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Biology Final Study Guide

1. List the 7 characteristics of life:

2. List the 5 stages of the scientific process:

3. Define the following vocabulary words:

a. biology

b. homeostasis

c. independent variable

d. dependent variable

e. species

f. population

g. polar molecule

h. acid

i. buffer

j. pH

k. organic compound

l. enzyme

m. ATP

n. Activation energy

o. surface area : volume ratio in cells

p. organelle

q. hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

r. glycolysis

s. fermentation

t. interphase

u. genetics

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v. chromosome

w. gene

x. allele

y. crossing over (in meisosis)

z. codominance

aa. homologous chromosome pair

bb. karyotype

cc. Trisomy 21

dd. sex chromosome

ee. trait

ff. punnett square

gg. pedigree

hh. sex-linked trait

ii. mutation

jj. nucleotide

kk. DNA Replication

ll. transgenic organism

mm. plasmid

nn. genetic engineering

oo. recombinant DNA

pp. gene therapy

qq. Human Genome Project

rr. adaptation

ss. natural selection

tt. evolution

uu. vestigial structure

vv. homologous structure

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4. Compare and contrast the following:

a. Hypothesis vs theory

b. Acids & bases (include how to measure them)

c. Carbs, lipids, proteins, and amino acids

d. magnification vs resolution

e. adhesion vs cohesion

f. prokaryote vs eukaryote

g. animal vs plant cell

h. osmosis vs diffusion

i. passive vs active transport

j. endocytosis vs exocytosis

k. light vs dark reaction (key points, no details)

l. photosynthesis vs cellular respiration

m. asexual vs sexual reproduction

n. mitosis vs meiosis (key points, no details)

o. diploid vs haploid

p. phenotype vs genotype

q. dominant vs recessive

r. heterozygous vs homozygous

s. DNA vs RNA

t. Transcription vs translation

u. Codon vs anticodon

5. Why is water essential to life? (describe chemical & physical properties)

6. Proteins are composed of repeating units called _____________________________

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7. What determines the structure & function of a protein? ___________________________________

8. Complex carbs such as starch and cellulose are made of repeating units of ______________________

9. Name the two types of nucleic acids:____________________ & ____________________

10. List the 3 parts of the cell theory:

11. describe the structure and function of the cell membrane:

12. Diagram and label a eukaryotic cell. Include the following organelles: nucleus, cell membrane,

endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi, ribosomes, vacuole, lysosomes. List the functions of each

organelle.

13. write the equation for photosynthesis:

14. list the 3 main steps for cellular respiration (no details)

15. List the correct sequence of steps in the cell cycle:

16. How many chromosomes are in a human body (diploid) cell? _____________ a sex cell? _________

17. Which phase of mitosis lines up all the chromosomes in the Middle?

18. Using a punnett square, calculate the phenotype and genotype ratios for a cross between a black mouse

and a heterozygous brown mouse (B=brown, b=black):

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19. Using a punnett square, what are the possible blood types for the offspring between a heterozygous type

B father (BO) and a heterozygous type A mother (AO)?

20. List and describe the steps of protein synthesis:

21. What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the function of each?

22. Be able to translate the genetic code using the code wheel: every 3 letters represents what?

23. describe the contributions made by each of the following scientists:

a. Gregor Mendel

b. Wilkins & Franklin

c. Watson & Crick

d. Chargaff

e. Charles Darwin

24. Where did Darwin conduct much of his early research?

25. Explain how the following pieces of evidence help support the theory of evolution:

a. fossils

b. similar DNA and amino acid sequences

c. homologous structures

d. similarities between vertebrate embryos

26. Most early fossils of man (hominids) were found where?

27. What was the significance of Lucys skeleton?

28. Modern man is most closely related to which group of hominid ancestors? ______________________

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