Blood & Cardiovascular System

Alex Ferguson & Talibay Twine

Period 4

Interesting Facts

A healthy heart beats on an average of 100,000 times a day

The human heart is approximately the size of your fist

A healthy heart pumps 2,000 gallons of blood through 60,000 miles of blood vessels each day.

What is the Heart?

The heart is an Involuntary, hollow muscle that pumps blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated muscle contractions which is the lifeline of the body.

What Is the Heart?

Cardiovascular Terminology

Artery: A vessel that transports blood away from the heart.

Arteriole: A small branch of an artery that communicates with a capillary network.

Capillary: A small blood vessel that connects an arteriole and a venule.

Venule: A vessel that carries blood from capillaries to a vein.

Vein: A vessel that carries blood toward the heart.

Cardiovascular Structure & Location

The Heart is divided into four hollow chambers- two on the left and two on the right Upper Chambers Atria

Receive Blood returning to the heart. Superior to the ventricles

Lower Chambers Ventricles Receive blood from the atria and contract to force

blood out of the heart into arteries Inferior to atria

Cardiovascular Structure & Location

The right atrium receives blood from two large veins

Superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the

body to the heart’s right atrium

Inferior vena cava carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the

body into the right atrium of the heart

Cardiovascular Structure & Location

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins

Two from the right lung and two from the left atrium

Cardiovascular Structure & Location

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs through the pulmonary trunk Pulmonary trunk

Divides to form the left and right pulmonary arteries that lead to the lungs

The left ventricle pumps blood to the remainder of the body via the aorta Aorta

The largest artery in the human body; distributes oxygenated to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation

Cardiovascular Structure & Location

Between right atria and ventricle lies the tricuspid valve and between the left atria and ventricle lies the mitral valve Tricuspid valve

Permits blood to move from the right atrium into the right ventricle and prevents backflow

Mitral valve (bicuspid valve) Permits blood from flowing back into the left atrium

from the ventricle

Cardiovascular Structure & Location

At the base of the aorta between the aorta and left ventricle is the aortic valve. Aortic valve

Permits blood to leave the left ventricle and prevents blood from backing up into the ventricle

Cardiac Cycle Terminology

Systole: the phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall contracts

Diastole: Phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall relaxes

Blood’s Pathway Through The Heart

Blood with low oxygen and high carbon dioxide enters the right atrium through the vena cavae. The right atrial wall contracts (systole) and the blood passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve closes and blood moves through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk and its branches (pulmonary arteries). From the pulmonary arteries, blood enters the capillaries associated with the alveoli of the lungs.

Blood’s Pathway Through The Heart

Following gas exchanges between the blood in the capillaries and the air in alveoli, freshly oxygenated blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins that lead to the left atrium. The left atrial wall contracts, and vlood moves through the mitral valve into left ventricle. When the left ventricular wall contracts, the mitral valve closes, and blood moves through the aortic valve and into the aortic branches.

Blood’s Pathway Through The Heart

Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary Circuit: sends oxygen depleted (deoxygenated) blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide.

Systemic Circulation

Systemic Circuit: sends oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes Waste and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the

cell into the blood, and oxygen in

the blood diffuses into the cell

Heart Sounds

The heartbeat sound heard through a stethoscope sounds like a lubb dupp Due to vibrations within the heart tissues associated with

the closing of valves Lubb

Occurs during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closing

Dupp Occurs during ventricular relaxation when the pulmonary

and aortic valves are closing

Blood Components

Blood: Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones; helps maintain the stability of the intertital fluid; and distributes the heat

The blood the heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system and link the body's internal and external environment

Blood is vital in transporting substances between body cells and the external environment, thereby promoting homeostasis

Blood Components

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) Shape places cell membrane closer to oxygen

carrying hemoglobin Bloods red apperance caused by hemoglobin

Cell Production= hematopoiesis Forms in yolk sack, liver,

White Blood Cells (leukocytes) Protect against disesas in the immune system Phagocytize bacterial cells in the body while

others

Blood Components

Blood platelets (thrombocytes) Not complete cells that arise from large cells in

red bone marrow called megakaryocytes fragments releasing small sections of cytoplasm- the

platelets into the circulation the larger fragments shrink and become platelets as they pass through blood vessels in the way

Helps close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate formation of blood cells

Blood Components

Blood Plasma Transports nutrients, gases, vitamins ad serves

as the liquid portion of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspended

Plasma proteins remain in the blood and interstitial fluids and

Blood Types

A blood type is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic May be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins,

or glycolipids, depending on the blood group or system

Blood types are inherited by both parents

Blood groups

The ABO blood group system is the most important in human blood transfusion

Blood Type AB does not contain AB antibodies

Rh- second most significant group Hd and antigen D (found on rbc membrane) Important blood transfusion and birth protection

Plasma

Transports nutrients, gases, vitamins and serves as the liquid portion of the blood in which cells and platelets are suspended

Carries absorbed amino acids to where energy used to be.

Plasma lipids

Include: phospholipids, cholesterol Aren't: water soluble Are: 92% water What is a lipid?: functions of lipids include

energy storage, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.

These lipids: combine with proteins to form…………

Lipoproteins

Any group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

The function: of lipoprotein particles is to transport lipids (fats) (such as triacylglycerol) around the body in the blood.

They increase as density decreases

Lipoproteins

Chylomicron- high concentration (HC) of triglycerides (TRG). Function: transports dietary fats to muscle and adipose tissue.

Very low density Very low density (VLDL(VLDL)-)- (HC) produced in Liver from remnants that have given up (TRG).

(LDL)-(LDL)- Function: delivers cholesterol to various cells, including liver cells.

High density lipoproteinHigh density lipoprotein (HDL)-(HDL)- (HC) low concentration of lipids Function: transports to liver remnants of chylomicronschylomicrons that have given up (TRG).

Disease

Atheroscleorosis- deposits of fat materials and cholesterol Form in lining of arterial walls Walls form plaque

Plaque: -form blood clots Blood clots: -(ischemia) blood

deficiency -(necrosis) tissue death

The End

Sources

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001762/

http://www.encognitive.com/node/1127 Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy

& Phisiology