BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

Part 3

BASICS OF INHERITANCE DNA is the

hereditary molecule

BLUE PRINT for all traits

Universal and Interchangeable

DNA EXTRACTION LAB

HUMAN CHROMOSOMES Coiled strands of

DNA 23 pairs of

chromosomes 23 from ♀ egg 23 from ♂ sperm

I. Sexual reproduction ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

II. Hybrid Offspring produced by the mating of

different species. Every cell contains DNA from both species Can you name some hybrid animals?

Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo Horse and a donkey= mule

ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

Wolf/dog hybrid

Liger or tigon

Zonkey or zedonk

Llamal llama/camel hybrid

III Chimera Produced in the laboratory EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP" Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

GEEP

IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATIONTest tube babies

Procedure female injected with hormones to cause

ovulation of many eggs Male donates sperm Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a

lab to create embryos Embryo implanted in surrogate mother

Test Tube Babies In Vitro

Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer (ET)

20% success rate

Can be used for : Infertile couples Experimentation Increase the population of

endangered species QUESTION? What do we do with

the left over human embryos?

V. Surrogate Motherhood

Make it exciting

Twins: Identical vs. Fraternal Diagram in your notes.

Identical

Fraternal

Ethics: Theory of right and wrong. Defines what is good for the individual and society

Morals: Practicing right and wrong

Questions from Article 1. What is the danger of being able to

create embryos? 2. Advantage / Disadvantage of IVF and

ET? 3. What is an ethical question raised w/

frozen embryos? 4. What was the problem raised w/ the

death of the American who died and left 2 frozen embryos?

VI Genetic Engineering and Moving Genes -Human Genome Project (video) HGP

READ pg. 236 -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in

the human genome (2-3 billion pairs) (100,000

genes) -genome -all the possible bases in a

species or individual

gene- DNA sequence that codes for a protein. The protein may lead to a visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture, blood type etc)

Genetic Disease- disease caused by a defective or mutant gene. Considered hereditary, if it can be passed on to the next generation (i.e. Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major examples)

MOVING GENES (the basics) Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps Procedure 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is removed 2. gene is attached to a vector for delivery

into another cell 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene are

made by allowing the host cell to multiply 4. screening- cells with the new gene are

sorted from the multitude produced

BT Corn Insulin from bacteria

Artificial insemination or embryo transfer

How is the DNA cut? Restriction enzymes- recognize a

specific DNA sequence and cuts it at every location

How is the DNA delivered? Viruses, yeast or plasmid can be used.

A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are independent of the main DNA of a bacteria cell.

The same restriction enzyme is used to open the plasmid.

Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene and plasmid join in a complimentary fashion.

The gene is now part of the host’s DNA

How is the DNA separated? electrophoresis

KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$

VIII Moral and Ethical issues WHY IS THIS BEING DONE? HOW IS THIS BEING DONE? WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE

TO?

Cloning Around (reproductive cloning)

All SOMATIC CELLS (body cells) contain DNA blueprint for the individual organism

Any cell can behave like a ZYGOTE to produce an entire individual

HISTORY OF CLONING

1953 frog 1996 sheep 277 2002 cat 82 2003 horse 841 2005 dog

ATTEMPTS BEFORE SUCCESS

CLONING BASICS

Reproductive Cloning is expensive and inefficient

CC cost $50,000 Horse 1/841 .12% Sheep 1/277 .36%

STEM CELL RESEARCH What’s so special

about Stem Cells?

Biological immortality

Pluripotent- can become any of 220 cell types

Therapeutic potential○Pancreas beta cells to produce insulin to relieve diabetes

○Dopamine producing cells in the brain to relieve Parkinson’s disease

○Regrowth of missing limbs

ADULT STEM CELLS

“cells in adult tissues that are undifferentiated”

Multipotent (can become many of the 220 cell types)

Sourcesbone marrow, umbilical cord, hair follicle, skin, adipose cells, More are known

Most well know example of Adult Stem Cell… bone marrow stem cells