Boeing 777

Boeing 777shy200ER of United Airlines the launchcustomer of the 777

Role Wideshybody jet airliner

National origin United States

Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes

First flight June 12 1994

Introduction June 7 1995 with United Airlines

Status In service

Primary users EmiratesUnited AirlinesAir FranceSingapore Airlines

Produced 1993ndashpresent

Number built 1239 through September 2014[1]

Unit cost 777shy200ER US$2615 million[2]

777shy200LR US$2960 million[2]

777shy300ER US$3202 million[2]

777F US$3005 million[2]

Developed into Boeing 777X

Boeing 777From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

The Boeing 777 is a family of longshyrange wideshybody twinshyengine jet airliners developed andmanufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes It is the worlds largest twinjet and has a typicalseating capacity for 314 to 451 passengers with a range of 5235 to 9380 nautical miles (9695 to17372 km) Commonly referred to as the Triple Seven[3][4] its distinguishing features include thelargestshydiameter turbofan engines of any aircraft six wheels on each main landing gear a circularfuselage crossshysection and a bladeshyshaped tail cone[5] Developed in consultation with eight majorairlines the 777 was designed to replace older wideshybody airliners and bridge the capacity differencebetween Boeings 767 and 747 As Boeings first flyshybyshywire airliner it has computershymediatedcontrols it is also the first entirely computershyaided designed commercial aircraft

The 777 is produced in two fuselage lengths as of 2014 The original 777shy200 variant enteredcommercial service in 1995 followed by the extendedshyrange 777shy200ER in 1997 The stretched 777shy300 which is 333 ft (101 m) longer entered service in 1998 The longershyrange 777shy300ER and 777shy200LR variants entered service in 2004 and 2006 respectively while a freighter version the 777Fdebuted in February 2009 Both longershyrange versions and the freighter feature General Electric GE90engines and extended raked wingtips The earlier 777shy200 shy200ER and shy300 versions are equippedwith GE90 Pratt amp Whitney PW4000 or RollsshyRoyce Trent 800 engines The 777shy200LR is theworlds longestshyrange airliner and can fly more than halfway around the globe it holds the record forthe longest distance flown nonshystop by a commercial aircraft[6][7]

United Airlines first placed the 777 into commercial airline service on June 7 1995 The 777 hasreceived more orders than any other wideshybody airliner as of September 2014 60 customers hadplaced orders for 1807 aircraft of all variants with 1248 delivered[1] The most common andsuccessful variant is the 777shy300ER with 490 delivered and 722 orders[1] and Emirates operates thelargest 777 fleet with 138 passenger and freighter aircraft as of July 2014[8] The 777 has beeninvolved in five hullshyloss accidents as of July 2014 the Asiana Airlines Flight 214 accident in July2013 was its first fatal crash in 18 years of commercial service

The 777 ranks as one of Boeings bestshyselling models Airlines have acquired the type as acomparatively fuelshyefficient alternative to other wideshybody jets and have increasingly deployed theaircraft on longshyhaul transoceanic routes Direct market competitors include the Airbus A330shy300upcoming Airbus A350 XWB and the outshyofshyproduction A340 and McDonnell Douglas MDshy11 The787 Dreamliner which entered service in 2011 shares design features with the 777 In November2013 Boeing announced the development of upgraded 777shy8X and 777shy9X models collectivelynamed 777X featuring composite wings and GE9X engines and further technologies developed forthe 787

Contents

1 Development11 Background12 Design effort13 Production and testing14 Entry into service15 Initial derivatives16 Longershyrange models17 Production updates18 777X program

2 Design21 Flyshybyshywire22 Airframe and systems23 Interior

3 Variants31 777shy20032 777shy200ER33 777shy30034 777shy200LR35 777shy300ER36 777 Freighter

Glass cockpit of a Transaero Airlines777shy200ER

37 777shy8X and shy9X38 Government and corporate

4 Operators41 Orders and deliveries

5 Incidents and accidents6 Specifications7 See also8 References

81 Citations82 Bibliography

9 External links

Development

Background

In the early 1970s the Boeing 747 McDonnell Douglas DCshy10 and the Lockheed Lshy1011 TriStar became the first generation of wideshybody passengerairliners to enter service[9] In 1978 Boeing unveiled three new models the twinshyengine Boeing 757 to replace its venerable 727 the twinshyengine 767 tochallenge the Airbus A300 and a trijet 777 concept to compete with the DCshy10 and Lshy1011[10][11][12] The midshysize 757 and 767 launched to marketsuccess due in part to 1980s extendedshyrange twinshyengine operational performance standards (ETOPS) regulations governing transoceanic twinjetoperations[13] These regulations allowed twinshyengine airliners to make ocean crossings at up to three hours distance from emergency diversionaryairports[14] Under ETOPS rules airlines began operating the 767 on longshydistance overseas routes that did not require the capacity of larger airliners[13]

The trijet 777 was later dropped following marketing studies that favored the 757 and 767 variants[15] Boeing was left with a size and range gap in itsproduct line between the 767shy300ER and the 747shy400[16]

By the late 1980s DCshy10 and Lshy1011 models were approaching retirement age prompting manufacturers to develop replacement designs[17] McDonnellDouglas was working on the MDshy11 a stretched and upgraded successor of the DCshy10[17] while Airbus was developing their A330 and A340[17] In1986 Boeing unveiled proposals for an enlarged 767 tentatively named 767shyX[18] to target the replacement market for firstshygeneration wideshybodies likethe DCshy10[14] and to complement existing 767 and 747 models in the company lineup[19] The initial proposal featured a longer fuselage and larger wingsthan the existing 767[18] along with winglets[20] Later plans expanded the fuselage crossshysection but retained the existing 767 flight deck nose and otherelements[18]

Airline customers were unimpressed with the 767shyX proposals and instead wanted an even wider fuselage crossshysection fully flexible interiorconfigurations shortshy to intercontinentalshyrange capability and an operating cost lower than any 767 stretch[14] Airline planners requirements for largeraircraft had become increasingly specific adding to the heightened competition among aircraft manufacturers[17] By 1988 Boeing realized that the onlyanswer was a new design which became the 777 twinjet[21] The company opted for the twinshyengine configuration given past design successes projectedengine developments and reducedshycost benefits[22] On December 8 1989 Boeing began issuing offers to airlines for the 777[18]

Design effort

The design phase for Boeings new twinjet was different from the companys previous commercial jetliners Forthe first time eight major airlines ndash All Nippon Airways American Airlines British Airways Cathay PacificAirways Delta Air Lines Japan Airlines Qantas and United Airlines ndash had a role in the development of theairliner[23] This was a departure from industry practice where manufacturers typically designed aircraft withminimal customer input[11] The eight airlines that contributed to the design process became known within Boeingas the Working Together group[23] At the first group meeting in January 1990 a 23shypage questionnaire wasdistributed to the airlines asking each what it wanted in the new design[14] By March 1990 Boeing and theairlines had decided upon a basic design configuration a cabin crossshysection close to the 747s capacity up to 325passengers flexible interiors a glass cockpit flyshybyshywire controls and 10 percent better seatshymile costs than theA330 and MDshy11[14] Boeing also selected its Everett factory in Washington home of 747 production as the finalassembly site for the 777[24]

On October 14 1990 United Airlines became the 777s launch customer when it placed an order for 34 Pratt amp Whitneyshypowered aircraft valued atUS$11 billion with options on an additional 34[25][26] The development phase coincided with Uniteds replacement program for its aging DCshy10s[27]United required that the new aircraft be capable of flying three different routes Chicago to Hawaii Chicago to Europe and nonshystop from Denver a hotand high airport to Hawaii[27] ETOPS certification was also a priority for United[28] given the overwater portion of Uniteds Hawaii routes[25] InJanuary 1993 a team of United developers joined other airline teams and Boeing designers at the Everett factory[29] The 240 design teams with up to 40members each addressed almost 1500 design issues with individual aircraft components[30] The fuselage diameter was increased to suit Cathay Pacificthe baseline model grew longer for All Nippon Airways and British Airways input led to added builtshyin testing and interior flexibility[14] along withhigher operating weight options for the basic aircraft[31]

An Air India Boeing 777shy200LR is rolled out ofthe paint hangar at the Boeing Everett Factory

The first Boeing 777shy200 incommercial service United AirlinesN777UA taking off from AmsterdamAirport Schiphol in 2005

The 777 was the first commercial aircraft designed entirely on computer[19][25][32] Each design drawing was created on a threeshydimensional CADsoftware system known as CATIA sourced from Dassault Systemes and IBM[33] This lets engineers assemble a virtual aircraft in simulation to checkfor interference and verify that the thousands of parts fit properlymdashthus reducing costly rework[34] Boeing developed their own highshyperformancevisualization system FlyThru later called IVT (Integrated Visualization Tool) to support largeshyscale collaborative engineering design reviewsproduction illustrations and other uses of the CAD data outside of engineering[35] Boeing was initially not convinced of CATIAs abilities and built aphysical mockshyup of the nose section to verify its results The test was so successful that additional mockshyups were canceled[36]

Production and testing

The production process included substantial international content with an unprecedented level of global subcontracting for a Boeing jetliner[37] exceededonly by the later 787[38] International contributors included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries (fuselage panels)[39] FujiHeavy Industries Ltd (center wing section)[39] Hawker de Havilland (elevators) and Aerospace Technologies of Australia (rudder)[40] An agreementbetween Boeing and the Japan Aircraft Development Corporation representing Japanese aerospace contractors made the latter riskshysharing partners for20 percent of the entire development program[37] The initial 777shy200 model was launched with propulsion options from three manufacturers GeneralElectric Pratt amp Whitney and RollsshyRoyce[41] giving the airlines their choice of engines from competing firms[42] Each manufacturer had agreed todevelop an engine in the 77000 lbf (340 kN) and higher thrust class (a measure of jet engine output) to power the worlds largest twinjet[41]

To accommodate production of its new airliner Boeing doubled the size of the Everett factory at the costof nearly US$15 billion[25] to provide space for two new assembly lines[27] New productionmethodologies were developed including a turn machine that could rotate fuselage subassemblies 180degrees giving workers access to upper body sections[33] Major assembly of the first aircraft began onJanuary 4 1993[43] By the start of production the program had amassed 118 firm orders with optionsfor 95 more from 10 airlines[44] Total investment in the program was estimated at over US$4 billionfrom Boeing with an additional US$2 billion from suppliers[45]

On April 9 1994 the first 777 line number WA001 was rolled out in a series of 15 ceremonies heldduring the day to accommodate the 100000 invited guests[46] The first flight took place on June 121994[47] under the command of chief test pilot John E Cashman[48] This marked the start of an 11shy

month flight test program that was more extensive than testing for any previous Boeing model[49] Nine aircraft fitted with General Electric Pratt ampWhitney and RollsshyRoyce engines[47] were flight tested at locations ranging from the desert airfield at Edwards Air Force Base in California[50] to frigidconditions in Alaska mainly Fairbanks International Airport[51] To satisfy ETOPS requirements eight 180shyminute singleshyengine test flights wereperformed[52] The first aircraft built was used by Boeings nondestructive testing campaign from 1994 to 1996 and provided data for the shy200ER andshy300 programs[53] At the successful conclusion of flight testing the 777 was awarded simultaneous airworthiness certification by the US FederalAviation Administration (FAA) and European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) on April 19 1995[47]

Entry into service

Boeing delivered the first 777 to United Airlines on May 15 1995[54][55] The FAA awarded 180shyminute ETOPSclearance (ETOPSshy180) for the Pratt amp Whitney PW4084shyengined aircraft on May 30 1995 making it the firstairliner to carry an ETOPSshy180 rating at its entry into service[56] Longer ETOPS clearance of 207 minutes wasapproved the following October[57] The first commercial flight took place on June 7 1995 from LondonHeathrow Airport to Dulles International Airport near Washington DC[58]

On November 12 1995 Boeing delivered the first model with General Electric GE90shy77B engines to BritishAirways[59] which placed the aircraft into service five days later[60] Initial service was affected by gearboxbearing wear issues which caused the airline to temporarily withdraw its 777 fleet from transatlantic service in1997[60] British Airways aircraft returned to full service later that year[50] and General Electric subsequentlyannounced engine upgrades[50]

The first RollsshyRoyce Trent 877shypowered aircraft was delivered to Thai Airways International on March 31 1996[59] completing the introduction of thethree powerplants initially developed for the airliner[61] Each engineshyaircraft combination had secured ETOPSshy180 certification from the point of entryinto service[62] By June 1997 orders for the 777 numbered 323 from 25 airlines including satisfied launch customers that had ordered additionalaircraft[47] Operations performance data established the consistent capabilities of the twinjet over longshyhaul transoceanic routes leading to additionalsales[63] By 1998 the 777 fleet had approached 900000 flight hours[64] Boeing states that the 777 fleet has a dispatch reliability (rate of departure fromthe gate with no more than 15 minutes delay due to technical issues) above 99 percent[65][66][67][68]

Initial derivatives

After the original model Boeing developed an increased gross weight variant of the 777shy200 with greater range and payload capability[69] Initiallynamed 777shy200IGW[70] the 777shy200ER first flew on October 7 1996[71] received FAA and JAA certification on January 17 1997[72] and enteredservice with British Airways on February 9 1997[72] Offering greater longshyhaul performance the variant became the most widely ordered version of theaircraft through the early 2000s[69] On April 2 1997 a Malaysia Airlines shy200ER named Super Ranger broke the great circle distance withoutlanding record for an airliner by flying eastward from Boeing Field Seattle to Kuala Lumpur a distance of 10823 nautical miles (20044 km) in 21hours and 23 minutes[64]

An Air New Zealand 777shy200ER onfinal approach

A GE90 engine mounted on a 777shy300ER with a Boeing engineer toshow the engines size A single GE90engine has powered GEs test 747during flight[80]

An All Nippon Airways 777shy300ERtaking off

Following the introduction of the shy200ER Boeing turned its attention to a stretched version of the airliner On October 16 1997 the 777shy300 made itsfirst flight[71] At 2424 ft (739 m) in length the shy300 became the longest airliner yet produced (until the A340shy600) and had a 20 percent greater overallcapacity than the standard length model[73] The shy300 was awarded type certification simultaneously from the FAA and JAA on May 4 1998[74] andentered service with launch customer Cathay Pacific on May 27 1998[71][75]

From the start of the development program Boeing had considered building ultrashylongshyrange variants[76] Early plans centered on a 777shy100Xproposal[77] which would have been a shortened version of the shy200 with reduced weight and increased range[77]

similar to the 747SP[78] However the shy100X would have carried fewer passengers than the shy200 while havingsimilar operating costs leading to a higher cost per seat[77][78] By the late 1990s design plans shifted to longershyrange versions of existing models[77] A more powerful engine in the 100000 lbf (440 kN) and higher thrust classwas required leading to active discussions between Boeing and the engine manufacturers General Electricoffered to develop the GE90shy115B engine[42] while RollsshyRoyce proposed developing the Trent 8104 engine[79]

In 1999 Boeing announced an agreement with General Electric beating out rival proposals[42] As part of the dealwith General Electric Boeing agreed they would only offer GE90 engines on new 777 versions[42]

Longershyrange models

On February 29 2000 Boeing launched its nextshygeneration twinjet program[81] initially called 777shyX[76] andbegan issuing offers to airlines[69] Development of the longshyrange models was slowed by the airline industrydownturn which lasted through the early 2000s[71] The first model to emerge from the program the 777shy300ERwas launched with an order for ten aircraft from Air France[82] along with additional commitments[69] OnFebruary 24 2003 the shy300ER made its first flight and the FAA and EASA (European Aviation Safety Agencysuccessor to the JAA) certified the model on March 16 2004[83] The first delivery to Air France took place onApril 29 2004[71] The shy300ER which combined the shy300s added capacity with the shy200ERs range became thetopshyselling 777 variant in the late 2000s[84] gaining orders as airlines replaced comparable fourshyengine modelswith twinjets because of their lower operating costs[85]

The second longshyrange model the 777shy200LR rolled out on February 15 2005 and completed its first flight onMarch 8 2005[71] The shy200LR was certified by both the FAA and EASA on February 2 2006[86] and the firstdelivery to Pakistan International Airlines occurred on February 26 2006[87] On November 10 2005 the firstshy200LR set a record for the longest nonshystop flight of a passenger airliner by flying 11664 nautical miles(21602 km) eastward from Hong Kong to London[7] Lasting 22 hours and 42 minutes the flight surpassed the shy200LRs standard design range and waslogged in the Guinness World Records[6][88]

The production freighter model the 777F rolled out on May 23 2008[89] The maiden flight of the 777F which used the structural design and enginespecifications of the shy200LR[90] along with fuel tanks derived from the shy300ER[91] occurred on July 14 2008[92] FAA and EASA type certification forthe freighter was received on February 6 2009[93] and the first delivery to launch customer Air France took place on February 19 2009[94][95]

Initially second to the 747 as Boeings most profitable jetliner[96] the 777 became the companys most lucrative model in the 2000s[97] Program salesaccounted for an estimated US$400 million of Boeings pretax earnings in 2000 US$50 million more than the 747[96] By 2004 the airliner comprisedthe bulk of wideshybody revenues for the Boeing Commercial Airplanes division[98] In 2007 orders for secondshygeneration 777 models approached 350aircraft[99] and in November of that year Boeing announced that all production slots were sold out to 2012[85] The program backlog of 356 orders wasvalued at US$95 billion at list prices in 2008[100]

Production updates

In 2010 Boeing announced plans to increase 777 production from 5 aircraft per month to 7 aircraft per month by midshy2011 and 83 per month by early2013[101] Complete assembly of each 777shy300ER requires 49 days[102] In November 2011 Boeing began assembly of the 1000th 777 a shy300ER modelfor Emirates[102] the aircraft was rolled out in March 2012[103] In late 2011 the FAA assigned a common type rating to the 787 and 777 allowing pilotsqualified on either aircraft to operate both models due to related design features[104] The smaller 787 was the first stage of a replacement aircraftinitiative called the Boeing Yellowstone Project[105] According to industry reports the 777 could eventually be replaced by a new product family theBoeing Yellowstone 3 which would draw upon technologies from the 787[99]

By the late 2000s the 777 was facing the possibility of increased competition from Airbus planned A350 XWBand internally from proposed variants of the 787[99] both airliners that promise fuel efficiency improvements Asa consequence the 777shy300ER received an engine and aerodynamics improvement package for reduced drag andweight[106] In 2010 the variant further received a 5000 lb (2300 kg) maximum zeroshyfuel weight increaseequivalent to a higher payload of 20ndash25 passengers its GE90shy115B1 engines received a 1ndash25 percent thrustenhancement for increased takeoff weights at highershyaltitude airports[106] More design changes were targeted forlate 2012 including possible extension of the wingspan[106] along with other major changes including acomposite wing new powerplant and different fuselage lengths[106][107][108] Emirates was reported as workingclosely with Boeing on the project with the possibility of being the launch customer for new versions of the777[109]

Engines extended slats flaps andlanding gear of an American Airlines777shy200ER

The sixshywheel undercarriage of aBoeing 777shy300

In September 2011 Boeing released more details on proposed thirdshygeneration 777 versions collectively referred to as 777X and tentatively designated777shy8X and 777shy9X[110] The 777shy9X was to feature a fuselage stretch of 70 ft (213 m) to a total length of 250 ft 11 in (765 m) to accommodate 407passengers[111][112] while the ultra longshyrange 777shy8X a replacement for the 777shy200LR was slated to be 22817 ft (695 m) in length[110] Wingspan forboth models was expected to increase from the current 212 ft 7 in (648 m) to 234 ft (713 m) and incorporate the use of carbonshyfibershyreinforced polymerin its construction[91][110][111] In February 2012 General Electric disclosed studies on a new engine dubbed the GE9X to power the 777X[113][114]RollsshyRoyce and Pratt amp Whitney also proposed powerplants for the 777X including the RB3025 concept based on the Trent 1000 and Trent XWBengines and an adaptation of PW1000G engine architecture to produce up to 100000 lbf (440 kN) of thrust[110] However in March 2013 the GeneralElectric GE9X was selected as the exclusive engine to power the 777X[115]

777X program

In May 2013 Boeings board of directors gave formal permission for its Commercial Airplanes division to start offering the 777X to customers[116] The777X program includes two models the 777shy9X which is stretched beyond the length of the 777shy300ER and the 777shy8X which is sized close to the777shy300ER but with ultrashylong range capability[117] On September 19 2013 Lufthansas supervisory board gave approval to order 34 Boeing 777shy9Xaircraft to replace their 747shy400s in advance of the programs official launch[118][119][120] In October 2013 Boeing announced that its US facilities inCharleston Huntsville Long Beach Philadelphia and St Louis as well as Russian facilities in Moscow would support the 777X design effort[121]

Boeing officially launched the 777X at the 2013 Dubai Airshow in November 2013 announcing a total of 259 orders and commitments worth more thanUS$95 billion[122][123] constituting the largest product launch by dollar value in the history of commercial aviation[124] These included orders for 150aircraft from Emirates 25 aircraft from Etihad Airways and 50 aircraft from Qatar Airways the former two orders encompass both 777shy8X and 777shy9Xvariants and the latter is entirely for the 777shy9X[117][122][125] By April 2014 with cumulative sales surpassing those of the 747 the 777 became the bestshyselling wideshybody airliner at existing production rates the aircraft was on track to become the mostshydelivered wideshybody airliner by midshy2016[126]

Design

Boeing introduced a number of advanced technologies with the 777 design including fully digital flyshybyshywirecontrols[127] fully softwareshyconfigurable avionics Honeywell LCD glass cockpit flight displays[128] and the firstuse of a fiber optic avionics network on a commercial airliner[129] Boeing made use of work done on thecancelled Boeing 7J7 regional jet[130] which utilized similar versions of the chosen technologies[130] In 2003Boeing began offering the option of cockpit electronic flight bag computer displays[131] In 2013 Boeingannounced that the upgraded 777X models would incorporate airframe systems and interior technologies fromthe 787[132]

Flyshybyshywire

In designing the 777 as its first flyshybyshywire commercial aircraft Boeing decided to retain conventional controlyokes rather than change to sidestick controllers as used in many flyshybyshywire fighter aircraft and in many Airbusairliners[127] Along with traditional yoke and rudder controls the cockpit features a simplified layout that retains similarities to previous Boeingmodels[133] The flyshybyshywire system also incorporates flight envelope protection a system that guides pilot inputs within a computershycalculatedframework of operating parameters acting to prevent stalls overspeeds and excessively stressful maneuvers[127] This system can be overridden by thepilot in command if deemed necessary[127] The flyshybyshywire system is supplemented by mechanical backup[134]

Airframe and systems

The wings on the 777 feature a supercritical airfoil design that is swept back at 316 degrees and optimized forcruising at Mach 083 (revised upward after flight tests to Mach 084)[135] The wings are designed with increasedthickness and a longer span than previous airliners resulting in greater payload and range improved takeoffperformance and a higher cruising altitude[47] The wings also serve as fuel storage with longershyrange modelsable to carry up to 47890 US gallons (181300 L) of fuel[91] This capacity allows the 777shy200LR to operate ultrashylongshydistance transshypolar routes such as Toronto to Hong Kong[136] In 2013 a new wing made of compositematerials was introduced for the upgraded 777X with a wider span and design features based on the 787swings[132]

Large folding wingtips 21 feet (640 m) long were offered when the 777 was first launched to appeal to airlineswho might use gates made to accommodate smaller aircraft but no airline purchased this option[137] Folding

wingtips reemerged as a design feature at the announcement of the upgraded 777X in 2013 Smaller folding wingtips of 11 feet (335 m) in length willallow 777X models to use the same airport gates and taxiways as earlier 777s[132] These smaller folding wingtips are less complex than those proposedfor earlier 777s and internally only affect the wiring needed for wingtip lights[132]

The airframe incorporates the use of composite materials which comprise nine percent of its original structural weight (all models outside the 777shy8Xand 777shy9X)[138] Elements made from composite material include the cabin floor and rudder The main fuselage crossshysection is circular[139] and tapersrearward into a bladeshyshaped tail cone with a portshyfacing auxiliary power unit[5] The aircraft also features the largest landing gear and the biggest tiresever used in a commercial jetliner[140] The sixshywheel bogies are designed to spread the load of the aircraft over a wide area without requiring anadditional centerline gear This helps reduce weight and simplifies the aircrafts braking and hydraulic systems Each tire of a 777shy300ER sixshywheel main

Economy class cabin of EtihadAirways 777shy300ER in a 3shy3shy3 layout

Planform view of an Air FranceBoeing 777shy200ER in flight

A Boeing 777shy200 in Boeingsoriginal livery Note the tail logos ofthe aircrafts firm customers belowthe windows under Boeing 777

An El Al 777shy200ER landing atLondon Heathrow Airport

landing gear can carry a load of 59490 lb (26980 kg) which is heavier than other wideshybodies such as the 747shy400[141] The aircraft has triple redundanthydraulic systems with only one system required for landing[142] A ram air turbine ndasha small retractable propeller which can provide emergency powerndashis also fitted in the wing root fairing[143]

Interior

The original 777 interior also known as the Boeing Signature Interior features curved panels larger overheadbins and indirect lighting[60] Seating options range from six abreast in first class up to 10 across in economy[144]The 777s windows were the largest of any current commercial airliner until the 787 and measure 15shyinch(380 mm) by 10shyinch (250 mm) in size (all models outside the 777shy8X and 777shy9X)[145] The cabin also featuresFlexibility Zones which entails deliberate placement of water electrical pneumatic and other connectionpoints throughout the interior space allowing airlines to move seats galleys and lavatories quickly and moreeasily when adjusting cabin arrangements[144] Several aircraft have also been fitted with VIP interiors for nonshyairline use[146] Boeing engineers designed a new hydraulically damped toilet seat cover hinge that closesslowly[147]

In 2003 Boeing introduced overhead crew rests as an option on the 777[148] Located above the main cabin andconnected via staircases the forward flight crew rest contains two seats and two bunks while the aft cabin crew rest features multiple bunks[148] TheSignature Interior has since been adapted for other Boeing wideshybody and narrowshybody aircraft including 737NG 747shy400 757shy300 and newer 767models including all 767shy400ER models[149][150] The 747shy8 and 767shy400ER have also adopted the larger more rounded windows of the original 777

In 2011 Flight International reported that Boeing is considering replacing the Signature Interior on the 777 with a new interior similar to that on the 787as part of a move towards a common cabin experience across all Boeing platforms[151] With the launch of the 777X in 2013 Boeing confirmed that theaircraft would be receiving a new interior featuring 787 cabin elements and larger windows[132] Further details released in 2014 included reshysculptedcabin sidewalls for greater interior room noiseshydampening technology and higher cabin humidity[152]

Variants

Boeing uses two characteristics fuselage length and range to define their 777 models[16] Fuselage length affectsthe number of passengers and amount of cargo that can be carried the 777shy200 and derivatives are the base sizeand the aircraft was stretched into the 777shy300 in 1998 In terms of range the aircraft has been categorized intothree segments based on design criteria these were initially defined as the following

Ashymarket up to 4200 nautical miles (7800 km)[153]

Bshymarket 6600 nautical miles (12200 km)[153]

Cshymarket 7800 nautical miles (14400 km)[154]

When referring to different variants Boeing and airlines often collapse the model number (777) and the variantdesignator (shy200 or shy300) into a truncated form (eg 772 or 773[155]) The International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO) aircraft type designator system adds a preceding manufacturer letter (eg B772 or B773)[156] Subsequent to the capacitynumber designations may or may not append the range identifier (eg 777shy300ER as 773ER[157] 773B[158] 77W[159] or B77W[156]) Thesenotations may be found in aircraft manuals or airline timetables

777shy200

The 777shy200 was the initial Ashymarket model The first shy200 was delivered to United Airlines on May 15 1995[71]

With a maximum range of 5240 nautical miles (9700 km)[160] the shy200 was chiefly aimed at US domesticairline operators[16] Nine different shy200 customers have taken delivery of 88 aircraft[1] with 85 in airline serviceas of July 2012[161] The competing aircraft from Airbus is the A330shy300[162]

777shy200ER

The 777shy200ER (ER for Extended Range) the Bshymarket version of theshy200 was originally known as the 777shy200IGW for its increased grossweight[70] The shy200ER features additional fuel capacity and an increasedmaximum takeoff weight (MTOW) over the shy200[160] Aimed at

international airlines operating transatlantic routes[16] the shy200ERs maximum range is 7700 nautical miles(14300 km)[160] In addition to breaking the eastbound great circle distance without landing record the shy200ERalso holds the record for the longest ETOPSshyrelated emergency flight diversion (177 minutes under one engine)on a United Airlines flight carrying 255 passengers on March 17 2003 over the Pacific Ocean[163][164]

The first shy200ER was delivered to British Airways on February 6 1997[71] Singapore Airlines one of the typeslargest customers[1] ordered over half of its shy200ERs with reduced engine thrust specifications (deshyrated) for useon mediumshylength routes[165][166] The deshyrated engines lower MTOW which reduces the aircrafts purchase price and landing fees and can be reshyrated to

An Emirates 777shy300 in the 2006FIFA World Cup livery on finalapproach to London HeathrowAirport England

The first 777shy200LR built in servicewith Pakistan International Airlineson approach to Toronto PearsonInternational Airport

An Air Canada 777shy300ER landing atLondon Heathrow Airport with flapsdeployed

full shy200ER standard for longshyhaul operations[165] As of August 2013 shy200ER deliveries to 33 different customers totaled 422[1] As of July 2013 418examples of the shy200ER were in airline service[161] The competing aircraft from Airbus is the A340shy300 and upcoming A350shy900[167]

777shy300

The stretched 777shy300 was designed as an Ashymarket replacement for 747shy100s and 747shy200s[168] Compared tothe older 747s the stretched 777 has comparable passenger capacity and range but burns oneshythird less fuel andhas 40 percent lower maintenance costs[73] The shy300 features a 333 ft (101 m) fuselage stretch over the baselineshy200 This allows seating for up to 550 passengers in a single class highshydensity configuration[73] an arrangementadopted for heavily trafficked Japanese routes[169] Because of the aircrafts length the shy300 is equipped with atailskid and ground maneuvering cameras to aid pilots during taxi[170] The maximum range is 6015 nauticalmiles (11140 km)[171] allowing the shy300 to operate trunk routes previously flown by older 747s[73]

After being certified simultaneously by the FAA and JAA[74] the first shy300 was delivered to Cathay Pacific onMay 21 1998[71][75] Eight different shy300 customers have taken delivery of 60 aircraft[1] and all were in airlineservice as of July 2012[161] However following the introduction of the longershyrange shy300ER in 2004 alloperators have selected the ER version of the base shy300 model[1] The shy300 has no direct Airbus rival but theA340shy600 has been offered in competition[172][173]

777shy200LR

The 777shy200LR (LR for Longer Range) the Cshymarket model became the worlds longestshyrange commercialairliner when it entered service in 2006[174][175] Boeing named this aircraft the Worldliner highlighting its abilityto connect almost any two airports in the world[7] although it is still subject to ETOPS restrictions[176] It holdsthe world record for the longest nonstop flight by a commercial airliner[7] and has a maximum design range of9395 nautical miles (17400 km)[88] The shy200LR was intended for ultrashylongshyhaul routes such as Los Angeles toSingapore[76]

Developed alongside the shy300ER the shy200LR features an increased MTOW and three optional auxiliary fuel tanksin the rear cargo hold[174] Other new features include raked wingtips redesigned main landing gear andadditional structural strengthening[174] As with the shy300ER and 777F the shy200LR is equipped with wingtipextensions of 128 ft (390 m)[174] The shy200LR is powered by GE90shy110B1 or GE90shy115B turbofans[91] The firstshy200LR was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines on February 26 2006[87][177] As of February 2013 nine

different shy200LR customers have taken delivery of 55 aircraft with 3 unfilled orders[1] Airlines operated 52 of the shy200LR variant as of July 2012[161]

The closest competing aircraft from Airbus was the A340shy500HGW[174]

777shy300ER

The 777shy300ER (ER for Extended Range) is the Cshymarket version of the shy300 It features raked and extendedwingtips a wing aspect ratio of 90[178] a new main landing gear reinforced nose gear and extra fueltanks[179][180] It also has a strengthened fuselage wings empennage and engine attachments[91] The shy300ER ispowered by the GE90shy115B turbofan which is the worlds most powerful jet engine in service with a maximumthrust of 115300 lbf (513 kN)[179] Its maximum range is 7825 nautical miles (14492 km)[181] made possible byhigher MTOW and increased fuel capacity[172][173] The shy300ER can fly approximately 34 percent farther than theshy300 with a full load of passengers and cargo[91] Following flight testing aerodynamics refinements have reducedfuel burn by an additional 14 percent[84][182]

The first shy300ER was delivered to Air France on April 29 2004[71][183] The shy300ER is the bestshyselling 777variant having surpassed the shy200ER in orders in 2010 and deliveries in 2013[1] Since its launch the model hasbeen a primary driver of the twinjets sales past the rival A330340 series[99] Using two engines produces a typical operating cost advantage of around 8ndash9 percent for the shy300ER over the A340shy600[184] along with a 20 percent fuel burn advantage over the 747shy400[85] Several airlines have acquired theshy300ER as a 747shy400 replacement amid rising fuel prices[85] As of August 2013 shy300ER deliveries to 24 different customers totaled 424 with 287unfilled orders[1] Operators had 346 aircraft in service as of July 2012[161] The shy300ERs direct Airbus competitors have included the A340shy600HGWand the upcoming A350shy1000[99][173]

777 Freighter

The 777 Freighter (777F) is an allshycargo version of the twinjet and shares features with the shy200LR these include its airframe engines[185] and fuelcapacity[91] With a maximum payload of 226000 lb (103000 kg)[91] cargo capacity is similar to the 243000 lb (110000 kg) of the 747shy200F[85] Thefreighter has a range of 4900 nmi (9070 km) at maximum payload[91] although greater range is possible if less cargo weight is carried[186]

The first 777 Freighter destined forAir France during a test flight

Abu Dhabi Amiri Flight 777shy200ERarriving at London Heathrow Airport

As the aircraft promises improved operating economics compared to existing freighters[85] airlines have targeted the 777F as a replacement for olderfreighters including the 747shy200F MDshy10 and MDshy11F[90][187] The first 777F was delivered to Air France on February 19 2009[94] As of February2013 74 freighters had been delivered to eleven different customers with 53 unfilled orders[1] Operators had 61 of the 777F in service as of July2012[161]

In the 2000s Boeing began studying the conversion of 777shy200ER and shy200 passenger airliners into freighters under the name 777 BCF (BoeingConverted Freighter)[188] The company has been in discussion with several airline customers including FedExExpress UPS Airlines and GE Commercial Aviation Services to provide launch orders for a 777 BCFprogram[189]

777shy8X and shy9X

The 777shy8X and the larger 777shy9X are the two variants which comprise the Boeing 777X program launched in2013 Both models incorporate a new carbonshyfibershyreinforced polymer wing with folding wingtips a wider morecomfortable redesigned cabin and other systems upgrades Service entry of the first 777X variant the 777shy9X isscheduled for 2020[117]

Government and corporate

Versions of the 777 have been acquired by government and private customers The main purpose has been for VIPtransport including as an air transport for heads of state although the aircraft has also been proposed for othermilitary applications

777 Business Jet (777 VIP) ndash the Boeing Business Jet version of the 777 that is sold to corporatecustomers Boeing has received orders for 777 VIP aircraft based on the 777shy200LR and 777shy300ER

passenger models[190][191] The aircraft are fitted with private jet cabins by third party contractors[190]

777 Tanker (KCshy777) ndash the KCshy777 is a proposed tanker version of the 777 In September 2006 Boeingannounced that it would produce the KCshy777 if the United States Air Force (USAF) required a larger tanker

than the KCshy767 The 777 tanker would have been able to transport more cargo or personnel[192][193][194] InApril 2007 after having considered offering the KCshy777 to replace the smaller Boeing KCshy135 Stratotanker as part of the USAFs KCshyX program

Boeing instead offered its KCshy767 Advanced Tanker which is based on the 767[195] The KCshy777 has been described by Boeing officials as

suitable for the related KCshyZ program which is intended to replace the wideshybody McDonnell Douglas KCshy10 Extender[196]

In 2014 the Japanese government chose to procure two 777shy300ERs to serve as the countrys official air transport for the Emperor of Japan and

Prime Minister of Japan[197] The aircraft to be operated by the Japan Air SelfshyDefense Force under the callsign Japanese Air Force One arescheduled to enter service in 2019 and replace two 747shy400s Besides VIP transport the 777s are also intended for use in emergency relief

missions[197]

Other governments with 777s serving as dedicated official transports include Gabon (VIPshyconfigured 777shy200ER)[198] Turkmenistan (VIPshy

configured 777shy200LR)[199] and the United Arab Emirates (VIPshyconfigured 777shy200ER and 777shy300ER operated by Abu Dhabi Amiri Flight the

governments official air transport entity)[191] In the 2000s prior to returning to power as Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri acquired a 777shy

200ER for use as an official transport[200]

United States Air Force One Replacement shy With other governments such as Japan using 777shy300ERs as their countrys official air transport for

government leaders the possibility of modified 777shy300ERs or modified 777shy9Xs for Air Force One replacements has emerged[201] Although afour engine jet is preferred by the Air Force much of this is due to precedent When the last group of Air Force One jets (modified 747shy200s)were purchased the 767 was just beginning to prove itself with ETOPS Decades later the 777 and many other twin jets have been developed to

prove that twinshyengine safety is so established that in normal circumstances any edge from four engines is minimal[201] The problem facing a747shy8 possible replacement for Air Force One is that with just 45 unfilled orders remaining on Boeingrsquos order book and a current production rateof 15 aircraft monthly the line can run for fewer than three years The Air Force is looking at a 2020 replacement The bright side for Boeing isthat no other aircraft manufacturer is likely to bid for the Air Force One Contract therefore a 777 variant makes the most sense if the 747shy8

production line runs out[202]

Operators

The customers that have received the most 777s are ILFC Emirates Singapore Airlines United Airlines and Air France[1] Emirates is the largest airlineoperator as of September 2013[161] and is the only customer to have operated all 777 variants produced including the shy200 shy200ER shy200LR shy300shy300ER and 777F[1][203] The 1000th 777 off the production line a shy300ER set to be Emirates 102nd 777 was unveiled at a factory ceremony in March2012[103]

Air France 777shy200ER departingout of Toronto PearsonInternational Airport

FedEx Express 777F departingTed Stevens AnchorageInternational Airport

Laboratory replication of ice crystalsclogging the fuelshyoil heat exchanger on aRollsshyRoyce Trent 800 engine from theAAIB report on the BA38 and DL18incidents[207]

A total of 1094 aircraft (all variants) were in airline service as of July 2013 withEmirates (127) United Airlines (74) Air France (64) Singapore Airlines (56)American Airlines (55) All Nippon Airways (54) British Airways (53) CathayPacific (49) Japan Airlines (46) and other operators with fewer aircraft of thetype[204]

Orders and deliveries

Orders and deliveriesOrders Deliveries

Type Total Unfilled Total 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995777shy200 88 0 88 1 3 2 1 3 9 3 10 11 32 13

777shy200ER 422 0 422 4 3 3 4 3 19 23 13 22 29 41 55 42 63 50 48

777shy200LR 59 1 58 2 1 1 6 9 16 11 10 2

777shy300 60 0 60 1 4 2 9 6 3 4 17 14

777shy300ER 758 236 522 63 79 60 52 40 52 47 53 39 20 10

777F 134 36 98 12 14 19 15 22 16777X 286 286 shyTotal 1807 559 1248 84 98 83 73 74 88 61 83 65 40 36 39 47 61 55 83 74 59 32 13

Data through October 2014[1][205][206]

ICAO designation[156] Model series

B772 777shy200777shy200ER

B77L 777shy200LR777F

B773 777shy300B77W 777shy300ER

Incidents and accidents

As of July 2014 the 777 has been in 12 aviation accidents and incidents[208] including five hullshylossaccidents[209] and three hijackings[210] for a total of 540 fatalities[211][212] Before 2013 the only fatalityinvolving the twinjet occurred in a refueling fire at Denver International Airport on September 5 2001during which a ground worker sustained fatal burns[213] The aircraft operated by British Airways sufferedfire damage to the lower wing panels and engine housing it was later repaired and returned toservice[213][214]

The types first hullshyloss occurred on January 17 2008 when British Airways Flight 38 a 777shy200ER withRollsshyRoyce Trent 895 engines flying from Beijing to London crashshylanded approximately 1000 feet(300 m) short of Heathrow Airports runway 27L and slid onto the runways threshold There were 47injuries and no fatalities The impact damaged the landing gear wing roots and engines The aircraft waswritten off[215][216] Upon investigation the accident was blamed on ice crystals from the fuel systemclogging the fuelshyoil heat exchanger (FOHE)[207][217] Redesigned fuel oil heat exchangers were installed inBritish Airways 777s by October 2009[218]

Two other minor momentary losses of thrust with Trent 895 engines occurred in February and November2008[219][220] which the UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) investigators also found werecaused by ice in the fuel clogging the fuelshyoil heat exchanger As a result the heat exchanger was redesigned[207]

The types second hullshyloss occurred on July 29 2011 when an EgyptAir 777shy200ER registered as SUshyGBP suffered a cockpit fire while parked at thegate at Cairo International Airport[221] The plane was successfully evacuated with no injuries[221] and airport fire teams extinguished the fire[222] Theaircraft sustained structural heat and smoke damage This aircraft was written off[221][222] Investigators focused on a possible electrical fault with asupply hose in the cockpit crew oxygen system[221]

The types third hull loss and first involving fatalities occurred on July 6 2013 when Asiana Airlines Flight 214 777shy200ER registered HL7742 crashedwhile landing at San Francisco International Airport after touching down short of the runway Surviving passengers and crew evacuated before firedestroyed the aircraft The crash led to the death of three of the 307 people on board These were the first fatalities in a crash involving a 777 sinceentering service in 1995[223][224][225] The NTSB accident investigation concluded in June 2014 that the pilots committed between 20 and 30 minor tosignificant errors in their final approach and that the complex settings of automated controls were partially to blame[226][227]

On March 8 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 777shy200ER registered 9MshyMRO carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew en route from Kuala Lumpur toBeijing was reported missing Air Traffic Controls last reported coordinates for the aircraft were over the South China Sea at

[228][229] After the search for the aircraft began Malaysias prime minister announced on March 24 2014 that after analysis ofnew satellite data it is now to be assumed beyond reasonable doubt that the plane was lost and there were no survivors[230][231] The cause remainsunknown

On July 17 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 a 777shy200ER registered 9MshyMRD bound for Kuala Lumpur from Amsterdam broke up and crashed [232]

in Donetsk province in eastern Ukraine after reportedly being hit by an antishyaircraft missile[233] The formal accident investigation began in July 2014and no official cause of the crash has been released yet The incident has been linked to the ongoing Donbass insurgency in that region All 298 people(283 passengers and 15 crew) on board were killed[212][234][235]

Specifications

6deg55prime15PrimeN 103deg34prime43PrimeE

Specifications by model

Model 777shy200 777shy200ER 777shy200LR 777Freighter 777shy300 777shy300ER 777shy

8X[117][236][237][238]777shy

9X[117][236][237][238]

Cockpit crew Two

Seatingcapacitytypical

314 (3shyclass)[239]400 (2shyclass)

440 (maximum)

NA(cargo)

386 (3shyclass)[239]451 (2shyclass)

550 (maximum)353 (3shyclass)[114] 407 (3shyclass)[114]

Length 209 ft 1 in (637 m) 242 ft 4 in (739 m) 228 ft 2 in (695 m) 250 ft 11 in(765 m)

Wingspan 199 ft 11 in (609 m) 212 ft 7 in (648 m) 199 ft 11 in (609 m) 212 ft 7 in(648 m)

Unfolded 235 ft 6 in (718 m)[240]Folded 212 ft 8 in (648 m)

Wingsweepback 3164deg TBA

Tail height 60 ft 9 in (185 m) 61 ft 1 in (186 m) 60 ft 8 in (185 m) 64 ft 6 in (197 m)[241]

Cabin width 19 ft 3 in (587 m) 19 ft 7 in (597 m)[114]

Seat width 185 in (470 cm) in 9 abreast standard economy or 172 in (437 cm) in 10 abreast high densityeconomy

18 in (457 cm) in 10 abreast standardeconomy[242]

Fuselagewidth 20 ft 4 in (620 m)

Maximumcargo

capacity5720 cu ft (162 m3)

32times LD3

23051 cu ft(653 m3)37times pallets

7640 cu ft (216 m3)44times LD3

40times LD3 48times LD3

Operatingempty weight

297300 lb(134800 kg)

304500 lb(138100 kg)

320000 lb(145150 kg)

318300 lb(144400 kg)

353800 lb(160500 kg)

370000 lb(167800 kg) TBA 415000 lb

(188241 kg)Maximumlandingweight

445000 lb(201840 kg)

470000 lb(213180 kg)

492000 lb(223168 kg)

575000 lb(260816 kg)

524000 lb(237680 kg)

554000 lb(251290 kg) TBA 557000 lb

(252651 kg)

Maximumtakeoff weight(MTOW)

545000 lb(247200 kg)

656000 lb(297550 kg)

766000 lb(347500 kg)

766800 lb(347800 kg)

660000 lb(299370 kg)

775000 lb(351500 kg)[114]

Typical cruisespeed Mach 084 (560 mph 905 kmh 490 knots) at a cruise altitude of 35000 ft (11000 m) TBA

Maximumspeed

Mach 087 (~200) Mach 089 (~300) (590 mph 950 kmh 512 knots) at a cruise altitude of35000 ft (11000 m) TBA

Maximumrange

(with maximumpayload)

5240 nmi(9700 km6027 mi)

7725 nmi(14310 km8892 mi)

9380 nmi(17370 km10793 mi)

4900 nmi(9070 km5636 mi)

6005 nmi(11120 km6910 mi)

7930 nmi(14690 km9128 mi)

gt 9300 nmi(17224 km10702 mi)

gt 8200 nmi(15186 km9436 mi)

Takeoffdistance atMTOW

(at sea level ISA)

8000 ft2440 m

11100 ft3380 m

9200 ft2800 m

9300 ft2830 m

10600 ft3230 m

10000 ft3050 m TBA

Maximumfuel capacity

31000 USgal

(117348 L)

45220 USgal

(171177 L)

47890 US gal(181283 L)

45220 US gal(171177 L)

47890 US gal(181283 L) TBA

Serviceceiling

43100 ft (13140 m)

Engine (times2)PW 4077RR 877

GE90shy77B

PW 4090RR 895

GE90shy94B

GE90shy110B1GE90shy115B1

PW 4098RR 892

GE90shy92Bshy94BGE90shy115B1 GE9X

Thrust (times2)

PW77000 lbf(342 kN)RR

76000 lbf(338 kN)GE

77000 lbf(342 kN)

PW90000 lbf(400 kN)RR

93400 lbf(415 kN)GE

93700 lbf(417 kN)

GE minus110B 110100 lbf(490 kN)

GE minus115B 115300 lbf(512 kN)

PW 98000 lbf(436 kN)

RR 93400 lbf(415 kN)GE

9200093700 lbf(409 kN418 kN)

GE115300 lbf(512 kN)

GE 105000 lbf (470 kN)[114]

Notes Data for the 777X are preliminarySources Boeing 777 specifications[91][243] Boeing 777 Airport planning report[244] and other sources[245][246][247]

Diagram of Boeing 777 variants At left 777shy200ER (front crossshysection side and dorsal views) At right 777shy300ER

See also

Competition between Airbus and Boeing

Related development

Boeing 7J7Boeing 777X

Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era

Airbus A330Airbus A330neoAirbus A340Airbus A350 XWBBoeing 767Boeing 787 DreamlinerIlyushin Ilshy96McDonnell Douglas MDshy11

Related lists

List of Boeing 777 operatorsList of Boeing customer codesList of civil aircraft

References

Citations

1 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 777 Model Orders and Deliveries summary (httpactiveboeingcomcommercialordersdisplaystandardreportcfmcboCurrentModel=777ampoptReportType=AllModelsampcboAllModel=777ampViewReportF=View+Report) Boeing September 2014 Retrieved October 6 2014

2 ^ a b c d Commercial Airplanes Jet Prices (httpwwwboeingcomcommercialprices) Boeing The Boeing Company Retrieved November 18 20133 ^ Robertson David (March 13 2009) Workhorse Jet Has Been Huge Success with Airlines that Want to Cut Costs

(httpswebarchiveorgweb20110612140321httpbusinesstimesonlinecouktolbusinessindustry_sectorstransportarticle5898240ece) The Times (LondonEngland United Kingdom Times Newspapers) Archived from the original(httpbusinesstimesonlinecouktolbusinessindustry_sectorstransportarticle5898240ece) on June 12 2011 Retrieved March 20 2009 (subscription required(help))

4 ^ Grantham Russell (February 29 2008) Deltas new Boeing 777 Can Fly Farther Carry More The Atlanta JournalshyConstitution Delta will put the new tripleseven mdash as airline folks call the jet mdash into service March 8

5 ^ a b Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 89

6 ^ a b Glenday 2007 p 200

7 ^ a b c d Phillips Don (November 10 2005) Flight of Boeings 777 Breaks Distance Record (httpwwwnytimescom20051110business11airhtml) The NewYork Times International Herald Tribune Retrieved October 14 2013

8 ^ Emirates Fleet (httpwwwairfleetsnetflottecieEmirateshtm) Retrieved June 30 20139 ^ Wells amp Rodrigues 2004 p 14610 ^ The 1980s Generation (httpwwwtimecomtimemagazinearticle0917194698100html) Time August 14 1978 Retrieved July 19 2008

11 ^ a b Weiner Eric (December 19 1990) New Boeing Airliner Shaped by the Airlines (httpwwwnytimescom19901219businessnewshyboeingshyairlinershyshapedshybyshytheshyairlineshtml) The New York Times Retrieved May 8 2011

12 ^ Eden 2008 pp 98 102ndash103

13 ^ a b Eden 2008 pp 99ndash104

14 ^ a b c d e f Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 12815 ^ Yenne 2002 p 33

16 ^ a b c d Eden 2008 p 112

17 ^ a b c d Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 126

18 ^ a b c d Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 127

19 ^ a b Eden 2008 p 10620 ^ Norris amp Wagner 2001 p 1121 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 pp 9ndash1422 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 129

23 ^ a b Birtles 1998 pp 13ndash1624 ^ Lane Polly (December 1 1991) Aerospace Company May Be Rethinking Commitment To The Puget Sound Area

(httpcommunityseattletimesnwsourcecomarchivedate=19911201ampslug=1320330) Seattle Times Retrieved October 15 2009

25 ^ a b c d Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 13226 ^ Business Notes Aircraft (httpwwwtimecomtimemagazinearticle0917197147400html) Time October 29 1990 Retrieved July 19 2008

27 ^ a b c Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 1428 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 1329 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 1530 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 2031 ^ BA Gets New 777 Model (httpwwwhighbeamcomdoc1G1shy64618874html) Seattle PostshyIntelligencer February 10 1997 Retrieved May 8 201132 ^ An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering ClshyEngineering p 19 ISBN 978shy1shy111shy57680shy6 As an example the Boeing 777 was the first commercial airliner

developed through a paperless computershyaided design process

33 ^ a b Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 13334 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 pp 133ndash13435 ^ Abarbanel amp McNeely 1996 p 124 Note IVT is still active at Boeing in 2010 with over 29000 users36 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 21

37 ^ a b Eden 2008 p 10838 ^ Hise Phaedra (July 9 2007) The power behind Boeings 787 Dreamliner (httpmoneycnncommagazinesfsbfsb_archive20070701100123032indexhtm)

CNN Retrieved October 15 2009

39 ^ a b Richardson Michael (February 23 1994) Demand for Airliners Is Expected to Soar Asias HighshyFlying Market(httpspiderbitesnytimescomiht19940200000html) International Herald Tribune Retrieved March 20 2009

40 ^ Sabbagh 1995 pp 112ndash114

41 ^ a b Norris amp Wagner 1999 pp 136ndash137

42 ^ a b c d A question of choice (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles2000030162872ashyquestionshyofshychoicehtml) Flight International January 3 2000 RetrievedMarch 29 2009

43 ^ Sabbagh 1995 pp 168ndash16944 ^ Norris Guy (March 31 1993) Boeing prepares for stretched 777 launch (httpwwwflightglobalcompdfarchiveview1993199320shy200691html) Flight

International Retrieved May 8 201145 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 746 ^ Sabbagh 1995 pp 256ndash259

47 ^ a b c d e Eden 2008 p 10748 ^ Birtles 1998 p 2549 ^ Andersen Lars (August 16 1993) Boeings 777 Will Be Tops When It Comes To ETOPS (httpcommunityseattletimesnwsourcecomarchive

date=19930816ampslug=1716209) Seattle Times Retrieved March 20 2009

50 ^ a b c Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 14451 ^ Birtles 1998 p 4052 ^ Birtles 1998 p 2053 ^ Birtles 1999 p 3454 ^ Birtles 1998 p 6955 ^ First Boeing 777 delivery goes to United Airlines (httpwwwhighbeamcomdoc1G1shy16824929html) Business Wire May 15 1995 Retrieved December 1

200856 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 13957 ^ 180shyminute ETOPS approval was granted to the General Electric GE90 powered 777 on October 3 1996 and to the RollsshyRoyce Trent 800shypowered 777 on

October 10 199658 ^ Birtles 1998 p 80

59 ^ a b Eden 2004 p 115

60 ^ a b c Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 14361 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 14762 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 pp 146ndash14763 ^ Boeing Roars Ahead (httpwwwbusinessweekcommagazinecontent05_45b3958033htmcampaign_id=tbw) BusinessWeek November 6 2005 Retrieved

December 1 2008

64 ^ a b Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 148

64 ^ a b Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 14865 ^ 777 Reliability Data (httpwwwgnieobcomassetspdfcommercial777familypdfreliabilitypdf) Boeing66 ^ Troubleshyplagued Dreamliner only 98 reliable Boeing admits (httpwwwnbcnewscombusinesstroubleshyplaguedshydreamlinershyonlyshy98shyreliableshyboeingshyadmitsshy

2D11988420) Boeing67 ^ httpwwwboeingcomboeingcommercial777familypfpf_backgroundpage68 ^ Wyndham David (October 2012) Aircraft Reliability (httpwwwavbuyercomarticlesdetailaspId=2363) AvBuyer World Aviation Communication Ltd

Retrieved January 23 2014

69 ^ a b c d Eden 2008 p 113

70 ^ a b Eden 2008 pp 112ndash113

71 ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Boeing 777 Program Background (httpwwwboeingcomcommercial777familybackgroundhtml) Boeing Retrieved June 6 2009

72 ^ a b Haenggi Michael 777 Triple Seven Revolution Boeing Widebodies St Paul Minnesota MBI 2003 ISBN 0shy7603shy0842shyX

73 ^ a b c d Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 151

74 ^ a b Norris amp Wagner 2001 p 125

75 ^ a b Norris amp Wagner 1999 pp 151ndash157

76 ^ a b c Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 165

77 ^ a b c d Norris amp Wagner 1999 pp 165ndash167

78 ^ a b Norris Guy (May 15 1996) Boeing sets decision date for new versions of 777 (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles1996051516991boeingshysetsshydecisionshydateshyforshynewshyversionsshyofshy777html) Flight International Retrieved March 29 2009

79 ^ AeroshyEngines ndash RollsshyRoyce Trent (httpwebarchiveorgweb20080325005849httpwwwjanescomaerospacecivilnewsjaejae010213_2_nshtml) JanesTransport Business News February 13 2001 Archived from the original (httpwwwjanescomaerospacecivilnewsjaejae010213_2_nshtml) on March 25 2008Retrieved March 21 2009

80 ^ General Electric Biggest Jet Engine for Bshy777 (httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Rac87fY6wshyMampfeature=related) History Channel 2008 Event occurs at 300ndash310 min Retrieved July 11 2013

81 ^ Boeing launches stretch 777 jetliner (httpwwwdeseretnewscomarticle746327) Deseret News February 29 2000 Retrieved October 28 200982 ^ Song Kyung (October 5 2000) Air France orders 10 777s (httpcommunityseattletimesnwsourcecomarchivedate=20001005ampslug=TTKK1QJ4T) Seattle

Times Retrieved September 15 200983 ^ Dinell David (March 16 2004) Boeings 777shy300ER receives certification (httpwwwbizjournalscomwichitastories20040315daily17htmljst=b_ln_hl)

Wichita Business Journal Retrieved March 20 2009

84 ^ a b Ostrower Jon (August 7 2008) Green and versatile (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20080708225112greenshyandshyversatilehtml) FlightInternational Retrieved March 29 2009

85 ^ a b c d e f Thomas Geoffrey (June 13 2008) Boeing under pressure as demand rises for fuelshysaver 777(httpwwwtheaustraliancomaubusinessaviationdemandshyrisesshyforshyfuelshysavershy777storyshye6frg95xshy1111116616439) The Australian Retrieved June 20 2008

86 ^ Wallace James (February 3 2006) 777 distance champ is certified for service (httpwwwseattlepicomdefaultarticle777shydistanceshychampshyisshycertifiedshyforshyserviceshy1194755php) Seattle PostshyIntelligencer Retrieved December 10 2008

87 ^ a b Chaudhry Muhammad Bashir (November 18 2008) Modernization of PIA fleet (httpwwwdawncom20021118ebr15htm) Pakistan Dawn RetrievedFebruary 12 2008

88 ^ a b Boeing 777shy200LR and 777shy300ER Technical Characteristics (httpwwwboeingcomcommercial777familypfpf_300producthtml) Boeing RetrievedMarch 20 2009

89 ^ Trimble Stephen (May 23 2008) Boeing 777F makes its debut ahead of flight test phase (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20080523224065boeingshy777fshymakesshyitsshydebutshyaheadshyofshyflightshytestshyphasehtml) Flight International Retrieved June 6 2008

90 ^ a b Datafile Boeing 777F (httpwebarchiveorgweb20080130004241httpwwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR777Fhtm) Flug Revue 2006 Archivedfrom the original (httpwwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR777Fhtm) on January 30 2008 Retrieved March 20 2009

91 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Boeing 777 ndash Technical Information (httpwwwboeingcomcommercial777familyspecshtml) Boeing Retrieved October 9 201192 ^ Ionides Nicholas (July 15 2008) Boeing 777F flies for the first time (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20080715225443pictureshyboeingshy777fshyfliesshyforshy

theshyfirstshytimehtml) Flight International Retrieved March 20 200993 ^ European Aviation Safety Agency Validates FAA Certification of Boeing 777 Freighter (httpwwwreuterscomarticle20090206idUS206466+06shyFebshy

2009+PRN20090206) Reuters February 6 2009 Retrieved July 1 2011

94 ^ a b Ionides Nicholas First 777 freighter delivered to Air France (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20090220322853picturesshyfirstshy777shyfreightershydeliveredshytoshyairshyfrancehtml) Air Transport Intelligence via Flightglobalcom Retrieved February 20 2009

95 ^ Boeing launches cargo version of 777 (httpwwwmsnbcmsncomid7962814) Associated Press May 24 2005 Retrieved March 20 2009

96 ^ a b Song Kyung (June 4 2000) Who builds a better widebody (httpcommunityseattletimesnwsourcecomarchivedate=20000604ampslug=4024775) SeattleTimes Retrieved October 29 2009

97 ^ Ray Susanna (April 21 2009) Boeing Earnings Buffeted by 777 Production Slump (httpwwwbloombergcomappsnewspid=conewsstoryamprefer=conewsamptkr=COL3AUSampsid=abe2A4L8NeNA) Bloomberg Retrieved October 29 2009

98 ^ Gates Dominic (November 16 2004) Freighter version of 777 jetliner in works (httpcommunityseattletimesnwsourcecomarchivedate=20041116ampslug=boeing16) Seattle Times Retrieved October 29 2009

99 ^ a b c d e Airbus A350 XWB puts pressure on Boeing 777 (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20071126219901airbusshya350shyxwbshyputsshypressureshyonshyboeingshy777html) Flight International November 26 2007 Retrieved December 1 2008

100 ^ Hepher Tim (September 8 2008) Sizing up Boeings plane portfolio (httpwwwreuterscomarticle20080908usshyboeingshymodelsshyidUSL515490420080908)Reuters Retrieved June 3 2011

101 ^ Ranson Lori (December 20 2010) Boeing unveils another increase in Boeing 777 production (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20101220351122boeingshyunveilsshyanothershyincreaseshyinshyboeingshy777shyproductionhtml) Air Transport Intelligence via Flightglobalcom Retrieved January 2 2011

unveilsshyanothershyincreaseshyinshyboeingshy777shyproductionhtml) Air Transport Intelligence via Flightglobalcom Retrieved January 2 2011

102 ^ a b Boeing Begins Work on 1000th 777 (httpboeingmediaroomcomindexphps=43ampitem=2012) Boeing November 7 2011 Retrieved November 8 2011

103 ^ a b Emirates airline receives 1000th Boeing 777 (httpgulfnewscombusinessaviationemiratesshyairlineshyreceivesshy1shy000thshyboeingshy777shy1989384) Gulf NewsMarch 3 2012 Retrieved March 3 2012

104 ^ Flight Standardization Board Report (httpfsimsfaagovwdocsfsbbshy787_fsbpdf) Federal Aviation Administration August 25 2011 Retrieved November 82011

105 ^ Norris amp Wagner 2009 pp 32ndash35

106 ^ a b c d Order trickle continues for inshyproduction widebodies (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20101102349052worldshyairlinersshyordershytrickleshycontinuesshyforshyinshyproductionhtml) Flight International September 8 2008 Retrieved November 2 2010

107 ^ Ostrower Jon (September 8 2008) Boeing looks to extend 777 wingspan for incremental improvement package(httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20100317339599boeingshylooksshytoshyextendshy777shywingspanshyforshyincrementalshyimprovementhtml) Flight International RetrievedMarch 17 2010

108 ^ Ostrower Jon (June 21 2011) PARIS Boeing mulls 777shy9X (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20110621358550parisshyboeingshymullsshy777shy9xhtml) AirTransport Intelligence via Flightglobalcom Retrieved July 4 2011

109 ^ Emirates may be launch customer for new Boeing 777 (httpblogseattlepicomaerospace20110912emiratesshymayshybeshylaunchshycustomershyforshynewshyboeingshy777)Seattle PostshyIntelligencer September 12 2011 Retrieved September 14 2011

110 ^ a b c d A special look at the future prospects of the Boeing 777 (httpwwwflightglobalcomFeaturesBoeingshy777shyspecial) Flight International March 2012Retrieved March 10 2012

111 ^ a b Ostrower John (March 7 2012) Boeing homes in on lateshy2012 launch for 777 successor (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesboeingshyhomesshyinshyonshylateshy2012shylaunchshyforshy777shysuccessorshy369241) Flight International Retrieved March 20 2012

112 ^ Ostrower Jon (February 13 2012) Boeing studies ultra longshyrange 777shy8LX concept (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesboeingshystudiesshyultrashylongshyrangeshy777shy8lxshyconceptshy368176) Air Transport Intelligence via Flightglobalcom Retrieved February 13 2012

113 ^ Ostrower John (March 7 2012) GE plans 10 fuel burn improvement for GE9X engine (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesgeshyplansshy10shyfuelshyburnshyimprovementshyforshyge9xshyengineshy369242) Flight International Retrieved March 20 2012

114 ^ a b c d e f Boeingrsquos widebody dominance hinges on 777X success (httpwwwaspireaviationcom20131024boeingshywidebodyshydominanceshy777xshysuccess)Aspire Aviation Retrieved November 20 2013

115 ^ Boeing selects GE as sole engine partner on next 777 plane (httpwwwreuterscomarticle20130316usshyboeingshygeshyidUSBRE92E12020130316) ReutersMarch 15 2013 Retrieved March 19 2013

116 ^ Norris Guy (May 1 2013) Boeing Board Gives Approval To Offer 777X (httpwwwaviationweekcomArticleaspxid=articleshyxmlawx_05_01_2013_p0shy575533xml) Aviation Week amp Space Technology Retrieved July 1 2013

117 ^ a b c d e Norris Guy (November 17 2013) Boeing Launches 777X in Dubai Order Boom (httpwwwaviationweekcomArticleaspxid=articleshyxmlawx_11_17_2013_p0shy637685xml) Aviation Week (Penton) Retrieved November 17 2013

118 ^ Gubisch Michael (October 2013) Lufthansa makes widebody move (httpwwwflightglobalcomfgshyclubinshyfocuslufthansashywidebodyshyorder) FlightInternational Retrieved November 25 2013

119 ^ Gubisch Michael (September 19 2013) Split Lufthansa widebody order includes firm 777X (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlessplitshylufthansashywidebodyshyordershyincludesshyfirmshy777xshy390732) Flight Global Retrieved September 19 2013

120 ^ Boeing Statement on Lufthansa Selection of Boeing 777X for Future LongshyHaul Fleet (httpboeingmediaroomcom2013shy09shy19shyBoeingshyStatementshyonshyLufthansashySelectionshyofshyBoeingshy777XshyforshyFutureshyLongshyHaulshyFleet) Boeing September 19 2013

121 ^ Boeing spreads 777X design work to Charleston Moscow defence sites (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesboeingshyspreadsshy777xshydesignshyworkshytoshycharlestonshymoscowshydefenceshysitesshy392371) Flight Global October 30 2013 Retrieved October 31 2013

122 ^ a b Wilhelm Steve (November 13 2013) Boeing Launches 777X with Orders for 259 Jets Worth $95B(httpwwwbizjournalscomseattlenews20131117boeingshylaunchesshy777xshywithshyordersshyforhtmlpage=all) Puget Sound Business Journal (Seattle WashingtonAmerican City Business Journals) Archived (httpwwwwebcitationorg6LEAKAETQ) from the original on November 13 2013 Retrieved November 13 2013The 777X launch customers [] providing a total launch order [or commitments] of 259 aircraft worth more than $95 billion

123 ^ Boeing Launches 777X with RecordshyBreaking Orders and Commitments (httpboeingmediaroomcom2013shy11shy17shyBoeingshyLaunchesshy777XshywithshyRecordshyBreakingshyOrdersshyandshyCommitments) (Press release) Boeing November 17 2013 Retrieved April 5 2014

124 ^ Dubai Air Show Boeing Leads Order Books Race (httpwwwbbccouknewsbusinessshy24978226) BBC News (BBC) November 17 2013 BusinessRetrieved November 17 2013 Boeing said its 777 minishyjumbo sales represented the largest product launch in commercial jetliner history by dollar value

125 ^ Modern Quiet and Environmentally Efficient Lufthansa Group Orders 59 UltrashyModern WideshyBody Boeing 777shy9X and Airbus A350shy900 Aircraft(httpwwwlufthansagroupcomenpressnewsshyreleasessingleviewarchive2013september19article2599html) Lufthansa Group (Press release) DeutscheLufthansa AG September 19 2013 Retrieved November 17 2013 the Supervisory Board approved the purchase of 59 ultrashymodern aircraft for the Group at itsmeeting yesterday 34 Boeing 777shy9Xs and 25 Airbus A350shy900s will be added to the Lufthansa Groups wideshybody fleet

126 ^ Trimble Stephen (April 15 2014) How the 777 pushed Boeing forward (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesanalysisshyhowshytheshy777shypushedshyboeingshyforwardshy398233) Flight International Retrieved April 20 2014

127 ^ a b c d North David Finding Common Ground in Envelope Protection Systems Aviation Week amp Space Technology August 28 2008 pp 66ndash68128 ^ Birtles 1998 p 57129 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 47

130 ^ a b Sweetman Bill (September 1 2005) The Short Happy Life of the Propshyfan (httpwwwairspacemagcomhistoryshyofshyflightpropshyfanhtmlc=yamppage=5)Air amp Space Retrieved December 1 2008

131 ^ Corliss Bryan (November 5 2003) New Boeing 777 Boasts Breakthrough Video System (httpwwwforbescom200311051105boeingpinnacorhtml)Forbes Retrieved May 5 2009

132 ^ a b c d e Norris Guy (November 25 2013) Dubai Provides Runway For 777X Program Launch (httpwwwaviationweekcomArticleaspxid=articleshy

xmlAW_11_25_2013_p32shy638592xml) Aviation Week amp Space Technology Retrieved November 25 2013133 ^ Ropelewski Robert (June 1995) Flying the Boeing 777 (httpfindarticlescomparticlesmi_hb3126is_n591_v50ai_n28658541) Interavia Business amp

Technology Retrieved March 21 2009134 ^ Newhouse 2008 p 106135 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 130136 ^ Morris Doug (March 2012) What determines the kind of aircraft that will be used for a particular route (httpwwwenrouteaircanadacomenarticleswhatshy

determinesshytheshykindshyofshyaircraftshythatshywillshybeshyusedshyforshyashyparticularshyrouteshy1) enRoute137 ^ Type Acceptance Report ndash Boeing 777 (httpswwwcaagovtnzaircraftType_Acceptance_RepsBoeing_777pdf) Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand

Retrieved December 1 2008138 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 35139 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1996 p 92140 ^ Eden 2008 p 111141 ^ Turner Aimee (March 28 2006) ADP to revamp runway at Orly (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20060328205694adpshytoshyrevampshyrunwayshyatshyorlyhtml)

Flight International Retrieved April 2 2009142 ^ Birtles 1998 p 66143 ^ Birtles 1998 p 60

144 ^ a b Norris amp Wagner 2001 pp 32ndash33145 ^ Wallace James (November 26 2008) Continental plans Dreamliner seats to be roomy with a view (httpwwwhighbeamcomdoc1G1shy190312953html)

Seattle PostshyIntelligencer Retrieved July 1 2011146 ^ Lufthansa Technik turns out first customized VIP Boeing 777 (httpwebarchiveorgweb20090615231836httpwwwlufthansashy

technikcomapplicationsportallhtportallhtportalportal_nfpb=trueamp_pageLabel=Template7_8amprequestednode=421ampwebcacheURL=TV_IMediashyRelationsMediashyArchiveArchiveshyPressshyReleasesPreviousshyPressshyReleasesPressshyReleasesshy2000First_VIP_B777xml) Lufthansa Technik December 22 2000 Archived from theoriginal (httpwwwlufthansashytechnikcomapplicationsportallhtportallhtportalportal_nfpb=trueamp_pageLabel=Template7_8amprequestednode=421ampwebcacheURL=TV_IMediashyRelationsMediashyArchiveArchiveshyPressshyReleasesPreviousshyPressshyReleasesPressshyReleasesshy2000First_VIP_B777xml) on June 15 2009 Retrieved October 25 2008

147 ^ Stover Dawn (June 1994) The newest way to fly (httpbooksgooglecomid=053lJ8sFTAYCampprintsec=frontcoverv=onepageampqampf=false) Popular Science78ndash79 104 Retrieved March 10 2011

148 ^ a b Wallace James (February 4 2003) Boeing adds places for crews to snooze (httpwwwseattlepicomdefaultarticleAerospaceshyNotebookshyBoeingshyaddsshyplacesshyforshycrewsshy1106748php) Seattle PostshyIntelligencer Retrieved June 3 2011

149 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 p 122150 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 pp 46 112151 ^ Kirby Mark (July 7 2011) Boeing eyes common cabin experience across platforms (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20110707359264boeingshyeyesshy

commonshycabinshyexperienceshyacrossshyplatformshtml) Air Transport Intelligence via Flightglobalcom Retrieved July 8 2011152 ^ Johnsson Julie (May 1 2014) Boeing Maps Boost in Cabin Comfort for Next 777 (httpwwwbloombergcomnews2014shy05shy01cabinshycomfortshybecomesshy

focusshyasshyboeingshymapsshy777shyupgradeshyforshy2020shtml) Bloomberg Retrieved May 1 2014

153 ^ a b Birtles 1999 pp 103 105154 ^ Norris amp Wagner 2001 p 102155 ^ About our operating aircraft (httpwwwjalcojpen5971readmeships_infohtml) Japan Airlines Retrieved October 25 2009

156 ^ a b c ICAO Document 8643 (httpwwwicaointpublicationsDOC8643) International Civil Aviation Organization Retrieved February 6 2011157 ^ John Danny (September 12 2007) Air NZ must ask shareholders (httpwwwsmhcomaunewsbusinessairshynzshymustshyaskshy

shareholders200709111189276720074html) Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved March 30 2009158 ^ Cathay Pacific puts its trust in Boeing (httpwwwatimescomatimesChina_BusinessGL03Cb06html) Asia Times Online December 3 2005 Retrieved

March 30 2009159 ^ Air Canada ndash 777shy300ER (77W) (httpwwwaircanadacomenaboutfleet77Whtml) Air Canada Retrieved March 30 2009

160 ^ a b c 777shy200shy200ER Technical Characteristics (httpwwwboeingcomcommercial777familypfpf_200producthtml) Boeing November 21 2008 RetrievedJune 6 2009

161 ^ a b c d e f g World Airliner Census Flight International August 28 ndash September 3 2012162 ^ Wallace James (November 19 2001) Aerospace Notebook Conners best bet ndash Let it ride on the 777s but airlines arent ready to commit to 200LR model

(httpwwwhighbeamcomdoc1G1shy80189598html) Seattle PostshyIntelligencer Retrieved May 8 2011163 ^ Still Tops for ETOPS (httpwwwaviationtodaycomaswcategoriescommercialStillshyTopsshyforshyETOPS_2351html) Air Safety Week April 14 2003 Retrieved

May 23 2009164 ^ Divert Details (httpwwwaviationtodaycomaswcategoriesbgaDivertshyDetails_2255html) Air Safety Week March 24 2003 Retrieved May 23 2009

165 ^ a b SIAs new longshyhaul LCC to start with 400shyseat B777s plans 16shyaircraft fleet within four years (httpwwwcentreforaviationcomanalysissiashynewshylongshyhaulshylowshycostshycarriershytoshystartshywithshy400shyseatshyb777sshyplansshy16shyaircraftshyfleetshywithinshyfiveshy58111) CAPA Centre for Aviation September 1 2011 Retrieved March 222012

166 ^ Our Fleet (httpwwwsingaporeaircomen_UKflyingshywithshyusouraircraft) Singapore Airlines 2012 Retrieved March 22 2012167 ^ Wall Robert (October 30 2005) Boeings Interest Focuses on 747 Advanced Not 787shy10 (httpwwwaviationweekcomawgenericstory_genericjsp

channel=awstampid=news10315p03xml) Aviation Week amp Space Technology Retrieved March 20 2009168 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 pp 151ndash152169 ^ Birtles 1998 p 67170 ^ Norris amp Wagner 1999 pp 152ndash156171 ^ 777shy300 Technical Characteristics (httpwwwboeingcomcommercial777familypfpf_300producthtml) Boeing Retrieved March 20 2009

172 ^ a b Datafile Boeing 777shy300 (httpwebarchiveorgweb20080130005719httpwwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR777300htm) Flug Revue 2006

172 ^ a b Datafile Boeing 777shy300 (httpwebarchiveorgweb20080130005719httpwwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR777300htm) Flug Revue 2006Archived from the original (httpwwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR777300htm) on January 30 2008 Retrieved March 20 2009

173 ^ a b c Datafile Boeing 777shy300ER (httpwebarchiveorgweb20080129232450httpwwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR77730ehtm) Flug Revue 2006Archived from the original (httpwwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR77730ehtm) on January 29 2008 Retrieved March 20 2009

174 ^ a b c d e Datafile Boeing 777shy200LR Worldiner (httpwebarchiveorgweb20080517015012wwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR77720Lhtm) Flug Revue2006 Archived from the original (httpwwwflugshyrevuerotorcomFRtypenFR77720lhtm) on June 23 2008 Retrieved March 20 2009

175 ^ Field David (March 17 2008) Delta pushes Boeing to squeeze more range from 777shy200LR (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20080317222225deltashypushesshyboeingshytoshysqueezeshymoreshyrangeshyfromshy777shy200lrhtml) Flight International Retrieved December 2 2008

176 ^ FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet T00001SE(httpwwwairwebfaagovRegulatory_and_Guidance_LibraryrgMakeModelnsf06f3c0a764bd5cd0d86257482006e966a$FILET00001SEpdf) Federal AviationAdministration Retrieved November 5 2009

177 ^ Deliveries (httpactiveboeingcomcommercialordersindexcfmcontent=modelselectioncfmamppageid=m15525) Boeing Retrieved September 8 2009178 ^ Hamilton Scott Updating the A380 the prospect of a neo version and whatrsquos involved (httpleehamnewscom20140203updatingshytheshya380shytheshyprospectshyofshyashy

neoshyversionshyandshywhatsshyinvolved) Leehamnewscom February 3 2014 Accessed June 21 2014 Archived(httpwebarchiveorgweb20140408075935httpleehamnewscom20140203updatingshytheshya380shytheshyprospectshyofshyashyneoshyversionshyandshywhatsshyinvolved) on April 82014

179 ^ a b Eisenstein Paul (July 2004) Biggest Jet Engine (httpwwwpopularmechanicscomtechnologyengineering1280866) Popular Mechanics Retrieved June3 2011

180 ^ Norris Guy (January 2003) Long Ranger (httpwwwflightglobalcompdfarchiveview2003200320shy200157html) Flight International RetrievedDecember 2 2008

181 ^ Cheung Clare Irene Shen (November 8 2007) Cathay Pacific Orders 17 Boeing Jets (httpwwwbloombergcomappsnewspid=20601089ampsid=afRkGrNJawQamprefer=china) Bloomberg Retrieved December 2 2008

182 ^ Thomas Geoffrey Boeing nose ahead in Qantas order race The Australian December 2 2005 Retrieved March 20 2009183 ^ New Boeing 777shy300ER Joins Air France Fleet (httpcorporateairfrancecomuploadsmedianew_boeing_777shy300ER_joins_airfrance_fleet_02pdf) Air

France May 13 2004 Retrieved August 25 2013184 ^ Kingsley Jones Ben Guy Norris (November 29 2005) Enhanced A340 to take on 777 (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20051129203391exclusiveshy

enhancedshya340shytoshytakeshyonshy777html) Flight International Retrieved April 2 2009185 ^ Norris Guy (May 16 2006) Cargo Kings new Boeing 777F and 747shy8F programmes (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20060516206571cargoshykingsshy

newshyboeingshy777fshyandshy747shy8fshyprogrammeshtml) Flight International Retrieved March 29 2009186 ^ Wallace James (November 15 2004) Boeing seeks cargo 777 orders (httpwwwseattlepicomdefaultarticleBoeingshyseeksshycargoshy777shyordersshy1159604php)

Seattle PostshyIntelligencer Retrieved December 3 2008187 ^ Air France to buy Boeing 777 freighters (httpwwwusatodaycommoneyindustriesmanufacturing2005shy03shy25shyboeingshyairshyfrance_xhtm) USA Today

Associated Press March 25 2005 Retrieved October 19 2010188 ^ Sobie Brendan (September 23 2008) Boeing reveals cargo conversion development studies for 777

(httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20080923316341boeingshyrevealsshycargoshyconversionshydevelopmentshystudiesshyforhtml) Air Transport Intelligence viaFlightglobalcom Retrieved October 19 2010

189 ^ Sobie Brendan (October 19 2010) Boeing expects to secure 777BCF launch customer in early 2011(httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20101019348642boeingshyexpectsshytoshysecureshy777bcfshylaunchshycustomershyinshyearlyhtml) Air Transport Intelligence viaFlightglobalcom Retrieved October 19 2010

190 ^ a b Boeing Business Jets Delivers 777shy200LR to Aviation Link Company (httpboeingmediaroomcomindexphps=20295ampitem=1512) Boeing November10 2010 Retrieved August 14 2014

191 ^ a b Waldron Greg (June 11 2014) Boeing receives order for 777shy300ER BBJ (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesboeingshyreceivesshyordershyforshy777shy300ershybbjshy400275) Flight International Retrieved August 14 2014

192 ^ Sachdev Ameet (September 27 2006) Boeing adds 777 to tanker mix (httparticleschicagotribunecom2006shy09shy27business0609270250_1_northropshyeadsshytankershycontractshypresidentshyofshytankershyprograms) Chicago Tribune Retrieved May 8 2011

193 ^ Norris Guy (October 3 2006) US Air Force tanker RFP reveals KCshy777 offer (httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20061003209627usshyairshyforceshytankershyrfpshyrevealsshykcshy777shyofferhtml) Flight International Retrieved April 21 2009

194 ^ Ready to fill er up (httpwwwboeingcomnewsfrontiersarchive2006novembercoverpdf) Boeing November 2006 Retrieved April 21 2009195 ^ Vandruff Ken (April 11 2007) Boeing submits KCshy767 tanker proposal (httpwwwbizjournalscomwichitastories20070409daily22html) Wichita

Business Journal Retrieved March 20 2009196 ^ Warwick Graham (November 8 2006) USAF lays out X Y and Z of tanker replacement strategy in threeshytranche process to replace ageing KCshy135s

(httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesusafshylaysshyoutshyxshyyshyandshyzshyofshytankershyreplacementshystrategyshyinshythreeshytrancheshyprocessshytoshyreplaceshyageingshy210459) FlightInternational Retrieved August 14 2014

197 ^ a b Japan chooses Boeing 777shy300ER as governmentrsquos official jet (httpwwwjapantimescojpnews20140812nationaljapanshychoosesshyboeingshy777shy300ershygovernmentsshyofficialshyjet) Japan Times Jiji August 12 2014 Retrieved August 13 2014

198 ^ Boeing 777 de Papa Romeo (httpconventiondiasporagabonaiseorgactualitC3A9sactualitC3A9sshygabon354shybienshymalshyacquisshyboeingshyvipshy777shy236html) Convention de la Diaspora Gabonaise March 17 2014 Retrieved August 14 2014

199 ^ Turkmen Triple Airliner World May 2014 p 13200 ^ Hack Christopher (September 3 2000) The battle for Lebanons premiership (httpnewsbbccouk2himiddle_east909269stm) BBC Retrieved August 14

2014

201 ^ a b Wilhelm Steve Will US copy Japan and switch to 777 for Air Force One (httpwwwbizjournalscomseattlenews20140812willshyushysshycopyshyjapanshyandshyswitchshytoshy777shyforshyairhtml) Puget Sound Business Journal Retrieved September 14 2014

202 ^ Reed John Get Ready for a New Air Force One (httpdefensetechorg20120411getshyreadyshyforshyashynewshyairshyforceshyone) Militarycom DefenseTech Retrieved

202 ^ Reed John Get Ready for a New Air Force One (httpdefensetechorg20120411getshyreadyshyforshyashynewshyairshyforceshyone) Militarycom DefenseTech RetrievedSeptember 14 2014

203 ^ Gale Ivan (July 19 2010) Emirates $9bn deal beats expectations (httpwwwthenationalaebusinessaviationemiratesshy9bnshydealshybeatsshyexpectations) TheNational Retrieved March 3 2012

204 ^ World Airliner Census (httpwwwflightglobalcomairspacemediareports_pdfworldshyairlinershycensusshy2013shy106686aspx) Flightglobal Insight September 122013

205 ^ Current Year Deliveries (httpactiveboeingcomcommercialordersindexcfmcontent=displaystandardreportcfmampRequestTimeout=20000ampoptReportType=CurYrDelvamppageid=m15520) Boeing June 2014 Retrieved July 20 2014

206 ^ Orders and Deliveries search page (httpactiveboeingcomcommercialordersindexcfmcontent=userdefinedselectioncfmamppageid=m15527) Boeing June2013 Retrieved January 10 2014

207 ^ a b c Safety Recommendation In reply refer to Ashy09shy17 (Urgent) and minus18 (httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EIMXfl8BIMAampfeature=related) MaydayDiscovery Channel March 11 2009

208 ^ Boeing 777 occurrences (httpaviationshysafetynetdatabasedblistphpType=107) Aviation Safety Network March 8 2014 Retrieved March 8 2014209 ^ Boeing 777 hull losses (httpaviationshysafetynetdatabasedblistphpfield=typecodeampvar=107ampcat=1ampsorteer=datekeyamppage=1) Aviation Safety Network

March 8 2014 Retrieved March 8 2014210 ^ Boeing 777 Accident Statistics (httpaviationshysafetynetdatabasetypetypeshystatphptype=107) Aviation Safety Network July 6 2013 Retrieved July 6 2013211 ^ Boeing 777 Statistics Aircraft losses and fatalities (httpaviationshysafetynetdatabasetypesBoeingshy777statistics) Aviation Safety Network

212 ^ a b Biden says plane destroyed over Ukraine killing 298 was apparently shot down (httpwwwtheglobeandmailcomnewsworldmalaysianshypassengershyplaneshycrashesshyinshyeastshyukraineshynearshyrussianshyborderarticle19654868) The Globe and Mail

213 ^ a b British Airways Flight 2019 ground fire (httpaviationshysafetynetdatabaserecordphpid=20010905shy1) Aviation Safety Network Retrieved November 212008

214 ^ DEN01FA157 entry (httpwwwntsbgovaviationquerybriefaspxev_id=20010918X01956ampkey=1) National Transportation Safety Board February 24 2005Retrieved January 2 2011

215 ^ Interim Management Statement (httpwwwinvestegatecoukArticleaspxid=200802010700330296N) British Airways February 1 2008 RetrievedNovember 21 2008

216 ^ Report on the accident to Boeing 777shy236ER GshyYMMM at London Heathrow Airport on 17 January 2008 (httpwwwaaibgovukcms_resourcescfmfile=1shy201020GshyYMMMpdf) Air Accidents Investigation Branch February 9 2010 Retrieved February 9 2010

217 ^ High risk of plane fault repeat (httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news7941137stm) BBC News March 13 2009 Retrieved March 20 2009218 ^ Woodman Peter (February 9 2010) Ice probable cause of Heathrow crashshylanding (httpwwwindependentcouknewsukhomeshynewsiceshyprobableshycauseshyofshy

heathrowshycrashlandingshy1893650html) The Independent (UK) Retrieved December 11 2011219 ^ KaminskishyMorrow David (February 29 2008) American investigates as 777 engine fails to respond to throttle

(httpwwwflightglobalcomarticles20080229221923americanshyinvestigatesshyasshy777shyengineshyfailsshytoshyrespondshytoshythrottlehtml) Flight International RetrievedMarch 20 2009

220 ^ NTSB Investigates B777 Uncommanded Engine Rollback (httpwwwaeroshynewsnetindexcfmContentBlockID=7cba7571shyd0e2shy4736shya08bshy2c24fcd7f225ampC11a6bd089ea) Air Safety Week December 22 2008 Retrieved April 2 2009

221 ^ a b c d EgyptAir Flight 667 ground fire (httpaviationshysafetynetdatabaserecordphpid=20110729shy0) Aviation Safety Network Retrieved January 2 2012

222 ^ a b Recent Incidents Accidents Worldwide (httpwwwjacdecdenewsmonths11_07htm) Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre July 2011 RetrievedJanuary 2 2012

223 ^ One Asiana victim killed by a vehicle not plane crash shy coroner (httpukreuterscomarticle20130720ukshyasianashyvictimshycoronershyidUKBRE96J00S20130720)Reuters News Agency July 20 2013 Retrieved August 8 2013

224 ^ 3rd fatality in Asiana flight crash (httpwwwcbsnewscom8301shy201_162shy575935863rdshyfatalityshyinshyasianashyflightshycrash) CBS News July 12 2013 RetrievedJuly 14 2013

225 ^ Asiana 777shy200ER crashes at San Francisco airport (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesasianashy777shy200ershycrashesshyatshysanshyfranciscoshyairportshy388004)Flight International July 6 2013 Retrieved July 6 2013

226 ^ Pilot Error Eyed in San Francisco Plane Crash (httponlinewsjcomarticleSB10001424127887323823004578591422758092016html) Wall Street JournalJuly 8 2013 Retrieved July 8 2013 National Transportation Safety Board Chairman Deborah Hersmans comments indicated investigators were focused primarilyon why the cockpit crew allowed speed to decay to such an extent

227 ^ Withnall Adam (June 25 2014) Asiana Airlines flight 214 crash caused by Boeing planes being overly complicated (httpwwwindependentcouknewsworldamericasasianashyairlinesshyflightshy214shycrashshycausedshybyshyboeingshyplanesshybeingshyoverlyshycomplicatedshy9562331html) TheIndependent Retrieved July 17 2014

228 ^ Night search for missing 777 to test Malaysia and Vietnam (httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesnightshysearchshyforshymissingshy777shytoshytestshymalaysiashyandshyvietnamshy396796) Flight Global

229 ^ Friday March 14 1200 AM MYT +0800 Malaysia Airlines MH370 Flight Incident shy 18th Media Statement (httpwwwmalaysiaairlinescommyensitedarkshysitehtml) Malaysia Airlines March 14 2014

230 ^ httpwwwflightglobalcomnewsarticlesequalshyimportanceshygivenshytoshybothshycorridorsshyinshymh370shy397046231 ^ httpwwwbbccouknewsworldshyasiashy26716572232 ^ C J Chivers (July 21 2014) Jet Wreckage Bears Signs of Impact by Supersonic Missile Analysis Shows

(httpwwwnytimescom20140722worldeuropejetshywreckageshybearsshysignsshyofshyimpactshybyshysupersonicshymissileshyanalysisshyshowshtml) New York Times233 ^ Peter Baker (July 19 2014) With Jet Strike War in Ukraine Is Felt Globally (httpwwwnytimescom20140720worldeuropewithshyjetsshyfallshywarshyinshyukraineshy

isshyfeltshygloballyhtml) New York Times234 ^ Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 shot down in Ukraine near Russia (httpwwwnydailynewscomnewsworldmalaysianshyairlinesshyplaneshycrashesshyukraineshyrussianshy

bordershyarticleshy11870413)235 ^ httpwwwcnncom20140717worldeuropeukraineshymalaysiashyairlinesshycrashindexhtml

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Bibliography

Abarbanel Robert McNeely William (1996) FlyThru the Boeing 777 New York ACM SIGGRAPH ISBN 0shy89791shy784shy7Birtles Philip (1998) Boeing 777 Jetliner for a New Century St Paul Minnesota Motorbooks International ISBN 0shy7603shy0581shy1Birtles Philip (1999) Modern Civil Aircraft 6 Boeing 757767777 (Third ed) London Ian Allen Publishing ISBN 0shy7110shy2665shy3Eden Paul ed (2008) Civil Aircraft Today The Worlds Most Successful Commercial Aircraft London Amber Books Ltd ISBN 1shy84509shy324shy0Frawley Gerard (2003) The International Directory of Civil Aircraft 20032004 London Aerospace Publications ISBN 1shy875671shy58shy7Glenday Craig (2007) Guinness World Records LondonNew York HiT Entertainment ISBN 978shy0shy9735514shy4shy0Newhouse John (2008) Boeing versus Airbus The Inside Story of the Greatest International Competition in Business London Vintage ISBN 1shy4000shy7872shy5Norris Guy Wagner Mark (1996) Boeing 777 St Paul Minnesota Motorbooks International ISBN 0shy7603shy0091shy7Norris Guy Wagner Mark (2001) Boeing 777 The Technological Marvel Minneapolis Minnesota Zenith Imprint ISBN 0shy7603shy0890shyXNorris Guy Wagner Mark (2009) Boeing 787 Dreamliner Osceola Wisconsin Zenith Press ISBN 978shy0shy7603shy2815shy6Norris Guy Wagner Mark (1999) Modern Boeing Jetliners Minneapolis Minnesota Zenith Imprint ISBN 0shy7603shy0717shy2Sabbagh Karl (1995) 21st Century Jet The Making of the Boeing 777 New York Scribner ISBN 0shy333shy59803shy2Wells Alexander T Rodrigues Clarence C (2004) Commercial Aviation Safety New York McGrawshyHill Professional ISBN 0shy07shy141742shy7Yenne Bill (2002) Inside Boeing Building the 777 Minneapolis Minnesota Zenith Press ISBN 0shy7603shy1251shy6

External links

777 Family official webpage on Boeingcom (httpwwwboeingcomcommercial777family)777shy200 cutaway diagram on Flight International(httpwwwflightglobalcomairspacemediacivilaviation1949shy2006cutawaysimages31510boeingshy777shy200shycutawayjpg)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Boeing_777ampoldid=635636528

Categories Boeing 777 United States airliners 1990ndash1999 Twinjets Boeing aircraft

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235 ^ httpwwwcnncom20140717worldeuropeukraineshymalaysiashyairlinesshycrashindexhtml

236 ^ a b Boeing To Make Up Lost Grounds On All Fronts (httpwwwaspireaviationcom20130527boeingshylostshygroundsshyallshyfronts) Aspire Aviation RetrievedJune 20 2013

237 ^ a b Boeing 777X To Spark MinishyJumbo War (httpwwwaspireaviationcom20130328boeingshy777xshytoshysparkshyminishyjumboshywar) Aspire Aviation RetrievedJune 20 2013

238 ^ a b Airbus Boeing in game of thrones for widebody dominance (httpwwwaspireaviationcom20140711airbusshyboeingshywidebodyshygameshyofshythrones) AspireAviation Retrieved October 16 2014

239 ^ a b 777 Characteristics (httpwwwnewairplanecom777design_highlightscharacteristics777shy200erhtml) Boeing Retrieved October 10 2012240 ^ Norris Guy (June 9 2014) 777X Configuration Changes Revealed (httpaviationweekcomcommercialshyaviation777xshyconfigurationshychangesshyrevealed)

Aviation Week Retrieved June 10 2014241 ^ 777X Airport Compatibility (httpwwwicaointSAMDocumentsOPSshyACFTshyPCPshy134_COSTA_777XshyTech20Data20Julypdf) July 2013 Retrieved

November 18 2013242 ^ Garcia Marisa Boeings New 777X Designs Intensify the Race for Space on Airlines (httpskiftcom20140723boeingsshynewshy777xshydesignsshyintensifyshytheshy

raceshyforshyspaceshyonshyairlines1) Skiftcom Retrieved July 8 2014243 ^ 777 payloadshyrange capability (httpwwwboeingcomcommercialstartuppdf777_payloadpdf) Boeing 2009 Retrieved October 29 2012244 ^ 777 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning (httpwwwboeingcomcommercialairports777htm) Boeing May 2011 Retrieved October 9 2011245 ^ Frawley 2003 pp 61ndash62246 ^ Trent 800 Technical data (archive) (httpwebarchiveorgweb20071026200936httpwwwrollsshy

roycecomcivil_aerospaceproductsairlinestrent800technicaljsp) RollsshyRoyce 2007 Archived from the original (httpwwwrollsshyroycecomcivil_aerospaceproductsairlinestrent800technicaljsp) on October 26 2007 Retrieved May 23 2009

247 ^ Stretched potential for Boeing 777 (httpwwwflightglobalcomFeaturesBoeingshy777shyspecial777X) Flight Global 2013 Retrieved October 16 2013