Black music of the ‘60s, part 1: Motown. Black music in the ‘60s After first crossover artists,...
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Transcript of Black music of the ‘60s, part 1: Motown. Black music in the ‘60s After first crossover artists,...
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Black music of the ‘60s, part 1:Black music of the ‘60s, part 1:
MotownMotown
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Black music in the ‘60sBlack music in the ‘60s
• After first crossover artists, black rock After first crossover artists, black rock follows different pathsfollows different paths– Doo-wop influenced pop-rock style of Brill Doo-wop influenced pop-rock style of Brill
BuildingBuilding– Closer affiliation to R&BCloser affiliation to R&B
• R&B charts discontinued in 1963R&B charts discontinued in 1963– Black music of period called Black music of period called soulsoul
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What is Soul?What is Soul?
• Examples:Examples:– Edwin Starr, WarEdwin Starr, War– The Shangri-Las, RememberThe Shangri-Las, Remember– The Supremes, Stop (in the name of Love)The Supremes, Stop (in the name of Love)– Sam Cooke, You Send MeSam Cooke, You Send Me
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What Is Soul?What Is Soul?• Umbrella term for a number of different stylesUmbrella term for a number of different styles
– R&B + pop rock = Motown (Detroit)R&B + pop rock = Motown (Detroit)– Gospel + R&B/rock + pop = Stax Gospel + R&B/rock + pop = Stax
(Memphis)(Memphis)– R&B + jump blues + gospel = Chicago, R&B + jump blues + gospel = Chicago,
Philadelphia soundPhiladelphia sound
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Berry GordyBerry Gordy
• Owned jazz record storeOwned jazz record store
• Starts own record company - Tamla Starts own record company - Tamla Records - in 1959Records - in 1959
• 1960 changes name to Motown1960 changes name to Motown– aka “Hitsville, U.S.A.”aka “Hitsville, U.S.A.”
• Aim: produce black music accessible to Aim: produce black music accessible to mainstream pop audiencemainstream pop audience
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Berry GordyBerry Gordy
• Hands-on producer, managerHands-on producer, manager
• Relies on other producers as wellRelies on other producers as well– Smokey RobinsonSmokey Robinson– Holland-Dozier-Holland (HDH)Holland-Dozier-Holland (HDH)
• Produced 28 hits for labelProduced 28 hits for label• 17 straight hits for The Supremes17 straight hits for The Supremes
• Control of image, behavior of actsControl of image, behavior of acts
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The Motown “Process”The Motown “Process”
• Songs written by professional Songs written by professional songwriterssongwriters
• Recorded by several Motown artists with Recorded by several Motown artists with different arrangements, producersdifferent arrangements, producers– Funk BrothersFunk Brothers – Motown – Motown house bandhouse band
• Gordy chooses version to be releasedGordy chooses version to be released
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The Motown Sound The Motown Sound
• aka “The Sound of Young America”aka “The Sound of Young America”
• thick, “wall-of-sound” texturesthick, “wall-of-sound” textures
• 8-beat rock style beat8-beat rock style beat
• AABA, pop formsAABA, pop forms
• Frequent appearance of hook - “in the Frequent appearance of hook - “in the first groove”first groove”
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The Motown Sound The Motown Sound
• End-weighted End-weighted
• Tag line provides endingTag line provides ending
• Simple, appealing, non-challenging Simple, appealing, non-challenging lyricslyrics
• Ex. The Temptations – My GirlEx. The Temptations – My Girl
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My GirlMy Girl
• Intro establishes rhythmic foundationIntro establishes rhythmic foundation– 2 bar bass riff starts on “and” of 42 bar bass riff starts on “and” of 4– Guitar riff reinforces rock style beatGuitar riff reinforces rock style beat
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + x x x x x xx x x x x x
– snaps on backbeatsnaps on backbeat• Lightly syncopated vocalsLightly syncopated vocals
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My GirlMy Girl
• Verse chorus formVerse chorus form– Transition: I'd guess you'd sayTransition: I'd guess you'd say– Leads to chorus = hookLeads to chorus = hook
• End weightedEnd weighted• Melodic saturationMelodic saturation
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Marvin GayeMarvin Gaye
• Hired by Motown as drummerHired by Motown as drummer
• Then singer and arrangerThen singer and arranger
• Becomes biggest star of Motown labelBecomes biggest star of Motown label
• Songs in the Motown style, but sound Songs in the Motown style, but sound somewhat differentsomewhat different
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Marvin Gaye - What’s Goin’ On Marvin Gaye - What’s Goin’ On (1971)(1971)
• Ground breaking song/LPGround breaking song/LP– Commentary on racism, Vietnam warCommentary on racism, Vietnam war– New for MotownNew for Motown
• Sixteen-beat style beatSixteen-beat style beat
– Rock style beat with beats subdivided Rock style beat with beats subdivided againagain
– Even more possibilities for Even more possibilities for syncopation, rhythmic varietysyncopation, rhythmic variety
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Marvin Gaye and Tammy Terrell - Marvin Gaye and Tammy Terrell - Ain’t Nothin’ Like The Real Thing, Ain’t Nothin’ Like The Real Thing,
BabyBaby1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 21 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 2
I’ve got your pic-ture han-gin’ on my wallI’ve got your pic-ture han-gin’ on my wallO X X X X X X X X X XO X X X X X X X X X X
1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a 1e + a 21 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a 1e + a 2
I’ve got your pic- ture han-gin’ on my wallI’ve got your pic- ture han-gin’ on my wall
OO X OX OX O XO XO O O X X X OXO XOO X OX OX O XO XO O O X X X OXO X
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Marvin Gaye - What’s Goin’ Marvin Gaye - What’s Goin’ OnOn
• Sixteen-beat rhythmic foundationSixteen-beat rhythmic foundation
• Clear jazz influences in sax solos, Clear jazz influences in sax solos, relaxed syncopationrelaxed syncopation
• Still has “Motown sound” - thick texturesStill has “Motown sound” - thick textures
• But very topical, political lyricsBut very topical, political lyrics
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Other Important Motown Other Important Motown ArtistsArtists
• Smokey Robinson (VP of Motown) and Smokey Robinson (VP of Motown) and the Miraclesthe Miracles– You Really Got A Hold On Me; Baby, BabyYou Really Got A Hold On Me; Baby, Baby
• Four TopsFour Tops– I Can’t Help MyselfI Can’t Help Myself
• Martha and the VandellasMartha and the Vandellas– Heat Wave, Dancin’ In The StreetsHeat Wave, Dancin’ In The Streets
• Jackson FiveJackson Five
• Stevie WonderStevie Wonder