Black Swan Lake, Bundall, Queensland - Bulimba Creekbulimbacreek.org.au/6909 Final~Black Swan Lake...

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2013 Healthy Waterways Waterway Champion – Wayne Cameron; 2013 Healthy Waterways Warrior Secondary – Sheamus O’Connor;

2011 Healthy Waterways Community Group Award; 2009 Queensland Landcare- Urban Landcare Award; 2005 Winner National River Prize; 2005, 2004 & 2003 Healthy Waterways Community Group Award;

August 2016 Water Quality Monitoring

Black Swan Lake, Bundall, Queensland

PANORAMA OF BLACK SWAN LAKE LOOKING NORTH WEST TOWARDS THE NERANG RIVER.

Prepared for: Black Swan Lake Alliance

Prepared by: Bulimba Creek Catchment Coordinating

Committee Inc. Water Team

September 2016

Supported by: Brisbane-based “Swan Lake Alliance”

PO Box 5 ABN 46 101 092 637 Carina 4152 Phone 3398 8003 Fax 3398 8316 E-mail [email protected]

Water Quality Monitoring, Black Swan Lake Sampling August 2016

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT 5

3. SAMPLING METHODOLOGY 6

3.1 IN SITU WATER QUALITY 7

3.2 WATER SAMPLES 8

3.3 TPH, BACTERIOLOGICAL AND SEDIMENT TESTING 8

4. RESULTS 9

4.1 OBSERVATIONS 9

4.2 HORIBA RESULTS 11 4.2.1 pH 12

4.2.2 Conductivity and Salinity 12

4.2.3 Total Dissolved Solids 12 4.2.4 Turbidity 12

4.2.5 Dissolved Oxygen 13

4.2.6 Oxygen Reduction Potential 14

4.3 WATER SAMPLE ANALYSIS 14 4.3.1 pH 15

4.3.2 Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids 16

4.3.3 Total Alkalinity 16

4.3.4 Sulfate 16

4.3.5 Chloride 16

4.3.6 Dissolved Major Cations 17

4.3.7 Hardness 17

4.3.8 Nutrients – Nitrogen and Phosphorus 17

5. CONCLUSION 21

6. REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY 22

TABLES

Table 1. Site Observation summary noted by the B4C Water Team from Black Swan Lake. 11

Table 2. Results of the Horiba insitu water testing by the B4C Water Team from Black Swan Lake. 11

Table 3. Summary of results of water testing of samples collected by the B4C Water Team from Black Swan Lake. 15


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FIGURES

Figure 1. General locality of Black Swan Lake. 1

Figure 2. Immediate locality of Black Swan Lake. 1

Figure 3. Black Swan Lake during inspection, June 2016. 2

Figure 4. South East Section of Black Swan Lake revegetated by the Gold Coast City Council, June 2016. 4

Figure 5. Heading to the Center of Northern Section of Black Swan Lake to collect Sample 1, August 2016. 6

Figure 6. Heading to the Center of South West Section of Black Swan Lake to collect Sample 2, August 2016. 7

Figure 7. Black Swan Lake during an inspection, June 2016. 9

Figure 8. Black Swan Lake at the time of sampling, August 2016. 10

Figure 9. Example of Stable Wastes stored immediately adjacent to Black Swan Lake with uncontrolled leachate draining into the lake, August 2016. 19

Figure 10.Uncontrolled leachate from Stable Wastes stored immediately adjacent to Black Swan Lake draining to a swale directly into the lake, August 2016. 20

Appendix

Appendix 1 Detailed Water Analysis Results of Samples taken 12 August 2016

Appendix 2 Results of Laboratory Analysis of known samples from Black Swan Lake with key parameters summarized in the Figure.

Copyright Notice: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

The copyright in this work is vested in the Bulimba Creek Catchment Coordinating Committee Inc. also known as “B4C” and the document is issued in confidence for the purpose for which it is supplied. The information presented in this document must not be reproduced (in whole or in part), except under an agreement with, or with the consent in writing of the Bulimba Creek Catchment Coordinating Committee Inc., and then only on the condition that this notice appears in any such reproduction. No information as to the contents or subject matter in this document or any part thereof may be given orally or in writing or communicated in any manner whatsoever to any third party without prior consent in writing of the Bulimba Creek Catchment Coordinating Committee Inc.. All intellectual property rights remain the property of the Bulimba Creek Catchment Committee.


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Statement of Limitations The Bulimba Creek Coordinating Catchment Committee Inc. has conducted the environmental work that is the subject of this report and has prepared this report on the basis of that assessment.

The work was conducted, and the report has been prepared, in response to specific instructions from the client to whom this report is addressed, within the time and budgetary requirements of the client, and in reliance on certain data and information made available to the Bulimba Creek Catchment Committee. The evaluations, opinions and conclusions presented in this report are based on those instructions, requirements, data or information, and they could change if such instructions etc. are in fact inaccurate or incomplete.

The Bulimba Creek Coordinating Catchment Committee Inc. will not update the report and has not taken into account events occurring after the time its assessment was conducted.

This document is only intended as a discussion on the water quality of Black Swan Lake, Ascot Court, Bundall. No third party is entitled to rely on this document or the contents of the document. No responsibility is accepted by the Bulimba Creek Catchment Committee for any conclusions, inferences or determinations that any third party makes as a result of reading this document.

This report is intended for the sole use of the client and only for the purpose for which it was prepared. Any representation contained in the report is made only to the client.

Bulimba Creek Catchment Coordinating Committee Inc. The following table records the issues and revisions of the document. If only a few revisions are made, only the new or revised pages are issued. For convenience, the nature of the revision is briefly noted as well as the page numbers. Version Date Pages / Comments Origin Check

BSL2.1 31.08.16 Preliminary Draft for Internal Comment ONLY B4C BSL2.2 06.09.16 Revised Draft for Internal Comment ONLY B4C BSL2.3 08.09.16 Final released to Client B4C


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1. INTRODUCTION

Black Swan Lake is located at the end of Ascot Court, Bundall (Figures 1 to 3).

Figure 1. General locality of Black Swan Lake.

Figure 2. Immediate locality of Black Swan Lake.


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Figure 3. Black Swan Lake during inspection, June 2016. The Lake is adjacent to the brackish canal system to the south and the Nerang River to the east. Runoff from heavy rainfall events can fill the Lake and can overflow to the canal via a 300 mm pipe near the south west corner. A search of the available online records in the GCCC (Gold Coast City Council) planning scheme indicates that the lake is located on two lots that together are known as Gold Market Lake:

Lot 1 RP221016 1.924 ha - Gold Market Drive Reserve 2 and

Lot 3 RP128988 6339 m2 - Gold Market Drive Reserve 1 The lake is considered to be a freshwater wetland according to GCCC OM11 - Natural Wetland and Waterway areas. The Lake is also designated as part of the Constraint Overlay - OM21- Public Open Space Management and classed as a 'Utility Reserve'.


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The site is subject to the GCCC:

Code 3 - Canals and Waterways,

Code 36 - Vegetation Management

Code 11 - Changes to ground level and creation of water bodies,

Code 14 - Sediment and Erosion Control,

Code 9 - Natural Wetland Areas and Natural Waterways. The Lake is home to a great diversity of animals and is a source of fresh water in an area of principally brackish and saline water. The freshwater Lake supports a range of birds, mammals, fish and reptiles. Birds Queensland has recorded an extensive list of birds. The Gold Coast Turf Club sought permission from the GCCC to fill the Lake to provide additional car parking on the two days the annual Gold Coast Show is held and some additional events. A number of conservation and community groups as well as local residents opposed the plans to fill the lake and thereby remove its ecological benefits as habitat and a source of water to a range of animals and its ecosystem services in buffering local land uses from the adjacent Nerang River tributary. Following strong community support to protect the Lake, the GCCC voted in October 2015 to protect and maintain the Lake. Council provided funds and an active program was commenced to improve water quality by revegetation of the banks and reduce pollutants contained in runoff from the adjacent stables from entering the Lake (Figure 4).


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Figure 4. South East Section of Black Swan Lake revegetated by the Gold Coast City Council, June 2016.

This report presents the results from the August 2016 water monitoring of the Lake undertaken by the B4C (Bulimba Creek Catchment Coordinating Committee Inc.) Water Team.


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2. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

The man-made lake known as Black Swan Lake has experienced a number of water quality concerns in the past. These concerns are thought to be caused from contaminated runoff due to the close proximity to the horse stables. In order to assist the conservation and community groups’ interest in protecting Black Swan Lake and progressing its restoration by getting a better understanding of the water quality, the Black Swan Lake Alliance requested the B4C Water Team to undertake a series of water quality monitoring events. Water samples, sediment samples and field readings have been undertaken to gain a better understanding of the lake’s water quality and track its progress in any water quality improvements. The tests were taken each year at around the same time period to minimise seasonal variation. Sampling was conducted on 6 September 2014, 24 September 2015 and 12 August 2016. The aim was to test water quality in situ and to collect water samples and submit them for analysis to provide water quality data to monitor water quality within the lake. Samples were sent for independent analysis at Australian Laboratory Services, a NATA accredited laboratory for the method of analysis being used. A recent site visit was undertaken on 12 August 2016 by the B4C Water Team in order to collect water samples and in situ water data. The B4C Water Team was helped by local members of the Black Swan Lake Alliance especially members of the Wildlife Preservation Society, who also provided insight and local knowledge into both the lake and recent improvements. The following report is a summary of these tests and the relationship with the previous water quality data. By looking at the data and comparing the results to previous years’ water testing results we can determine trends, identify improvements or needs and evaluate the effectiveness of any water quality improvement measures.


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3. SAMPLING METHODOLOGY

A kayak was used to collect water quality data from around the edge of the Lake and water quality data and water samples from the center of the Lake in order to ensure samples were free from interference from bottom sediments. An extendable sampling pole was used to collect the samples to minimise possible sample contamination and ensure the water column was adequately sampled. In addition to insitu water testing, Sample 1 was taken from the middle of the lake towards the north and Sample 2 was taken from the middle of the south west section of the lake, closer to the horse stables (Figures 5 and 6).

Figure 5. Heading to the Center of Northern Section of Black Swan Lake to collect Sample 1, August 2016.


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Figure 6. Heading to the Center of South West Section of Black Swan Lake to collect Sample 2, August 2016.

3.1 IN SITU WATER QUALITY

A Horiba U52 was used to collect water quality data from around the lake. The sample locations were initially selected in September 2014 at the extremes of the lake to identify any possible differences in addition to the reading in the center of the lake. Over the different monitoring events, the sample locations were changed to try to identify any changes and problem areas but the same central sampling points were kept to allow monitoring of any changes over the years.


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The field results recorded by the Horiba U-52 included pH, Conductivity (mS/cm), Turbidity (NTU), Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L), Temperature (C), Salinity (%), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Oxygen Reduction Potential (ORP). The Horiba is calibrated on a monthly basis with a field calibration for Dissolved Oxygen completed before sampling. 3.2 WATER SAMPLES

Water samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Sample 1 was collected from what was judged as the middle of the lake towards the north and sample 2 was taken from the middle of the south west section of the lake, closer to the horse stables. The collected samples were sent to a registered laboratory for testing of:

General water suite including Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride (Cl), Sulfate (SO4), Alkalinity, Fluoride (F), Total Hardness and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (calc) to give an indication of water quality

Various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus potentially from adjacent horse stables affecting algae blooms

3.3 TPH, BACTERIOLOGICAL AND SEDIMENT TESTING

During the initial sampling event on 6 September 2014, water samples for TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) and bacteriological testing and sediment samples for metal analysis were collected to determine potential toxicity issues. The results did not indicate any issues so it was determined that additional TPH, bacteriological and sediment testing would not be necessary for future monitoring. The initial report identified high nutrient levels as the issue and found minimal metals within the sediment to indicate a problem. Bacteriological tests did find positive results but given the current usage of the lake it would not have been useful to carry out follow up tests.


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4. RESULTS

In order to gain an understanding of the water quality within Black Swan Lake, comparison was made using both the laboratory and field results to the Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (2000). Within the guideline the tables for slightly disturbed ecosystems in south east Australia which includes south east Queensland, were used. The values in the Guideline tables are lower than preferred for wildlife habitat due to the urbanised nature of Black Swan Lake. 4.1 OBSERVATIONS

Black Swan Lake is subject to seasonal algae events caused by the seasonal mixing of the water due to temperature changes. During the B4C sampling events in 2014 and 2015, there was a considerable algae presence. The high concentration of algae suggests a combination of environmental conditions within the lake including high nutrients, enough light, warm temperatures, low turbidity and lack of water flow (DPI 2009). The conditions were very different during the latest water testing on 12 August 2016 with the water clear and only minor algae flecks visible (Figures 7 and 8).

Figure 7. Black Swan Lake during an inspection, June 2016.


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Figure 8. Black Swan Lake at the time of sampling, August 2016. One of the main points made by the ecology report (WRAMS June 2014) in determining its findings was the presence of a high number of dead birds. This does not necessarily indicate toxins within the lake given the vast amount of birds which frequent the lake and that show no symptoms of illness. Only autopsies and toxicology reports conducted by a suitably qualified person could determine the cause of death of the observed animals. During the initial site visit on 6 September 2014, only two dead ducks were sighted. At the following visit on 24 September 2015 no dead birds were sighted and only a single dead ibis was found on 12 August 2016. The following important observations have been summarised in Table 1 below with regard to the site conditions and observations on each of the monitoring events.


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Table 1. Site Observation summary noted by the B4C Water Team from Black Swan Lake.

Date of Testing Algae Presence Dead Fauna Observed

6 September 2014 Unclear, bright green 2 dead ducks

24 September 2015 Unclear, bright green None observed

12 August 2016 Clear water, few green flecks 1 dead ibis 4.2 HORIBA RESULTS

Three Horiba readings were undertaken during the latest environmental monitoring event matching three of the original Black Swan Lake study. This allow comparison of the results to the original survey and identify what if any results changed. The latest results compared to the 2014 results are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Results of the Horiba insitu water testing by the B4C Water Team from Black

Swan Lake.

Analyte Units Black Swan Inlet 2 Black Swan Lake Road

Date Sampled 06-Sep-14 12-Aug-16 06-Sep-14 12-Aug-16 06-Sep-14 12-Aug-16 Time Sampled 10:25 10:47 11:00 10:51 11:15 10:55

pH 8.50 7.14 8.87 6.99 9.35 6.89

EC µS/cm 98 63 100 63 105 64

Salinity % 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Diss. Solids mg/L 64 41 65 41 68 41

Turbidity NTU 32.4 0.2 37.2 0.1 81.3 0.1

Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 12.20 8.32 11.74 7.56 12.34 5.36

Oxygen Red Pot mV 159 179 161 186 144 190

Temperature Celcius 19.6 20.12 20.7 20.27 20.14 20.4 The results obtained on 6 September 2014 have been averaged to allow comparison with the 12 August 2016 readings. The sample location “Black Swan” is located in the centre of the lake where the laboratory samples were taken. The sample location “Inlet 2” in the south west corner was chosen because it is close to a major inlet for water entering into the lake and any changes due to runoff will be more extreme in this location. The final comparison chosen “Black Swan Lake Road” is at the other end of Lake in the north east corner where there is more vegetation and the lake is narrower and was chosen because, if there would be a lack of mixing, it would be in this location.


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4.2.1 PH

The latest 2016 Horiba results are all around pH 7 (6.9 to 7.1), a definite improvement over the recordings taken in 2014 when the pH was 8.5 to 9.4. With the improvement in pH being closer to neutral, it will reduce the stress within the ecosystem. The results from the 2014 study were found to be very alkaline and this could be attributed to the large amount of algae within the waterway so with the reduced algae in the water the pH would be more stable and less likely to fluctuate. This is further indicated by the field results matching the laboratory results more closely. 4.2.2 CONDUCTIVITY AND SALINITY

The conductivity of the samples were very low at 63 to 64 µS/cm, indicating that the Black Swan Lake is still a great freshwater resource for surrounding wildlife. It is lower than the previous readings conducted in 2014 which is unusual, especially considering that this change is not reflected in the laboratory results. Any changes in conductivity could be due to factors like rainfall and the water level of the lake. The salinity levels remain at 0% which matches the results from the initial tests. This would make sense provided the percent salinity is a factor of conductivity but it is less sensitive so cannot pick up the small levels of salt within the lake. 4.2.3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) "is a measure of all inorganic salts dissolved in water and is a guide to water quality" (ANZECC 2000, pg. 170). The 2016 field results measured a reading of 41 mg/L across all three results that was slightly lower than the TDS range of 64 to 68 mg/L obtained in the 2014 study. Similar to conductivity, the laboratory results were slightly higher at 66 mg/L. The ANZECC only have guidelines for livestock drinking water but TDS levels are not expected to have any adverse effects on animals (ANZECC 2000, pg. 170). The results for TDS are considered low and are consistent for other freshwater ecosystems in south east Queensland. 4.2.4 TURBIDITY

The turbidity readings were very low and consistent around the lake ranging from between 0.1 to 0.2 NTU reinforcing the clear appearance of the lake and a stark difference from the conditions observed when sampling in 2014 the turbidity was 32 to 81 NTU. It is a massive improvement over the high turbidity and high variability caused by the algae activity within the water. The turbidity readings were much lower than the guideline levels of 1-20 NTU (ANZECC 2000, pg. 97). The lake in its state at the time of sampling is well within the Queensland Water Quality Guidelines that recommend < 80 NTU for fresh water systems. The guidelines stipulate that shallow lakes, like Black Swan Lake, may have higher turbidity due to wind dispersion of sediments.


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Compared to other freshwater resources in south east Queensland, the turbidity values are very low and are not considered detrimental to wildlife habitat at this location. Turbidity should continue to be managed by controlling other causes such as sediment form adjacent land uses by preventing runoff from bare areas and providing a mid to dense terrestrial vegetation buffer, sediment retention pond and/or other measures to reduce sediments from entering the Lake. Control of dissolved elements, especially nitrogen and phosphorus will reduce algal blooms that contribute to turbidity. Black Swan Lake is a very shallow lake so will naturally be more turbid than the guidelines. 4.2.5 DISSOLVED OXYGEN

The 2016 field results for Dissolved Oxygen ranged from 5.4 to 8.3 mg/L between the three different sites. These readings are well above the Queensland Water Quality Guidelines that recommend dissolved oxygen for both fresh and marine water of > 4 mg/L. The ANZECC guidelines state that Dissolved Oxygen should not fall below 6 mg/L (ANZECC 2000, pg. 111). The field reading taken at the ‘Black Swan Lake Road’ are marginally below this level but are still above the Queensland guidelines so is of limited concern. It should be noted that the lowest levels were found within the narrowest end of the lake indicating this may be the result of not as much mixing occurring at this end. These readings are significantly lower than the 2014 high Dissolved Oxygen readings. Despite the previous results being higher the more average results are an improvement. In order to achieve the observed high results the excessive Dissolved Oxygen must have been produced by the algae in the water. Without the extreme high readings we expect less of the falls that often form part of the cycle, producing a more stable environment. It is expected that there will be variation in the Oxygen levels over a 24-hour period as primary production increases and decreases in response to factors such as temperature and respiration. The more normal results indicate the ecosystem is not as controlled by the algae as was previously the case. Dissolved Oxygen decreases are expected when conditions change and algae die and are decomposed (ANZECC 2000, pg. 108). The differences observed between dissolved oxygen readings can be due to factors contributing to high Dissolved Oxygen including the water temperature, time of year, time of day, the shallow nature of the lake and the high presence of algae within the water. As the algae in the water photosynthesize, they create additional oxygen within the system but warmer water holds less oxygen. If the water temperatures are high and the Dissolved Oxygen is high, it means that there is significant photosynthesis (primary production) taking place within the water column that is good, as this high metabolic rate will actually be taking up nitrogen and phosphorus. This is true at Black Swan Lake as it is a shallow lake with minimal turbidity, abundant algae and macrophytes with high Dissolved Oxygen levels. Shallow lakes in Queensland often suffer fish die offs every year due to high water temperature, low Dissolved Oxygen, high nutrient inputs, no macrophytes, minimal algae and lack of riparian buffer. Variation in the Oxygen levels over a 24 hour period are possible as primary production increases and decreases in response to temperature. When undertaking our testing we made sure to minimise the potential variations such as sampling at the same time of day and similar times of the year. This can be seen in the similar temperatures between the two sampling events. The only real difference between the testing events has been abundance of algae, further proving that by controlling the algae the lake water quality has seen a dramatic improvement.


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4.2.6 OXYGEN REDUCTION POTENTIAL

ORP (Oxygen Reduction Potential) can provide a general indication as to the water quality and is related to the amount of oxygen within the environment (Apps 1996, pg. 14). The ORP is a measure of the waters potential to oxidise potential contaminants and is often used as a measure of disinfection ability and is important for determining water quality. Oxidation is a chemical process involving the gaining and losing of electrons, which often have an impact on aspects like bacterial growth. The ORP for the current testing was 179 to 190 mV compared to 144 to 161 mV in 2014. The Black Swan Lake results indicate positive ORP with values over 150. The higher the ORP values, the more oxygen is within the environment and the less anaerobic bacteria will occur. The 2016 field results match the original positive ORP findings and indicate the presence of oxygen within the ecosystem. This means that the water, similar to most types of water, is an oxidizing agent and is not beneficial to bacterial growth. Most waterways have a positive ORP value so this factor should not be considered a concern for the water quality of Black Swan Lake. 4.3 WATER SAMPLE ANALYSIS

The results of the laboratory analysis of the current samples are attached as Appendix 1. All known laboratory analysis of water samples collected from Black Swan Lake are attached as Appendix 2 with results of the key parameters summarized in the Figure in Appendix 2. Table 3 below summarises the results collected by the B4C water team from Black Swan Lake.


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Table 3. Summary of results of water testing of samples collected by the B4C Water Team from Black Swan Lake.

Analyte grouping/Analyte Units B4C Results

WQOs ANZECC DEHP

06-Sep-14 24-Sep-15 Sample 1

12-Aug-16 Sample 2

12-Aug-16

pH Value pH Unit 6.82 7.36 6.99 6.98 7.0-8.4 6.5-8.0 6.5-8.0

Electrical Conductivity µS/cm 99 95 100 101 NA 125-2200

0-5 ppt

Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 64 62 65 66

Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 11 12 13 14

20-400

Sulfate as SO4 mg/L 9 7 4 4 400

Chloride mg/L 13 19 15 15

400

Dissolved Major Cations: Calcium mg/L 4 5 4 4

Magnesium mg/L 1 1 1 1 Sodium mg/L 9 8 10 10

Potassium mg/L 5 4 4 4 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 14 17 14 14

20–100 25-450

Fluoride mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Nutrients: Ammonia as N mg/L 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

< 0.01

Nitrite + Nitrate as N mg/L 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/L 1.90 3.50 0.7 0.7

Total Nitrogen as N mg/L 1.90 3.50 0.7 0.7 <0.3 0.035 0.35

Total Phosphorus as P mg/L 0.13 0.40 0.22 0.23 <0.025 0.01 0.01

Reactive Phosphorus as P mg/L <0.01 0.13 0.16 0.17 Table 3 also lists ANZECC guidelines and DEHP WQO (Water Quality Objectives) as a guideline for water quality. 4.3.1 PH

The pH results reported by the GCCC from October 2012 to December 2013 were close to 10.0. The results recorded by B4C from September 2014 to August 2016 varied from 6.8 to 7.4 with the current results 7.0. The major differences between the B4C laboratory results and the GCCC results could be explained if the GCCC results were measured outside the laboratory environment in the field as they more closely match the B4C field pH results measured by the Horiba. The ANZECC guidelines state that pH should be within 4 - 9 for soil and animal health to be not adversely affected (ANZECC 2000, pg. 165). The Queensland Water Quality Guidelines recommend a pH of 6.5 to 8.0 for freshwater lakes and 6.8 to 9.5 for freshwater aquaculture. The current results are consistent with the 2 previous testing results and within acceptable guidelines.


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4.3.2 CONDUCTIVITY AND TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

The conductivity has not shown any significant changes since the B4C testing started in 2014. The laboratory result for conductivity in 2016 was 100 and 101 μS/cm, consistent with the previous B4C results. The GCCC results in 2012 and 2013 varied from 219 to 448 μS/cm. While the current values are above the ANZECC guidelines of 20 – 30 μS/cm (ANZECC 2000, pg. 97), the ANZECC guidelines are defined for Tasmanian lakes and reservoirs. The Queensland WQO are 125 to 2200 μS/cm with a 50 percentile for southern coastal zone freshwaters of 340 μS/cm (Dunlop, McGregor and Horrigan 2005 Table 5: EC percentiles for Queensland salinity zones). From experience within a range of south east Queensland catchments, the conductivity readings are very low. The low conductivity and salinity results reinforce the lake as an important freshwater habitat that differs from the surrounding brackish tidal habitats. The birdlife cannot, or would be burdened, to find similar habitats within the area. The conductivity has been consistent over the past 3 years. The lake is not salty (saline), with the conductivity readings not being high enough to register a percentage salinity reading on the Horiba probe. Salinity is not a determining factor within this type of waterway and habitat. These results indicate that the water has not experienced any noticeable salt incursion and remains an important freshwater body for the local wildlife. The Total Dissolved Solids results mimic the conductivity results as expected considering they are calculated from the conductivity. 4.3.3 TOTAL ALKALINITY

The test results have shown that the total alkalinity results have been constantly below the 20 mg/L as stated within the water quality guidelines (ANZECC 2000, pg. 179). The results have also shown little change throughout the study period although there is a slight increasing trend from 11 to 14 mg/L but being so below the guidelines is not of major concern. Although laboratory tests have been for different types of alkalinity it was found in each monitoring event to be only Bicarbonate Alkalinity contributing to Total Alkalinity. 4.3.4 SULFATE

The sulfate levels have been very low and trending down from 9 to 4 mg/L. Sulfate levels are well below the guidelines for recreational waters level of 400 mg/L (ANZECC 2000, pg. 179). 4.3.5 CHLORIDE

The chloride levels were well below the guidelines for recreational waters level of 400 mg/L at 15 mg/L (ANZECC 2000, pg. 179). Results over the past 3 years have varied over a narrow range from 13 to 19 mg/L and while they do fluctuate there is very little risk of issues being caused via the chloride levels.


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4.3.6 DISSOLVED MAJOR CATIONS

Gaining an understanding of appropriate Dissolved Major Cations levels of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium is difficult as only Sodium is listed under the ANZECC Water Quality Guidelines. The Sodium levels are well below the threshold levels and should not be considered an issue (ANZECC 2000, pg. 200). The levels of the selected cations has had little change over the monitoring period indicating these are stable and not adversely affecting the water quality within the lake. 4.3.7 HARDNESS

The water hardness value has had little change within the testing period varying from 14 to 17 mg/L. According to the guidelines, the hardness should be within 20 - 100 mg/L (ANZECC 2000, pg. 179). The laboratory results are below the guidelines. The water in Black Swan Lake is soft which is a natural feature of Australian and New Zealand ecosystems (ANZECC 2000, pg. 50). From these results we can expect the water hardness to be stable and not of concern. 4.3.8 NUTRIENTS – NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS

The ANZECC guidelines state that the trigger values for total nitrogen is 0.35 mg/L and total phosphorus level of 0.01. The results in Table 3 show the results are well above the trigger values stated but the latest tests indicate a huge reduction. Total nitrogen levels in 2012 was 9.8 to 15.0 mg/L. Since 2013, nitrogen levels have been <5.0 mg/L with the current results 0.7 mg/L. The current total nitrogen within the lake still exceeds the default trigger levels of 0.35 mg/L stated within the ANZECC guidelines (ANZECC 2000, pg. 96). The GCCC intervention to improve water quality in late 2015 has had a dramatic effect on improving nitrogen levels. Total phosphorus levels showed similar but not as dramatic results. The 2012 results were 0.9 to 1.4 mg/L but since 2013, levels have been 0.2 to 0.4 mg/L. The total phosphorus within the lake exceeds the default trigger levels of 0.01 mg/L stated within the ANZECC guidelines (ANZECC 2000, pg. 96). Despite this lower result the values are still above the trigger values in the guidelines and indicate Black Swan Lake still contains high nutrient loads. Further improvement and monitoring is needed to determine if this trend continues. The testing events in 2014 and 2015 were collected when there was a large amount of algae in the water while the 2016 tests were conducted when there was not much algae present. The levels of nitrogen and phosphorus have been reduced dramatically and is a good sign for the lake. These observations further prove the lake’s water quality issues are related to the high levels of nutrients and the need to further reduce these levels.


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The difference between total phosphorus and reactive phosphorus between the sampling events tells an interesting story and indicates the success of reducing the nitrogen levels within the lake. The total phosphorus represents all phosphorus within the water but not all of it is available to plant life, or in the case of Black Swan Lake, algae. The reactive phosphorus represents the soluble phosphorus that is readily available for the plants to use in their growth. In the earlier samples taken in 2014 and 2015, the proportion of total phosphorus to reactive phosphorus was high. This could be explained by the large amount of algae in the water using the readily available reactive phosphorus for growth. The sample results in 2016 went against this observation as there was a high proportion of reactive phosphorus relative to the total phosphorus with the reactive phosphorus increasing despite the total phosphorus nearly halving from 2015. This result indicates that there is more phosphorus available for the plant life to use but algal growth is limited by the levels of nitrogen entering the system. From this observation we can determine that it is much more important to focus on reducing the nitrogen levels feeding into Black Swan Lake than other plant nutrients, especially phosphorus. The storm water entering from the adjacent stables would be the most likely source given that urine, faeces and animal food from the horse stables contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that is interfering with the lake’s ability to regulate natural sources of nutrients. Ammonia is recognised as a stressor directly toxic to biota or animals and is important within the aquatic ecosystem (ANZECC 2000, pg. 89). The levels for Ammonia as N were recorded above the recreational use guidelines limit of 10 μg/L with values of 20 to 50 μg/L (ANZECC 2000, pg. 179). Across the 3 years of the B4C monitoring period, Ammonia levels have slowly increased. Ammonia levels have remained high despite the dramatic fall in total nitrogen levels. The guidelines for toxicants state that below 320 μg/L should ensure the protection of 99% of species and therefore ammonia is not an issue for aquatic use of the lake. Urine contains large quantities of nitrogen, mostly as urea, as well as significant quantities of dissolved phosphates and potassium. Urea readily breaks down to ammonia. Urine typically contains 70% of the nitrogen and more than half the phosphorus and potassium found in urban waste water flows, while making up less than 1% of the overall volume. Runoff from the adjacent horse stables is the likely source of the high ammonia levels and the ecological consequences such as eutrophication resulting from the influx of nutrient rich effluent into aquatic or marine ecosystems (Figures 9 and 10).


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Figure 9. Example of Stable Wastes stored immediately adjacent to Black Swan Lake with uncontrolled leachate draining into the lake, August 2016.


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Figure 10. Uncontrolled leachate from Stable Wastes stored immediately adjacent to Black Swan Lake draining to a swale directly into the lake, August 2016.


Page 21

5. CONCLUSION

Across the three year monitoring period most of the results have remained similar and well below the recommended guidelines for water quality. Where the water quality falls outside the recommended guidelines, the analysis relates to the high nutrient levels seen in 2014 and 2015 causing an excessive amount of algae to grow. This algae has shown to be responsible for the greatly fluctuating dissolved oxygen and high pH. This has been proven with the latest tests where normal pH and Dissolved Oxygen results were observed without the presence of this algae. The presence of the algae has also been demonstrated to be linked to the high nutrient levels in the lake. From the most recent tests it appears that the efforts to improve lake quality by reducing nutrient runoff have been succeeding but further work is required. The latest test results show the lake has improved water quality and while the nutrient levels are still above the trigger values set by the Water Quality Guidelines it is much closer to the set values provided. It should be noted that one possible explanation for the significantly lower nutrient levels could be due to the seasonal mixing that some Australian lakes and water bodies undergo as summer approaches. It is no surprise that the tests in September were when the algae was present as the temperature changes could stir up the nutrients sitting on the bottom for use by the algae. It is yet to be determined if this will occur this year as well or if the nutrient levels have truly been reduced due to the measures undertaken to improve the water quality of the lake. Even if the algae bloom does occur this year similar to what happens in most Australian water bodies the most recent tests provide a beneficial baseline when looking at the health of the lake. The water quality of the lake for most of the year is very positive with a modest increase of nutrient levels over the relevant guidelines. These values have been shown not to negatively impact the physical and chemical water properties of the lake. It could take some time to make sustained changes to the water quality to potentially reduce this period of change. The results indicate that while Black Swan Lake does have some issues with water quality, these are linked to the additional nutrients. The work undertaken by the GCCC to encourage the adjacent landholders to comply with the legislative requirements to reduce the contaminated runoff to the lake and the direct action being taken including rehabilitation of the lake fringe with plants endemic to the area and the aeration program are having a positive effect on lake water quality. The GCCC Councilors who voted to provide funds for the work program and the officers undertaking the work are acknowledged and congratulated. Local members of the Wildlife Preservation Society often witness birdlife, including Black Swans, which travel between the canals and Black Swan Lake in the evening to roost. The site also provides important habitat for flying foxes and microbats. This behavior confirms the lake as an important wildlife habitat for the local wildlife that is otherwise unavailable in the surrounding urban matrix.


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6. REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander, D.G. (Ed.) (2000). Hydrographic Procedure. Water Quality Sampling. Department of Natural Resources, Queensland.

Allen G.R., Midgley S.H. and Allen M. (2003). Field Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Victoria.

ANCA (1997). A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (2nd Edition) pg 168-170.

Apps. T. (1996). What do your water test results mean? Available: www.appslabs.com.au/What_do_your_water_test_results_mean.doc

Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) (2000). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, Available: http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/53cda9ea-7ec2-49d4-af29-d1dde09e96ef/files/nwqms-guidelines-4-vol1.pdf (Online)

Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (2000). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Volume 1, The guidelines. National Water Quality Management Strategy Paper No. 4. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. October 2000.

Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ) (2000). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, Canberra http://www.mincos.gov.au/publications/ australian_and_new_zealand_ guidelines_for_fresh_and_marine_water_quality.

Bridges, C. (2012). Gold Market Drive Lake, Gold Coast City Council.

Bureau of Meteorology http://www.bom.gov.au.

Burton, G.A., Gunnison. D Jr. and Lanza, G.R., (1987). Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in

Various Freshwater Sediments. Applied and Environment Microbiology, Vol 53. No 3.

Chambers, J.M., (1984). The potential of natural and artificial wetlands for phosphorus removal in the Harvey catchment. Department of Botany, The University of Western Australia.

City of Gold Coast (2015). Asset Management Policy. LG343/1045/03/D1 Executive Coordinator - Strategic Asset Management, Corporate Asset Management, http://www.goldcoast.qld gov.au/documents/bf/Asset_Managemcnt_Policy.pdf.

Davies, P.E. (1994). National River Processes and Management Program. Monitoring River Health Initiative. River Bioassessment Manual, Version 1.0. Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, Commonwealth Environment Protection Agency. (LWRRDC: Canberra).

Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (DEHP) (2009). Deriving local water quality guidelines Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 2009.

Department of Environment and Resource Management (2009). Monitoring and Sampling Manual. Version 1 September 2009. Department of Environment and Resource Management, Queensland Government, Brisbane. http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/ environmental_management/water/water_quality_monitoring/monitoring_and_sampling_manual.html


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Department of Environment and Resource Management (2009). Queensland Water Quality Guidelines 2009, Version 3. ISBN 978-0-9806986-0-2.

Department of Environment and Resource Management (2009). Wetland Maps. Available at http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/wetlandinfo/site/MappingFandD/WetlandMapsAndData/WetlandMaps.html.

Department of Environment and Resource Management (2010). Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 2009, Nerang River environmental values and water quality objectives. Basin No. 146 (part), including all tributaries of Currumbin and Tallebudgera creeks and all creeks of Pacific Beaches catchments. Water Quality & Ecosystem Health Policy Unit. https://www.ehp qld gov.au/water/policy/pdf/documents/currumbjn-ev-20lO.pdf.

Department of Environment and Resource Management (2011). Environmental Values and Water Quality Objectives.

Department of Primary Industries (DPI) (2009). What causes algal blooms, Available: http://www.water.nsw.gov.au/Water-Management/Water-quality/Algal-information/What-causes-algal-blooms/What-causes-algal-blooms/default.aspx (Online)?

Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2009). Australian Natural Resources Atlas. http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/overview/qld/ swma-nogoa-mackenzie.html.

Douglas, G., Ford, P., Palmer, M., Noble, R. and Packett, R. (2005). Identification of sediment sources in the Fitzroy River Basin and Estuary, Queensland, Australia. Nutrient and carbon cycling in subtropical estuaries (Fitzroy) – FH1 Technical Report No 13. Accessed 15th April 2013 at http://www.ozcoasts.org.au/pdf/CRC/13-Fitzroy_geochemistry.pdf.

Dunlop J, McGregor G. and Horrigan N. (2005). Potential impacts of salinity and turbidity in riverine ecosystems. Characterisation of impacts and a discussion of regional target setting for riverine ecosystems in Queensland. The State of Queensland 2005.

Friend, M. and Franson, J.C. (1999). Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases. General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds. Information and Technology Report 1999 - 2001, U S. Geological Survey.

Giller, P.S. Hillebrand. H., Beminger, U.G., Gessner, M.O., Hawkins, S., Inchausti. P., Inglis, C., Leslie, H., Malmqvist, B., Monaghan, M.T., Morm, P.J. and O'Mullan G. (2004). Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: emerging issues and their experimental test in aquatic environments. Oikis, Vol. 104, pp 423-436.

Gold Coast City Council (2002). Health of the Gold Coast Waterways. Prepared by the Catchment Management Unit, Gold Coast City Council, November 2002.

Laird, D.A. (2007). The Charcoal Vision: A Win-Win-Win Scenario for Simultaneously Producing Bioenergy, Permanently Sequestering Carbon, while improving Soil and Water Quality', Agronomy Journal, Vol 100, No.I. pp 178-181.

Lan Chun, C., Kahn. C.L., Borehert A.J., Byappanahalli M.N., Whitman, R.L., Pellar. J., Pier, C., Lin, G., Johnson. E.A. and Sadowsky, M.J. (2014). Prevalence or toxin-producing Clostridium botulinum associated with the macroalga Cladophora in three Great Lakes: Growth and management. Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 511, pp. 523-529.


Page 24

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (2014). Sediment Quality Guidelines, as referenced in ANZECC as the Australian Sediment Guidelines are currently being developed.

Pusey, B, Kennard, M. and Arthington, A. (2004). Freshwater Fishes of North-Eastern Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Victoria.

Srivastava A.K., Rai, A.N. and Neilan, B.A. (eds.) (2013). Stress Biology of Cyanobacteria Molecular Mechanisms to Cellular Responses, CRC Piass, Florida.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2005). Predicting Toxicity to Amphipods from Sediment Chemistry. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460. EPA/600/R-04/030, March 2005.

Utah State University (USU) 2014, pH, Available: http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/htm/whats-in-your-water/ph (Online).

Wildlife Relocation and Management Services (2014). Wildlife Spotter-Catcher Pre Works Report, On Lake Infilling at End of Goldmarket Drive, Bundall for Gold Coast Turf Club, Racecourse Drive, Surfers Paradise, Qld, 4217. Prepared by Graeme Lloyd, Wildlife Relocation and Management Services. Dated – 12th June, 2014.

Wurts, W.A. (2003). Daily pH cycle and ammonia toxicity. World Aquaculture, 34(2): 20-21, Available: http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/pHAmmonia.PDF (Online).

APPENDIX 1

Detailed Water Analysis Results Samples taken 12 August 2016

August 2016 Water Quality Monitoring Black Swan Lake, Bundall, Queensland

0 0.00 True

Environmental

CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSISWork Order : Page : 1 of 4EB1620151

:: LaboratoryClient BULIMBA CREEK CATCHMENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE Environmental Division Brisbane

: :ContactContact RESULTS ADDRESS

:: AddressAddress PO BOX 5

CARINA 4152

2 Byth Street Stafford QLD Australia 4053

:Telephone ---- :Telephone +61-7-3243 7222

NATA Accredited Laboratory 825

Accredited for compliance with

ISO/IEC 17025.

:Project Black Swan Lake Date Samples Received : 12-Aug-2016 13:45

:Order number ---- Date Analysis Commenced : 12-Aug-2016

:C-O-C number ---- Issue Date : 18-Aug-2016 18:17

Sampler : Andrew

Site : ----

Quote number : ----

2:No. of samples received

2:No. of samples analysed

This report supersedes any previous report(s) with this reference. Results apply to the sample(s) as submitted.

This Certificate of Analysis contains the following information:

l General Comments

l Analytical Results

Additional information pertinent to this report will be found in the following separate attachments: Quality Control Report, QA/QC Compliance Assessment to assist with

Quality Review and Sample Receipt Notification.

SignatoriesThis document has been electronically signed by the authorized signatories below. Electronic signing is carried out in compliance with procedures specified in 21 CFR Part 11.

Signatories Accreditation CategoryPosition

Andrew Epps Senior Inorganic Chemist Brisbane Inorganics, Stafford, QLD

R I G H T S O L U T I O N S | R I G H T P A R T N E R

2 of 4:Page

Work Order :

:Client

EB1620151

Black Swan Lake:Project

BULIMBA CREEK CATCHMENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE

General Comments

The analytical procedures used by the Environmental Division have been developed from established internationally recognized procedures such as those published by the USEPA, APHA, AS and NEPM. In house

developed procedures are employed in the absence of documented standards or by client request.

Where moisture determination has been performed, results are reported on a dry weight basis.

Where a reported less than (<) result is higher than the LOR, this may be due to primary sample extract/digestate dilution and/or insufficient sample for analysis.

Where the LOR of a reported result differs from standard LOR, this may be due to high moisture content, insufficient sample (reduced weight employed) or matrix interference.

When sampling time information is not provided by the client, sampling dates are shown without a time component. In these instances, the time component has been assumed by the laboratory for processing purposes.

Where a result is required to meet compliance limits the associated uncertainty must be considered. Refer to the ALS Contact for details.

CAS Number = CAS registry number from database maintained by Chemical Abstracts Services. The Chemical Abstracts Service is a division of the American Chemical Society.

LOR = Limit of reporting

^ = This result is computed from individual analyte detections at or above the level of reporting

ø = ALS is not NATA accredited for these tests.

~ = Indicates an estimated value.

Key :

EA016: Calculated TDS is determined from Electrical conductivity using a conversion factor of 0.65.l

3 of 4:Page

Work Order :

:Client

EB1620151



Analytical Results

------------Black Swan 2Black SwanClient sample IDSub-Matrix: WATER

(Matrix: WATER)

------------12-Aug-2016 10:3012-Aug-2016 10:20Client sampling date / time

------------------------EB1620151-002EB1620151-001UnitLORCAS NumberCompound

Result Result ---- ---- ----

EA005P: pH by PC Titrator

6.99 6.98 ---- ---- ----pH Unit0.01----pH Value

EA010P: Conductivity by PC Titrator

100 101 ---- ---- ----µS/cm1----Electrical Conductivity @ 25°C

EA016: Calculated TDS (from Electrical Conductivity)

65 66 ---- ---- ----mg/L1----Total Dissolved Solids (Calc.)

EA065: Total Hardness as CaCO3

14 14 ---- ---- ----mg/L1----Total Hardness as CaCO3

ED037P: Alkalinity by PC Titrator

<1Hydroxide Alkalinity as CaCO3 <1 ---- ---- ----mg/L1DMO-210-001

<1Carbonate Alkalinity as CaCO3 <1 ---- ---- ----mg/L13812-32-6

13Bicarbonate Alkalinity as CaCO3 14 ---- ---- ----mg/L171-52-3

13 14 ---- ---- ----mg/L1----Total Alkalinity as CaCO3

ED041G: Sulfate (Turbidimetric) as SO4 2- by DA

4Sulfate as SO4 - Turbidimetric 4 ---- ---- ----mg/L114808-79-8

ED045G: Chloride by Discrete Analyser

15Chloride 15 ---- ---- ----mg/L116887-00-6

ED093F: Dissolved Major Cations

4Calcium 4 ---- ---- ----mg/L17440-70-2

1Magnesium 1 ---- ---- ----mg/L17439-95-4

10Sodium 10 ---- ---- ----mg/L17440-23-5

4Potassium 4 ---- ---- ----mg/L17440-09-7

EK040P: Fluoride by PC Titrator

<0.1Fluoride <0.1 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.116984-48-8

EK055G: Ammonia as N by Discrete Analyser

0.04Ammonia as N 0.05 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.017664-41-7

EK057G: Nitrite as N by Discrete Analyser

<0.01Nitrite as N <0.01 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.0114797-65-0

EK058G: Nitrate as N by Discrete Analyser

0.03Nitrate as N 0.03 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.0114797-55-8

EK059G: Nitrite plus Nitrate as N (NOx) by Discrete Analyser

0.03 0.03 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.01----Nitrite + Nitrate as N

EK061G: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen By Discrete Analyser

0.7 0.7 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.1----Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as N

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:Client

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Analytical Results

------------Black Swan 2Black SwanClient sample IDSub-Matrix: WATER

(Matrix: WATER)

------------12-Aug-2016 10:3012-Aug-2016 10:20Client sampling date / time

------------------------EB1620151-002EB1620151-001UnitLORCAS NumberCompound

Result Result ---- ---- ----

EK062G: Total Nitrogen as N (TKN + NOx) by Discrete Analyser

0.7^ 0.7 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.1----Total Nitrogen as N

EK067G: Total Phosphorus as P by Discrete Analyser

0.22 0.23 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.01----Total Phosphorus as P

EK071G: Reactive Phosphorus as P by discrete analyser

0.16Reactive Phosphorus as P 0.17 ---- ---- ----mg/L0.0114265-44-2

EN055: Ionic Balance

0.77 0.79 ---- ---- ----meq/L0.01----Total Anions

0.82 0.82 ---- ---- ----meq/L0.01----Total Cations

APPENDIX 2

Results of Laboratory Analysis of known samples from Black Swan

Lake with key parameters summarized in the Figure.

August 2016 Water Quality Monitoring Black Swan Lake, Bundall, Queensland

Analyte grouping/Analyte Units GCCC Results (Planit Consulting) B4C Results

WQOs ANZECC DEHP

17-Oct-12 24-Oct-12 31-Oct-12 4-Dec-13 LOR 06-Sep-14 24-Sep-15 12-Aug-16 12-Aug-16

pH Value pH Unit 10.0 10.3 10.2 9.8

0.01 6.82 7.36 6.99 6.98 7.0-8.4 6.5-8.0 6.5-8.0

Electrical Conductivity @ 25°C µS/cm 240 219 239 448

1 99 95 100 101 NA 125-2200 0-5 ppt

Total Dissolved Solids (Calc.) mg/L 1 64 62 65 66

Hydroxide Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Carbonate Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L

1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Bicarbonate Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 1 11 12 13 14

Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 1 11 12 13 14

20-400

Sulfate as SO4 - Turbidimetric mg/L 1 9 7 4 4

400

Chloride mg/L

1 13 19 15 15 400

Dissolved Major Cations: Calcium mg/L

1 4 5 4 4 Magnesium mg/L

1 1 1 1 1

Sodium mg/L 1 9 8 10 10

Potassium mg/L

1 5 4 4 4 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/L

1 14 17 14 14 20 – 100 25-450

Fluoride mg/L 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Nutrients: Ammonia as N mg/L

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 < 0.01

Nitrite as N mg/L 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Nitrate as N mg/L

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03

1 - 100

Nitrite + Nitrate as N mg/L 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as N mg/L

0.1 1.90 3.50 0.7 0.7 Total Nitrogen as N mg/L 9.80 12.00 15.00 2.60

0.1 1.90 3.50 0.7 0.7 <0.3 0.035 0.35

Total Phosphorus as P mg/L 0.93 1.10 1.40 0.24

0.01 0.13 0.40 0.22 0.23 <0.025 0.01 0.01

Reactive Phosphorus as P mg/L 0.01 <0.01 0.13 0.16 0.17

Total Anions meq/L 0.01 0.77 0.92 0.77 0.79

Total Cations meq/L 0.01 0.8 0.78 0.82 0.82

6

7

8

9

10

17-Oct-201224-Oct-2012

31-Oct-201204-Dec-2013

06-Sep-201424-Sep-2015

12-Aug-201612-Aug-2016

pH

0

100

200

300

400

500

17-Oct-201224-Oct-2012

31-Oct-201204-Dec-2013

06-Sep-201424-Sep-2015

12-Aug-201612-Aug-2016

Conductivity

0

5

10

15

20

17-Oct-201224-Oct-2012

31-Oct-201204-Dec-2013

06-Sep-201424-Sep-2015

12-Aug-201612-Aug-2016

Sulfate

0

5

10

15

20

17-Oct-201224-Oct-2012

31-Oct-201204-Dec-2013

06-Sep-201424-Sep-2015

12-Aug-201612-Aug-2016

Chloride

0

5

10

15

20

17-Oct-201224-Oct-2012

31-Oct-201204-Dec-2013

06-Sep-201424-Sep-2015

12-Aug-201612-Aug-2016

Total Nitrogen

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

17-Oct-201224-Oct-2012

31-Oct-201204-Dec-2013

06-Sep-201424-Sep-2015

12-Aug-201612-Aug-2016

Ammonia

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

17-Oct-2012 31-Oct-2012 06-Sep-2014 12-Aug-2016

Total Phosphorus

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

17-Oct-2012 31-Oct-2012 06-Sep-2014 12-Aug-2016

Reactive Phosphorus

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