PARTS OF THE BODY

Body Systems

• All the parts of your body are composed of individual units called cells. Examples are muscle, nerve, skin (epithelial), and bone cells.

• Similar cells grouped together are tissues. Groups of muscle cells are muscle tissue, and groups of epithelial cells are epithelial tissue.

Body Systems

• Collections of different tissues working together are organs. An organ, such as the stomach, has specialized tissues, such as muscle, epithelial (lining of internal organs and outer layer of skin cells), and nerve, that help the organ function.

• Groups of organs working together are the systems of the body. The digestive system, for example, includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which bring food into the body, break it down, and deliver it to the bloodstream.

Level of organization

A. cell

The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things. Cells are everywhere in the human body- every tissue. Every organ is made up of these individual.

Major parts of the cell:

•Cell membrane

•Nucleus

•Chromosomes

•Cytoplasm

•Mitochondria

Some types of the cells:

•Muscle cell

•Nerve cell

•Epithelial cell

•Fat cell

B. Tissues

A tissue is a group of cell working together to do a specific job. A histologist is scientist who specializes in the study of tissues.

Some Types of tissues:

•Epithelial tissueEpithelial was originally used to describe the tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs.

•Muscle tissue:Voluntary and involuntary.

•Connective tissue:Example: are fat (adipose tissue), cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bone).

•nerve tissue:Conduct impulses all over the body.

C.Organs:Composed of several kinds of tissue.

D. system:Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex function.

Body cavityA body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs.

1 Cranial cavity

2. Spinal cavity

3. Thoracic cavity

•Diaphragm

4. Abdominal cavity

5. Pelvic cavity

1. The cranial cavity: is located in the head and surrounded by the skull. It contains the brain and other organs, such as the pituitary gland.

2. The thoracic cavity: also known as the chest cavity . It is surrounded by the breastbone and ribs. The lungs, heart, windpipe (trachea), bronchial tubes are in this cavity. The large area between the lungs is the mediastinum

- Pleural cavity: The lungs are each surrounded by a double membrane known as the pleura, the space between the pleural membranes is the pleural cavity.

3. Abdominal cavity: is the space below the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Organs in the abdomen include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and small and large intestines.

The organs in the abdomen are covered by a double membrane called the peritoneum. The peritoneum attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place.

4 . pelvic cavity: locates below the abdominal cavity. It is surrounded by the pelvis(bones of the hip). The major organs located within the pelvic cavity are the urinary bladder, ureters ,urethra, rectum, and anus, and the uterus in females

5. Spinal cavity: is the space surrounded by the spinal column(backbones). The spinal cord is the nervous tissue within the spinal cavity. Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord and carry messages to and from all parts of the body.

Division of the abdomen into quadrants:

•Right upper quadrants (R.U.Q)

•Left upper quadrants (L.U.Q)

•Right lower quadrants (R.L.Q)

•Left lower quadrants (L.L.Q)

Region of the thorax and abdomen:

1. Right hypo-chondriac region

2. Left hypo-chondriac region

3. Epigastric region

4. Right lumber region

5. Left lumber region

6. Umbilical region

7. Right iliac region

8. Left iliac region

9. Hypogastric region

Divisions of the Back

• The spinal column is a long row of bones from the neck to the tailbone. Each bone in the spinal column is called a vertebra(backbone). Two or more bones are called vertebrae.

• A piece of flexible connective tissue, called a disk(or disc), lies between each backbone. The disk is a cushion between the bones.

Division of the back (spinal column)

•7 cervical vertebre (neck)

•12 thoracic (chest) vertebre

•5 lumber vertebre

•5 Sacrum

•1 or 4 coccyx

Planes of the Body

Planes of the Body

• A plane is an imaginary flat surface.

1. Frontal (coronal) plane:• A vertical plane that

divides the body, or body part such as an organ, into front and back portions. Anatomically, anterior means the front portion and posterior means the back portion.

Sagittal (lateral) plane

• A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides. The midsagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left halves.

Transverse (axial) plane

• A horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions, as in a cross section.(Think of cutting a long loaf of French bread into circular sections.)

Positional and directional terms planes of the body

Exercise Time

abdomen (abdominal cavity) pelvis mediastinum spinal column spinal cord diaphragm peritoneum vertebra disk (disc) pleura

1.The bones of the hip are the…..2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the..3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is

the……4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the….5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the…..6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver,

gallbladder, and intestines is the…7. The backbones are the ….8. The nerves running down the back form the….9. A single backbone is a….10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a….

abdomen (abdominal cavity) pelvis mediastinum spinal column spinal cord diaphragm vertebra disk (disc) pleura

1.The bones of the hip are the pelvis. 2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the. diaphragm.3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is the…

peritoneum.4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the… pleura.5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the mediastinum.6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver,

gallbladder, and intestines is the abdomen (abdominal cavity).7. The backbones are the spinal column .8. The nerves running down the back form the spinal cord .9. A single backbone is a vertebra.10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a disk (disc).

Name the five divisions of the spinal column from the neck to the tailbone

• 1. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___• 2. t ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___• 3. l ___ ___ ___ ___ ___• 4. s ___ ___ ___ ___ ___• 5. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral 5. coccygeal

• 1. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___• 2. t ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___• 3. l ___ ___ ___ ___ ___• 4. s ___ ___ ___ ___ ___• 5. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

anterior frontal (coronal) plane sagittal plane cartilage MRI transverse (axial) plane CT scan posterior

• 1. Pertaining to the back• 2. Pertaining to the front• 3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a lower

part• 4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three

planes of the body are • viewed• 5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts• 6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at joints• 7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts• 8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images

1.posterior 4. MRI 7. frontal (coronal) plane2. anterior 5. sagittal plane 8. CT scan3. transverse (axial) plane 6. cartilage• 1. Pertaining to the back• 2. Pertaining to the front• 3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a

lower part• 4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three

planes of the body are viewed• 5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts• 6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at

joints• 7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts• 8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images