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Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

Chapter 10Chapter 10

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Blood

hemhem/o and/o and hemat hemat/o/o plasma - 55%plasma - 55% formed elements - 45%formed elements - 45% serum - serum - plasma without clotting plasma without clotting

proteinsproteins

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Blood CellsBlood Cells

RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesisRBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesisWBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesisPlatelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis

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Erythrocytes

erythr/o - erythr/o - redred cyte -cyte - cell cell Hemoglobin - blood Hemoglobin - blood

protein transports oxygenprotein transports oxygen Reticulocyte - immature Reticulocyte - immature

erythrocyte erythrocyte RBCs produced by red RBCs produced by red

bone marrowbone marrow

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Leukocytes

leukleuk/o - white/o - white Protect the body Protect the body

against invasionagainst invasion Pass through capillary Pass through capillary

wallswalls

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GranulocytesGranulocytes neutrophils (phagocytosis)neutrophils (phagocytosis) eosinophils (allergies)eosinophils (allergies) basophils (promote inflammation)basophils (promote inflammation)

AgranulocytesAgranulocytes lymphocytes (production of circulating lymphocytes (production of circulating

antibodies)antibodies) monocytes (macrophages)monocytes (macrophages)

Collection of dead and living bacteria and Collection of dead and living bacteria and

leukocytes called pus, abscessleukocytes called pus, abscess..

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Thrombocytes

smallest formed elementsmallest formed element made in bone marrowmade in bone marrow essential to blood coagulationessential to blood coagulation If injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other If injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other

than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.reactions, formation of clot.

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PlasmaPlasma

plasmaplasma 92% water92% water 8% plasma proteins8% plasma proteins

albuminalbumin globulinglobulin fibrinogenfibrinogen

serum - serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogenplasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen

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Functions of the Immune SystemFunctions of the Immune System

To protect the entire body from a variety of To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substancesharmful substances pathogenic microorganismspathogenic microorganisms allergensallergens toxinstoxins malignant cellsmalignant cells

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Structures of the Immune SystemStructures of the Immune System

Unlike other body systems, Immune System Unlike other body systems, Immune System is is NOTNOT contained within a single set of contained within a single set of organs or vesselsorgans or vessels

Action depends on structures from Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systemsIntegumentary systems

Works Works primarilyprimarily through antigen-antibody through antigen-antibody reactionreaction

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Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Major structuresMajor structures lymph vesselslymph vessels lymph nodeslymph nodes lymph fluidlymph fluid tonsilstonsils

AlsoAlso spleenspleen thymusthymus

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Functions of the Lymph SystemFunctions of the Lymph System

lymph/olymph/o drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it

to the bloodto the blood transport materials (nutrients, hormones and transport materials (nutrients, hormones and

oxygen) to body cellsoxygen) to body cells carry away waste products to the blood carry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive systemtransport lipids away from digestive system control of infectioncontrol of infection

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Lymph SystemLymph System

Lymph originates in blood Lymph originates in blood plasmaplasma

Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid cleans and nourishes body cleans and nourishes body

tissuestissues collects cellular debris, collects cellular debris,

bacteriabacteria return to blood or lymph return to blood or lymph

capillariescapillaries

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Lymph NodesLymph Nodes

located in lymph vesselslocated in lymph vessels small round or oval small round or oval

structures (filters)structures (filters) depositories for cellular depositories for cellular

debrisdebris bacteria and debris bacteria and debris

phagocytizedphagocytized

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Lymph NodesLymph Nodes

inside are masses of tissue which contain inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)WBCs (lymphocytes)

almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often invading cells destroyed in nodes and often

swell as an indicator of the disease processswell as an indicator of the disease process

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SpleenSpleen

sac-like mass of sac-like mass of lymphatic tissuelymphatic tissue

filter for lymphfilter for lymph phagocytic cellsphagocytic cells hemolytichemolytic

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ThymusThymus

lymphatic tissuelymphatic tissue mediastinummediastinum primary role: changes primary role: changes

lymphocytes to T cells for lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunitycellular immunity

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TonsilsTonsils

masses of lymph tissue designed to masses of lymph tissue designed to filter filter tissue tissue fluid, not lymphfluid, not lymph

located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contaminationexposed to outside and hence to contamination

any or all may become so loaded with bacteria any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominancethat the pathogens gain dominance

should not be removed unless absolutely should not be removed unless absolutely necessary.necessary.

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Antigen-Antibody ReactionsAntigen-Antibody Reactions

AntigenAntigen - any substance that the body - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)

AntibodyAntibody - a disease fighting protein - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigenpresence of an antigen

Antigen-antibody reactionAntigen-antibody reaction or immune or immune reactionreaction

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WBCs for Immune ReactionsWBCs for Immune Reactions

monocytes - type of lymphocytes monocytes - type of lymphocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where formed in bone marrow/transported where

needed by bodyneeded by body become become macrophagesmacrophages

macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cellsbody by ingesting invading cells

lymphocytes - major class of WBCslymphocytes - major class of WBCs formed in lymphatic tissueformed in lymphatic tissue

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LymphocytesLymphocytes

T cells or T LymphocytesT cells or T Lymphocytes mature in thymus glandmature in thymus gland Cell mediated immunityCell mediated immunity

B cells or B LymphocytesB cells or B Lymphocytes mature in bone marrowmature in bone marrow antibody-mediated antibody-mediated

immunityimmunity

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T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity)T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity)

T Cell (cell mediated immunity)T Cell (cell mediated immunity) circulating lymphocytescirculating lymphocytes produced in bone marrowproduced in bone marrow matures in thymusmatures in thymus live for yearslive for years primary function: coordinate immune defenses primary function: coordinate immune defenses

and kill organisms and kill organisms

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Lymphocyte: T CellsLymphocyte: T Cells

helper T cellshelper T cells - essential to proper - essential to proper functioning of immune systemfunctioning of immune system

Memory cellsMemory cells- remember antigens and - remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later timeintroduced at a later time

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Blood Groups

Four blood groups based on presence Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs(agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs

A - A antigenA - A antigen B - B antigenB - B antigen AB - both AB antigensAB - both AB antigens O - no AB antigensO - no AB antigens

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Plasma does not contain the antibody Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigenagainst own antigen

AntigensAntigens on the donor’s RBCs on the donor’s RBCs react with the react with the antibodies in patients plasma antibodies in patients plasma and cause a and cause a transfustion reaction.transfustion reaction.

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Rh Factor

Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85% of pop. of US.85% of pop. of US.

Rh positive and Rh negativeRh positive and Rh negative Rh neg pregnant woman may develop Rh neg pregnant woman may develop

antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.positive fetus.

hemolytic disease of the newbornhemolytic disease of the newborn prevented with RhoGAMprevented with RhoGAM

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ImmunityImmunity

ImmunityImmunity-state of being resistant or not -state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific diseasesusceptible to a specific disease

Acquired immunityAcquired immunity-any form of immunity -any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during NOT present at birth and obtained during lifelife

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Factors That Influence Immune SystemFactors That Influence Immune System

HealthHealth AgeAge HeredityHeredity

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AnemiasAnemias

Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reducedreduced

symptom of diseasesymptom of disease erythropeniaerythropenia hypochromasiahypochromasia hematocrithematocrit

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)Virus)

HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 yearsincubation of up to 10 years

AIDS name applied during advanced stages AIDS name applied during advanced stages of diseaseof disease

After immune system destroyed, After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.opportunistic infections occur.

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Autoimmune DisordersAutoimmune Disorders

Antigens stimulate development of antibodies Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells. internal cells.

Body makes antibodies and T cells against Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.itself and attacks own tissues.

Multisystemic involvement.Multisystemic involvement.

Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritisMyasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis

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EdemaEdema

HypoproteinemiaHypoproteinemia lowers osmotic pressure within bloodlowers osmotic pressure within blood

large amounts of plasma pass out of bloodlarge amounts of plasma pass out of blood poor lymph drainagepoor lymph drainage increased capillary permeabilityincreased capillary permeability congestive heart failurecongestive heart failure localized edema, asciteslocalized edema, ascites

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HemophiliaHemophilia

Hereditary blood clotting disorderHereditary blood clotting disorder sex-linked, usually in mensex-linked, usually in men lack factor VIII, essential for blood clottinglack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting hematomashematomas hemarthrosishemarthrosis

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Infectious MononucleosisInfectious Mononucleosis

Acute infection caused by virus.Acute infection caused by virus. Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands,

atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising.bruising.

transmitted by droplet infectiontransmitted by droplet infection Infection confers permanent immunityInfection confers permanent immunity Treatment symptomaticTreatment symptomatic

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Oncology, the study of tumorsOncology, the study of tumors

Metastasis, MetastasizeMetastasis, Metastasize CarcinomaCarcinoma

Malignant MelanomaMalignant Melanoma AdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinoma

Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.)Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.) OsteocarcomaOsteocarcoma OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma MyosarcomaMyosarcoma

MyelomaMyeloma

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LeukemiaLeukemia

Major oncological disorder of blood-Major oncological disorder of blood-forming organsforming organs

malignant cells replace health bone marrow malignant cells replace health bone marrow cellscells

acute myelogenous leukemiaacute myelogenous leukemia acute lymphocytic leukemiaacute lymphocytic leukemia

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Hodgkin’s DiseaseHodgkin’s Disease

Malignant disorderMalignant disorder Painless, progressive enlargement of Painless, progressive enlargement of

lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegalylymph nodes; splenomegaly

Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, leukocytosisleukocytosis

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Kaposi’s SarcomaKaposi’s Sarcoma

Malignancy associated with AIDSMalignancy associated with AIDS lesions emerge as purplish-brown macules lesions emerge as purplish-brown macules

and develop into plaques and nodulesand develop into plaques and nodules