Scoliometer screening (measure curvature of the spine), spine X-rays, MRI)