Biology STARR-EOC Review NAME...Biology STARR-EOC Review Review+Answer+Key-+Friday.doc Below are a...

Biology STARR-EOC Review

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NAME_______________________________________________________

Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry.

1.01 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific

investigations.

1.02 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions (create testable

hypotheses, identify variables, use a control or comparison group when appropriate, select

and use appropriate measurement tools, collect and record data, organize data into charts and

graphs, analyze and interpret data, communicate findings).

You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which

its gills open. The data is below.

Breathing rate Temperature

19/min 5 deg C

25/min 10 deg C

30/min 20 deg C

34/min 30 deg C

37/min 35 deg C

1. What is the independent variable? The dependent variable? p. 9

Temperature Breathing rate

2. What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temp?

Breathing rate increases

3. What would be a good control for this experiment?

Measure breathing rate of fish in regular environment

4. How do you think the breathing rate was measured?

Counting movements of gill cover or mouth openings

5. What do you think would happen if you raised the

temperature even more?

Fish might die at some point – living systems cannot handle too much increase in T.

6. Why would it be a bad idea to do this?

Death of fish

1.03 Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic

and evidence to: explain observations, make inferences and predictions, explain the

relationship between evidence and explanation.

Bromothymol blue turns to bromothymol yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide. When the carbon

dioxide is removed, the solution will return to a blue color. Two green water plants were placed in

separate test tubes, each containing water and bromothymol yellow. Both test tubes were corked. One

tube was placed in the light, the other in the dark. After several days, the liquid in the tube exposed to

light turned blue.

1. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Light

2. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

Color of the bromothymol

3. What is the control for this experiment?

Test tube in the dark

4. This demonstration illustrates that, during photosynthesis, green plants take in carbon dioxide.

1.



1.04 Apply safety procedures in the laboratory and in field studies. (Recognize and avoid potential

hazards, safely manipulate materials and equipment needed for scientific investigations.)

1.Label the microscope.

1. Body tube

2. Revolving nosepiece

3. Low power objective

4. Medium power objective

5. High power objective

6. Stage clips

7. Diaphragm

8. Light source

9. Eyepiece

10. Arm

11. Stage

12. Coarse adjustment knob

13. Fine adjustment knob

14. Base

2. How do you determine total magnification of

a microscope? (Assume the eyepiece magnifies 10 x and the objective magnifies 40 x)

eyepiece x objective = total

10x x 40x = 400x

3. Draw how the letter “e” would look as view through a microscope?

Upside down and inverted

4. What kind of care must be taken when working with bacteria?

Use gloves; goggles; do not expose bacteria to air unnecessarily.

5. Why must care be used when working with bacteria?

Bacteria can cause disease and should be handled with care.

6. What are the issues surrounding the use of animals for research?

Answers will vary – animals should not be tortured or used in a way that causes great pain.

1.05 Analyze reports of scientific investigations from an informed scientifically literate viewpoint

including considerations of: appropriate sample, adequacy of experimental controls,

replication of findings, and alternative interpretations of the data.



Goal 2: Learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

2.01 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic

molecules:

Macromolecules Function Subunits / Monomer

Carbohydrates

Quick energy; plant cell walls Monosaccharides

such as glucose

(simple sugars)

Proteins

Serve as enzymes, antibodies, plasma membrane

inclusions; carrier molecules (hemoglobin); structural

Amino acids (held

together by peptide

bonds)

Lipids

insoluble in water,

hydrophobic

Long term energy storage, insulation, plasma membranes Glycerol and 3 fatty

acids

Nucleic Acids

Carry instructions for making proteins; also carry those

instructions to the ribosomes

Nucleotides (sugar,

phosphate, Nit. base)

Specific Molecule Function Type of Organic

compound

Starch

Glucose storage in plants Carbohydrate

(glucose)

Cellulose

Structural support for plants Carbohydrate

(glucose)

Insulin

Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels protein

Glycogen

Glucose storage in animals Carbohydrate

(glucose)

Glucose

Energy carbohydrate

Enzymes

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation

energy

protein

Hemoglobin

Carries oxygen in blood to body tissues Protein

Fats

Store energy Lipid

DNA

Stores hereditary information Nucleic acid

RNA

Manufacturing (making) proteins Nucleic acid

Describe the following nutrient tests:

Nutrient Type of Test Negative Test Positive Test

Starch Iodine Orangish-brown Dark blue-black

Lipids Brown paper No spot Translucent, greasy

spot

Monosaccharides

Simple Sugars

Benedicts solution and

heat

blue orange

Protein Biurets blue Dark purple



2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell

specialization, and communication among cells within an organism.

Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.

Cell Part and Letter Structure Description Function

Nucleus

A, 6

Dense region in the center of the cell Control the cell

Plasma Membrane

K, near 11

Lipid bilayer- surrounds the cell Controls what comes in and out of

the cell

Cell wall

Plants only, J

Thick layer outside the cell membrane of

plants

Structure and support

Mitochondria

L, 1

Double membrane- shaped like a kidney

bean

Powerhouse to produce ATP-

cellular respiration

Vacuoles

G, 3, large in plants

Sac-like organ Stores water, wastes, ions, and

nutrients

Chloroplasts

Plants only, I

Double membrane- contains stacks of

discs- green

Perform photosynthesis to make

glucose

Ribosomes

F, 13

Small particles around the cell Protein synthesis

1. Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? left

2. Which structures are found only in the plant cell? Chloroplast, large central vacuole, cell wall

3. Which structures are found only in the animal cell? Centrioles, lysosomes

4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest:

Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues

____4_______ ______1_____ __3_________ ____2_______



Below are a variety of cells from the human body. Use the index of your book to look them up.

1. Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure

makes this movement possible? What organelle is very

plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for

movement?

Sperm cell; flagellum; mitochondrion (for cellular

respiration)

2. What is the function of the Red Blood cell?

To carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells

3. Which cell is involved in the immune system?

White blood cell (B cells, T cells, macrophages)

4. Which cell helps in movement of bones?

Muscle cell; contraction involving muscle proteins

(myosin and actin)

5. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages?

Neuron (nerve cell)

Hormones:

1. What structures produce hormones?

Glands

2. How do hormones travel throughout a body?

Through the circulatory system (bloodstream)

3. What is the function of hormones?

Regulation of body functions; growth; metabolism, etc.

The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane.

1. What is the cell membrane made up of?

Phospholipid bilayer & proteins

2. What are some of the functions of these proteins and other molecules?

Receptor proteins, channels, pumps

3. Why is it described as selectively permeable?

Some substances can pass through the membrane and others cannot

1. Protein 2. Phospholipid



2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis,

movement of materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.

1. Explain what has happened in the diagram

to the left.

Water (white) passed to right; starch (dark)

could not move through membrane

2. Why did the large dark molecules NOT

move to the left?

Too large for membrane pores

3. How is the semi-permeable membrane like

a cell membrane?

Allows some substances to pass and not

others- regulates movement

4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? On right

5. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? On left

6. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __high___ to an area of __low____ concentration.

7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? From right to left Why? High

concentration is on right; low is on left and molecules move from high to low concentration.

8. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of __high___ to an area of __low___ concentration.

9. What is osmotic pressure?

The difference between concentrations of molecules on each side of membrane – greater the difference,

the greater the osmotic pressure.

10.Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.

-----------------------------------------

b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

-----------------------------------------

11. What is homeostasis?



Regulation of internal environment; maintenance of balance and stability

12. How do cells maintain homeostasis: Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance

(hormone systems maintains homeostasis); insulin and glucagon work together to maintain blood sugar;

osmosis regulates water; temperature regulation through sweating, shivering, blood vessels opening wide

and becoming smaller; pH through buffers and H ions.

Comparison of active and passive transport p. 182-189

PASSIVE TRANPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Requires energy?

NO YES

Low to high concentration or

high to low concentration?

High to Low Low to High

Examples

Osmosis of water; movement of

glucose

Neurons – sodium/potassium

pumps or iodine in thyroid

Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction.

This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.



Type of Solutions

Diffusion and Osmosis are both types of ___PASSIVE___ TRANSPORT - that is, no energy is required for the molecules to move into or out of the cell.

Sometimes, large molecules cannot cross the plasma membrane, and are "helped" across by _proteins_.

This process, which uses proteins and ATP is called _ACTIVE TRANSPORT_.

Energy



Use the following diagram – label where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows

on the lines attached to the circles to indicate if energy is going in or out.

1. What cellular process produces ATP?

Cellular respiration

2. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.

To provide energy for all cell processes that require energy – active

transport for example.

3. How do we get energy from ATP?

By breaking the bond between the 2nd

& 3rd

phosphate to release the energy

2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic

respiration, and photosynthesis.

Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol)

A) water + carbon dioxide = glucose + oxygen gas (Photosynthesis)

B) glucose + oxygen gas = carbon dioxide + water ( Aerobic Cellular Respiration)

C) glucose = ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide (Fermentation; anaerobic cellular respiration)

A)

B)

C)

1. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis? A

2. Which of the above reactions is fermentation (anaerobic cellular respiration)? C

3. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? B

4. Which reaction requires chlorophyll? A What is the purpose of the chlorophyll? To absorb

sunlight for photosynthesis

5. Which reaction requires light? A What is the light used for? Energy source

6. Which organisms carry out process A? Plants / Animals / or Both

7. Which organisms carry out process B? Plants / Animals / or Both



8. Which organisms carry out process C? anaerobes (bacteria) and yeast

9. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? Photosynthesis

10. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? Cellular respiration (aerobic)

11. What factors could speed up (or slow down) process A? amount of light; water, carbon dioxide;

temperature; pH

12. What factors could speed up (or slow down) process B? amount of glucose; amount of oxygen;

temperature; pH

13. Label the missing parts in Photosynthesis:

1. Light 2. Carbon dioxide 3. Water 4. Oxygen 5. Glucose

1. Glucose 2. Oxygen 3. Light 4. Carbon dioxide 5. ATP (energy)

14. What type of organisms perform aerobic cellular respiration? Animals, plants, fungi

15. Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell? Mitochondria

16. What cellular process produces ATP more efficiently? Is this process anaerobic or aerobic? Aerobic

cellular respiration



2.04 Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance

in biological systems.

1. substrate 2. Enzyme 3. Product

1. Does the enzyme or substrate

change shape?

Substrate

2. What 2 conditions cause

enzymes to become denatured

(change shape)?

Temperature and pH

3. Enzymes are types of what

organic compound?

Proteins

4. Why is the enzyme-substrate

complex compared to a lock and

key?

Enzymes are shaped so only a

specific substrate will fit in the

active site

5. Why can enzymes be used over and over again?

Enzymes are not changed by the reaction

6. What is the function of enzymes in biological systems? Why are they necessary for all biochemical

reactions? They act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. They maintain homeostasis because

reactions would not take place quickly enough without enzymes.

7. Why is there only one kind of enzyme for each biochemical reaction?

Enzymes act only on specific substrates.

Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of

organisms over time.

3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis

(transcription and translation), and gene regulation.

Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix –

1. Circle one nucleotide. What 3 pieces is it made up of?

Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogen base

2. What are the black pentagons? deoxyribose What are the nitrogen bases? A,C,G,T

___C__ __T___ __G___ _G__ _C___ __T___

3. Fill in the blanks with the complimentary DNA bases.



4. If a strand of DNA undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?

DNA = G A C T G A

mRNA = C U G A C U

tRNA = G A C U G A

Label the summary of protein

synthesis diagrammed below:

DNA

Transcription

mRNA

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

mRNA

tRNA

Ribosome

Anticodon

Codon

Amino Acid

Polypeptide Chain /

Protein

Nuclear Membrane

rRNA

Translation

5. After translation, what would the amino acid

sequence be for the section of mRNA above?

(read from right to left)

Leu-Thr

6. What is a codon?

3 nucleotide sequence on the mRNA that

codes for an amino acid or start or stop signal

What is an anti-codon?

3 base sequence on the tRNA that is

complimentary to a codon to determine if the

amino acid is added

7. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table

RNA DNA

Sugars Ribose Deoxyribose

Bases A,C,G,U A,C,G,T

Strands 1

or 2

1 2

Where

In Cell

Made in nucleus

but moves to

cytoplasm

Nucleus

(eukaryotes)

Function Protein Store genetic



synthesis info (info to

make proteins)

8. What kinds of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?

Peptide bonds

9. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

1) mRNA- carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

2) rRNA- makes up the structure of the ribosome

3) tRNA- brings correct amino acid to the ribosome to assemble protein

10. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together between the nitrogen bases?

Hydrogen bonds

11. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?

They will need to be broken for replication and for transcription.

12. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?

The code is changed (different bases are in the DNA strand).

13. How does this affect the mRNA?

Bases in mRNA will be different.

14. How can this affect translation?

This may mean a different amino acid is in the protein strand.

15. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?

This can cause a change in the shape of the protein, causing it to possibly not function.

16. Where in the cell does transcription occur?

Nucleus

17. Where in the cell does translation occur?

In the cytoplasm at the ribosome

Cell Cycle:

1. Look at the diagram of the cell cycle.

When does the replication of DNA occur? What is

this phase called?

Interphase (S phase – synthesis)

2. What do GI and G2 represent?

G1 – equals growth after cell division; G2 is growth

after DNA replicates.

3. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the

cytoplasm)?

NO

1. G1 2. S 3. G2 4. Mitosis 5. Cytokinesis

Gene Expression and Regulation



1. If all the cells in an organism (cells with nuclei) have the same DNA, explain, in terms of genes, how a

nerve cell functions differently from a muscle cell.

Different genes are turned on in different types of cells.

2. Why does a pancreas cell produce insulin in great amounts but a blood cell does not?

Because the insulin gene is turned on in the pancreas cell but not as much in a blood cell.

3. There are advantages and disadvantages to the overproduction of proteins by a cell. Describe the

advantages and disadvantages for an injured cell. Overproduction in an injured cell can help it heal if the

proteins are needed; but overproduction of unneeded proteins could hinder healing.

4. Describe the advantages and disadvantages in a cancerous cell.

Too much of certain proteins in a cancerous cell could promote tumor production in other cells.

3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Type of reproduction

(Asexual or sexual)

Asexual Sexual

Chromosome number of mother

cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)

2N 2N

Chromosome number of

daughter cells (1N=haploid or

2N=diploid)

2N 1N

Number of cell divisions

1 division 2 divisions

Number of cells produced

2 4

When does replication happen?

Interphase (S phase) Interphase (S phase) before cell

divides the first time

SOURCES OF VARIATION

Yes or No Yes or No

Crossing over NO YES

Random assortment of

chromosomes

NO YES

Gene mutations YES (rare) YES

Nondisjunction NO YES

fertilization NO YES

Label the following stages of mitosis (cell division). Put the letters in order starting with interphase.

C, B, E, A, D

What type of cell is this Plant or animal and how do you know?

Plant- rigid square structure because of cell wall



3.03 Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance: (dominant, recessive and intermediate traits,

multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits, independent assortment, test cross, pedigrees,

and Punnett squares)

1. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the

genotype for the parents.

Tt

2. Give the phenotype for the parents.

Tall

3. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

TT – tall, Tt – tall, tt - short

4. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?

1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt

5. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

3 Tall: 1 short

6. What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain.

Nutrition, exercise, disease

7. Some genes produce intermediate phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure

breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

RR x WW = 100% RW

Red parent crosses with white parent gives all pink offspring.

Explain the inheritance of the following disorders:

(autosomal dominant? Autosomal recessive? Sex-linked dominant? Sex-linked recessive?)

Sickle cell anemia: Autosomal recessive Color-blindness: Sex-linked recessive

Cystic fibrosis: Autosomal recessive Hemophilia: Sex-linked recessive

Huntington Disease: Autosomal dominant PKU: Autosomal recessive

Blood type

1. If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O

blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are IA, I

B, and i)

Parents are IAi and I

Bi because that is the only way to get an ii child (type O)

2. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?

25%

3. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?

0% Their children will be IAI

B, I

Ai, I

Bi, and ii

4. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? 25%

5. A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the

mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O

blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father. Explain.

Man #1 is ruled out; child needs to get “O” from each parent.



Polygenic traits

1. Some traits are considered to be polygenic. What does this mean?

Traits that are controlled by more than one gene.

2. What is an example of a polygenic trait in humans?

Eye color, height, weight, hair and skin color

Sex Chromosomes

1. What are the male sex chromosomes in humans? XY

2. What are the female sex chromosomes in humans? XX

3. Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome are these genes found

on? X

4. What are the 3 possible female genotypes? __XHX

H__ __ X

HX

h __ __ X

hX

h __

Phenotypes _normal _ _carrier_ _disease_

5. What are the 2 possible male genotypes? __XHY__ __ X

hY __

Phenotypes? _normal_ _disease_

6. Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male. XHX

h x X

HY

7. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia.

25%

8. What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia?

0%

9. What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia?

25%

10. Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder? They only need to get the disorder allele

from their mother not from both parents.

Karyotype p. 341, 352-353

1. What is the gender of the person

whose karyotype is shown to the left?

female

2. What is the disorder that this person

has? What is your evidence?

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome); there

are 3 # 21 chromosomes

3. What are some of the characteristics

of this disorder?

Mental retardation; shorter stature;

simian palm crease; low set ears; thick

tongue; some heart defects sometimes.

4. What caused this type of disorder? Nondisjunction during meiosis



Pedigrees

1. Is the inheritance pattern shown by this

pedigree dominant or recessive?

Autosomal recessive

2. How do you know?

Both males and females; parents don’t have it;

kids do.

3. Using A,a, what is the genotype of person

II 4. aa

4. What is the genotype of person I 3? Aa

Test Cross

Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a

dominant trait. Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.

Cross the animal with a recessive; If the animal is Aa crossed with aa – then ½ of the offspring will be

recessive; If the animal is AA crossed with aa – all offspring will show the dominant trait.

Mendel’s Laws

Explain each of Mendel’s Laws and explain the experiments he used to determine these laws.

1. Law of segregation of characters (alleles)

In meiosis the two alleles separate so that each gamete receives only one form of the gene.

2. Law of independent assortment (of alleles)

Each trait is inherited separately from the other traits (chance).

3. How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment?

Segregation and ind. assortment happen during meiosis, during the creation of the gametes.

4. A problem to solve:

In the P1 generation a homozygous dominant brown mink crossed with a homozygous recessive

silverblue mink produced all brown heterozygous offspring. When these F1 heterozygous minks were

crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation).

Determine all the genotypes and phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.

B = Brown; b = silverblue Parents of F1 are BB and bb. Offspring are Bb – all brown

Parents of F2 are Bb and Bb – offspring are ¼ BB, 2/4 Bb, and ¼ bb – or 3 brown to 1 silverblue



3.04 Assess the impacts of genomics on individuals and society (Human genome project and

applications of biotechnology)

1. What were the goals of the human genome project?

To sequence the entire human genome; map genes to their chromosomes and determine their traits.

2. What are 2 scientific uses of the human genome project?

To determine if individuals carry genes for genetic conditions and to develop gene therapy.

To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a

rape case.

3. Could the defendant be the rapist? Explain your

answer.

No – the bands do not match the male DNA found in the

vagina.

4. Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain.

The fragments that are closest to the source or top. Smaller

fragments can travel quicker through the gel.

5. What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful?

Forensics, species relatedness, paternity

Transgenic organisms:

1. What are transgenic organisms?

Organisms whose DNA contains genes from other

species (contain foreign DNA).

2. What is the value of this technology in agriculture?

To have plants produce their own pesticide; produce

better yield food crops; to produce larger livestock more

quickly

3. What is the value of this type of technology in the

pharmaceutical industry?



Pure human proteins can be produced in mass and relatively cheaply. Pure insulin – so much better for

person than horse or pig.

Stem Cells

1. The diagram to the right shows how stem

cells can develop into many types of

different cells. What are some of the

potential benefits that could come from the

growing of stem cells in a laboratory?

New organs could be grown (no rejection);

cancerous cells replaced with good cells;

genetic disorders replaced by new cells

2. What are some of the ethical issues

surrounding the collection and use of stem

cells?

Embryonic stem cells come from embryos

and how those embryos are collected is

problematic.

3.05 Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including:

development of the theory, the origin and history of life, fossil and biochemical evidence,

mechanisms of evolution, and applications (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

In the following chart, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of

evolution.

How this supports the evolutionary theory:

Understanding of geology

(Changes in the earth)

Understanding that the earth changes over time explains why

organisms might change to fit the new environments.

Malthus’ ideas about population

Growth

Organisms reproduce exponentially but the world is not

overcrowded by organisms – because they compete to survive

Embryological Similarities

Similar anatomy early in development suggests similar ancestry.

Patterns in fossil evidence Following the patterns and aging the fossils suggests evolutionary



trees.

Homologous Structures

Similar anatomy suggests similar ancestry

Biochemical comparisons

(DNA and proteins)

Similar DNA and/or proteins suggests similar ancestry

The role of variations

Variations provide the fuel for natural selection. Those variations

that are advantageous are selected for; survive and are passed on.

The role of sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction is a source of variation.

The role of geographic isolation

Geographic isolation can lead to speciation when organisms are

evolving in two different environments.

The importance of the

environment

Environments select for the adaptations that best suit the organisms

for survival in that environment.

Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

1. Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?

Mutations and sexual reproduction

2. Organisms could reproduce exponentially but they don’t. Why not?

Competition for resources – only the hardiest survive

3. Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?

Characteristics that fit the organism to the environment

4. Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?

Those that are better able to cope with the environment are more likely to reproduce

5. Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and

pass on their genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?

More likely to survive, reproduce and pass on those genes.

6. The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the

frequency of selected genes increase?

Because organisms with those alleles have survived to reproduce; the organisms with other alleles did not

survive to reproduce (as frequently).

7. When this process continues over millions of years, it can lead to speciation. What is speciation?

Formation of a new species

The appearance of a group of organisms that are different enough from their ancestors that they could no

longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring with those ancestors.

8. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a pesticide)

using the steps listed above.

The bacteria that are different and able to survive an antibiotic will reproduce and pass this resistance on

to the next generation

Bacteria are exposed to antibiotic; a few of the bacteria have a variation that makes them resistant to the

antibiotic; those bacteria survive in the antibiotic environment; they are the bacteria that reproduce and

their genes are passed on; the new generation has a much high frequency of the resistance genes. If this

happens over many generations, speciation could occur.

9. What are the differences between abiogenesis and biogenesis?

Abiogenesis is life arising from non-living things; biogenesis is life arising from living things

10. What did Louis Pasteur contribute to our understanding of the origins of life?

Pasteur showed that living things could only arise from other living things.



11.Explain Miller and Urey’s hypothesis.

Organic molecules could be synthesis from the inorganic

molecules in the early environment.

12. Why did Miller and Urey put those particular gases

into their experiment?

Early earth’s atmosphere consisted of methane,

ammonia, hydrogen gas, and water vapor.

13. What type of organic molecules did they find?

Amino acids, lipids

14. What is the significance of their experiments?

It helps explain how living things might first have

evolved.

15. Most hypotheses state that prokaryotic anaerobes

probably evolved first. Why?

Simpler- no oxygen present on early earth

16. The hypotheses then suggest that prokaryotic

autotrophs probably evolved? Why?

More complex than anaerobes, but still no oxygen in

environment.

17. What would enter the atmosphere as a result of these autotrophs appearing.

Oxygen gas

18. Then prokaryotic aerobic heterotrophs could evolve. What can these cells do that others before them

cannot? p. 426-428 Use oxygen to get maximum energy from their nutrients.

19. What is the hypothesis explaining how eukaryotic cells evolved?

Endosymbiotic hypothesis – bacteria began living inside other bacteria mutualistically. Over time, these

bacteria became mitochondria and chloroplasts.



Goal 4: Learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.

4.01 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships.

(Historical development and changing nature of classification systems, similarities and differences

between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, similarities and differences among the eukaryotic

kingdoms, classifying organisms using a key)

1. Draw figure 18-11 that explains how the organization of the kingdoms and domains have changed over

time. p. 458

Changing Number of Kingdoms

First

Introduced Names of Kingdoms

1700s Plantae Animalia

Late 1800s Protista Plantae Animalia

1950s Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

1990s Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

2. Who came up with the first 2 Kingdoms and what were they?

Carl Linnaeus- Animalia & Plantae

3. What is the current seven-level classification system?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

4. What is binomial nomenclature?

The Genus species name of each type of organism

5. How are DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms?

p. 452-455 All are used to determine relatedness which is a key factor in classification.

6. Similarities in the evidence above proves that organisms share a __common__ __ancestor__.

7. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some

organisms. According to this tree, which pairs

of organisms are most closely related? P.460

Salamanders and frogs; lizards and snakes; crocs

and birds

8. Which organism is most closely related to the

rayfinned fish?

Lungfish

9. Which organisms are the mammals most

closely related to?

Birds & reptiles

10. Organisms that are close to each other show

__common__ __ancestry__.

11. Which would be the most primitive organism? Rayfinned fish



Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms.

Domain

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Kingdom Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Eukaryotic

or

prokaryotic

Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Multicellular

or single-

celled

Single Single Single

(mainly) Multi Multi Multi

Sexual or

asexual

reproduction

Asexual (by

binary

fission)

Asexual Both Both Sexual Sexual

Autotrophic

or

heterotrophic

Both Both Both Hetero Auto Hetero

Aerobic or

anaerobic

Both Both Both Both Aerobic Aerobic

Cell walls or

no cell walls

Yes-

peptidoglycan

Yes-

Glycoprotein

Polysacch.

Algae YES

Protozoa NO Yes- chitin Yes- cellulose none

Examples

E. coli,

Streptococcus

methanogens,

halophiles,

thermophiles

Algae,

amoeba,

euglena

Mushrooms,

mold, yeast

Pine, moss,

roses

Insects,

annelids,

amphibians

What are some differences between the bacteria and the archaea? P. 459 cell walls, livable environment

Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.

1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2

b. leaf is broad……… go to 5

2. a. needles are short ....go to 3

b. needles are long…...go to 4

3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock

b. underside of needles silver ..balsam

4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine

b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine

5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6

b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7

6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen

b. no minty odor…..laurel

needle-like, long needles, in bundle of 3 = pitch pine



4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish

essential life functions including………….

Fill in the charts below showing how various groups of organisms accomplish the life functions

listed.

Protists Annelids Insects

Transport of materials

Circulatory System ?

Open or Closed ?

Diffusion 5 contractile “hearts”;

mostly closed system

Dorsal heart; open

circulation

Excretion – How is

Waste Removed?

Diffusion Paired nephridia – each

segments

Malpighian tubules;

empty into digestive

Respiration – How do

They get Oxygen?

Diffusion Mainly diffusion Spiracles along side of

body to allow oxygen in

Regulation /

Maintain Homeostasis

Contractile vacuole etc. Small brain; ventral

nerve cord; sense organs

Brain; ventral nerve

cord; eyes, antennae

Growth and

Development

Just cell growth Eggs in cocoons – hatch

as small worms

Metamorphosis (egg,

larva, pupa, adult)

Examples

Paramecium, Amoeba,

Kelp, Euglena

Earthworms, leeches Grasshoppers, ants, bees

Amphibians Mammals


Circulatory System?

Open or Closed?

3 chambered heart; closed system 4-chambered heart; closed system –

veins, arteries, capillaries

Excretion – How is

Waste Removed?

Kidneys – empty into cloaca Kidneys with ureter, urethra, bladder

Respiration – How do

They get Oxygen?

Lungs or gills, also through skin Lungs with trachea, bronchiole tubes;

air sacs

Regulation /

Maintain Homeostasis

Internal ears, vocal sac; some

poison glands

Glands and complex nervous system

with brain

Growth and

development

Egg, tadpole, adult Baby continues to develop after birth;

varies with species

Examples

Frogs, toads, salamanders Humans, bears, whales



Non-vascular Plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms


Vascular Tissue??

Osmosis & diffusion Vascular system Vascular system

Size – Small or Large Small, low to the

ground

Large/tall Large/tall

Leaves ?

What Type?

None Needle-like leaves Flat, broad leaves

Location – Near water

Or not?

In moist, damp places On land On land

Seeds or Spores spores seeds seeds

Is water required for

reproduction?

Yes, sperm is released

into water

No, sperm (pollen) is

spread by wind

No, pollen is spread by

birds, bees, or animals

How are spores or

seeds dispersed?

Spores are spread by

wind or water

Seeds are held by a

pinecone (trees are

called conifers)

Seeds are protected by a

fruit

Examples

Moss, liverworts,

hornworts

Conifers, douglas fir

trees, bristlecone pine

trees, cedars, gingkos

Apples, roses, tomatoes,

daisies, oranges,

peppers, walnuts

Compare the following two types of cells.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Membrane-bound organelles No Yes (also a nucleus)

Ribosomes Yes Yes

Types of chromosomes Plasmid (1 circular loop of

DNA)

Wound up into dense, rod-

shaped structures before

they’re about to divide

size Small and simple Large and complex

Examples

Bacteria Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists

4.03 Assess, describe and explain adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success

(structural adaptations in plants and animals, disease-causing viruses and microorganisms,

co-evolution)

Label the following parts on the flower and give their

functions:

Stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal, anther, filament

Top left: petals

Bottom left under stamen: anther and then filament

Under Pistil on right: stigma, style, ovary



1. What is the purpose of stomata?

Tiny holes on the underside of the leaf to allow for gas

exchange- CO2 in and O2 out

2. What is the purpose of guard cells?

To open and close the stomata to control the loss of water

3. On the leaf cross-section diagram to the right, label a stomata

and the area of the leaf specialized for photosynthesis (think

about where sunlight hits the plant).

Stomata- bottom left hole

Photosynthesis- layer of long cells packed close together near the top

Fill in the following charts with the information required.

Feeding Adaptations

Protists p. 501

Gullets and cilia to get foot into gullet; or pseudopods to surround the food;

flagella movement for catching food; trichocysts to subdue food. Also diffusion

Annelid worms

p. 695

Muscles to move around; tentacles; engulf soil filter feeding; predators

Insects

p. 728

Specialized appendages for eating and palpating; sucking, lapping, etc. Wings and

legs for hopping and flying after food.

Amphibians

p. 784

Tongue that flings out to traps insects; hopping legs, fast swimmers

Mammals

p. 822-823

Claws, large teeth for grinding

Reproduction Adaptations Adaptations to life on Land

Protists

p. 502

Asexual and sexual; join together

to mate – swimming forms of cells

Annelid worms

p. 696

In some both sexes in one

organism; clitellum for mating;

hard cover - egg

Setae for moving; eating soil – filtering to get

nutrients; muscles to move

Insects

p. 729

Ovipositors; internal fertilization

(and external); eat male after

mating

Hopping legs; spiracles to get oxygen from

air;

Amphibians

p. 786

external fertilization in water;

amplexus;

Legs to hop; live near water; lungs to breathe

air;

Mammals

p. 826

Uterus for baby to grow – internal

fertilization

Legs, wings, for getting around; fur to keep

warm; skin that won’t lose water.

Non-vascular

plants p. 557-588

Gametophytes, sperm that swim in

water when it rains.

Rhizoids to absorb water, live where it is

moist and close to ground

Gymnosperms

p. 564

Cones seeds, pollen, seeds that can

travel in the wind

Phloem/xylem, roots, cuticle to prevent water

loss

Angiosperms

p. 569

Flowers buds, petals, pollen, nectar

to attract pollinators_______

Phloem/xylem, roots, cuticle to prevent water

loss

Viruses:

1. Describe the basic structure of a virus.



Protein capsid with genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside.

2. Explain how mutations in viruses and microorganisms that cause disease (bacteria) affect their

treatment?

A mutation that provides resistance to the treatment will allow those bacteria or viruses to keep surviving

and reproducing.

3. How do they treat a viral infection versus a bacterial infection?

Viral infections are prevented with a vaccine. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics.

4. Complete the chart for the following diseases.

Type of pathogen:

Virus or Bacteria

Treatment with: antibiotics or immune system

HIV

p. 489 Virus Immune system

Influenza


Smallpox


Streptococcus

(Strep Throat) p. 486 Bacteria Antibiotic

Sinus Infection

Bacteria Antibiotic

1. What is meant by coevolution? Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each

other.

2. Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and describe how coevolution works?

The orchid that has a 40 cm flower is pollinated by a moth with a 40 cm structure to reach the nectar.

4.04 Analyze and explain the interactive role of internal and external factors in health and disease

(genetics, immune response, nutrition, parasites, and toxins)

1. Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria

Having the sickle cell trait, only one copy of the disease allele (heterozygote), provides resistance against

malaria.

2. Explain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use.

The carcinogens in tobacco can cause lung or mouth cancer.

3. Explain the relationship between skin cancer and ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure.

Too much sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation will result in skin cancer.



4. Explain the relationship between diabetes, diet/exercise, and genetics.

Some types of diabetes are the result of a genetic problem. Adult-onset diabetes can often be controlled

by a strict diet and exercise.

5. Explain the relationship between PKU and diet.

People with PKU have to avoid foods with phenylalanine – which they are unable to break down.

Immune Response

1.What is the function of helper T-cells?

Activate and direct other immune cells

2. What is the function of killer T-cells?

Destroy disease agents with antibodies on them

3. What is the function of cytotoxic T-cells?

Destroy body cells infected with a virus

4. What do B cells produce?

Antibodies

5. What are antigens?

Any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it.

An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or

pollen. An antigen may also be formed within the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells.

6. What kinds of cells keep you from becoming reinfected?

Memory B cells

7. What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

Active immunity happens when the immune system responds to an antigen by producing antibodies;

passive immunity is when antibodies are put directly into a person.

8. Explain what vaccines do to the immune system.

A vaccine triggers an immune response against the pathogen without symptoms of infection.

Health and Nutrition

1. What type of diet contributes to optimal health?



Balanced (protein, carbohydrate, lipid); lots of fruits and vegetables; low in saturated fats and refined

sugars.

2. What type of diet contributes to obesity?

High fat and refined sugars; too many calories.

3. What type of diet contributes to malnutrition?

The wrong type of calories – not enough of certain foods and too much of others.

4. What happens when someone is deficient in Vitamin C? scurvy

Vitamin D? ricketts

Vitamin A? night blindness – vision problems.

Parasites (Malaria)

1. Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite.

Protozoan plasmodium injected by Anopheles mosquito (vector); go to liver then red blood cells as adult;

gametes produced; taken in by mosquito; fertilization; hatching in mosquito – and continues.

3. What is the vector? mosquitoes

4. What are the symptoms? fever outbursts and chills

5. What are the treatments? can kill mosquitos or use drugs that are quinine based

Environmental Toxins

1. Explain the effects on human health of:

Lead: vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, coma or even death; mental effects in young

Mercury: nerve system poison; possible cancer trigger

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