BiologyUnit 4 Notes #3

(Sections 3.2 – 3.4)

Cell Structure

All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce

3 main sections

1) Cell membrane

2) Cytoplasm

3) Nucleus

2

3

1

Basic Eukaryotic Cell Structure

The Organelles

Ribosomes Make proteins needed by cells Function like an assembly line, creating

amino acid chains (proteins) Created by nucleolus Can be found in cytoplasm or attached to

a membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum Aka: ER

Rough ER: Membrane has ribosomes on it and helps make proteins Smooth ER: makes fats &

breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)

Golgi Apparatus Job: Package and transport

proteins out of the cell

- like a conveyor belt Protein Creation Process Review

1) Nucleolus makes a ribosome

2) Ribosome makes protein & travels through rough ER

3) Golgi Body packages the protein into a vesicle and exports them

Golgi Body in action

Golgi body is placing proteins (yellow dots) into protective vesicles

Vesicle expels the proteins (blue dots) from the cell

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor

1) Which organelle builds proteins?

2) Stores DNA?

3) Produces ribosomes?

4) Creates fats and breaks down toxins?

5) Packages and releases proteins from a cell?

6) Allows material to enter/exit a cell?

7) Moves molecules around the inside of a cell? (three acceptable answers)

ribosome

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Smooth ER

Golgi body

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm, Rough ER, Vesicles

Mitochondria “Powerhouse” Job: Create ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in a

process called cellular respiration Creates energy for the cell from food molecules

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Break down big molecules Can protect the cell Can break down old

organelles to turn them

into something useful Found: Animal cells

This lysosome is destroying a mitochondrion

Lysosome

white blood cell

Lysosome(with enzymes inside)

bacteria

bacteria

white blood cell

There are thousands of cilia surrounding this one cell. Lets zoom in for a closer look.

You can now see the individual cilia

Cilia and Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

This cell has 3 flagella

Cilia and Flagella Job: movement

Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

1 2

3

cell

This cell has 8 flagella

Cilia and Flagella Job: movement

1 2

3

4

5

67

8

cell

Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells Job: Adds support for growth Made of tough cellulose

Hard to digest Witnessed by Robert Hooke in 1665

Cell membrane

The cell wall is all that remains in cork

Chloroplasts Job: Perform photosynthesis Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars

chloroplast

Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color

pigments Plant cells: Large central vacuole Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

VacuoleA

B

C

Review

1) Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function.2) Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm.3) Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to

exportation.4) List various reasons to help support the theory of endosymbiosis.5) Name two organelles that plant cells have and animal cells do not.6) Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells?7) Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar?8) Which organelle creates ribosomes?9) Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins?10) Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?