Biology remediation review

Biology Remediation Review - Ms. Royal

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Biology Remediation Review

Biology Remediation Review

Just a quick reminder…Just a quick reminder…


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Things to remember:Lab Safety

•Graduated Cylinders measure volume – read them at the bottom of the curve or meniscus

•Always wear goggles, aprons and gloves and point test tubes away from you when heating!


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Things to Remember:Scientific Method

• Independent Variable: Given only to the Experimental Group, what you change!

• Dependent Variable: What you measure or record during the experiment

• Hypothesis: A testable statement, possible answer to a problem

• Theory: An accepted idea that is supported by many hypotheses


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Things to Remember:Chemistry of Life

• Carbohydrates: used for energy! Usually a sugar like glucose (remember, -ose means sugar)

• Proteins: Made up of Amino Acids, made in the Ribosome, DNA codes for them

• Enzymes: Special proteins used to speed up chemical reactions – some work with certain substrates (if it ends in -ase, it’s an enzyme!)

• Lipids: Fatty acids, used for energy storage, insulation, lubrication. Phospholipids make up cell membranes

• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA


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Things to Remember:Cells

• Two different types of Cells:– Prokaryotes: (Pro means

first) Very small, very primitive, no organelles, bacteria

– Eukaryotes: (Eu means true) True Cells, ALL plant and animal cells are these, have organelles (what you made your t-shirts on!)


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Things to Remember:CellsNucleus

Nucleolus

Mitochondria

Cell or Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

Vacuoles Lysosome

Rough ER

Smooth ERGolgi Body

Centrioles

Ribosomes


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Things to Remember:Photosynthesis:

• How plants make glucose (sugar)

Carbon Dioxide + Water Sugar + Oxygen

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

Products Reactants• Occurs in plant cell’s

Chloroplasts, in the leaves


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Things to Remember:Respiration

• Respiration is how a cell’s mitochondria make energy so the cell can live! Happens in all living things!

• Makes ATP from glucose (sugar) and oxygen (O2)

• Aerobic respiration (with air, in mitochondria) makes more ATP than Anaerobic respiration (no air, in the cytoplasm)


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Things to Remember:Cell Transport

• Passive Transport: No energy (ATP) is used:– Diffusion – Particles move from high to low

concentration– Osmosis – Diffusion of water only, salt

sucks out, distilled water goes in

• Active Transport: Energy (ATP) is used:– Endocytosis and Exocytosis


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Things to Remember:Cell Reproduction

• Mitosis– Makes two

identical cells, clones

– Happens in body or somatic cells

– Diploid, 2N– Prophase,

Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

• Meiosis– Makes 4 different

haploid cells– Happens in

Gametes or Sex cells (egg & sperm)

– Haploid, N


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Things to Remember:Cell Reproduction

• Crossing Over: Makes each chromosome a bit different – when touch swap genes

• Nondisjunction: Chromosomes don’t separate like they should, Down’s Syndrome


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Things to Remember:DNA & RNA

• Structure of DNA was discovered by Watson & Crick

• DNA has four bases, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G)

• RNA has four bases, three same as DNA; A, C, G, but instead of T has Uracil (U)

DNA: RNA:A=T A=UC=G C=G


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Things to Remember:Genetics

• Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics, worked with pea plants

• There are alternative versions of genes – different versions of a type of gene are known as alleles.

• Homozygous describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes.

• Heterozygous describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait.

• Genotype is the actual genetic makeup of an organism.• Phenotype is the physical trait of an organism (that

may be observable) that was coded from the genotype.


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• Regular (Medellian) Dominance: TT, Tt, tt, Dominate over Recessive traits

• Incomplete Dominance: Where the traits mix like paint; red flower + white flower = pink flowers

• Co-Dominate: Where both traits show up equally and don’t mix or cancel each other out, AB blood types or Black cat + white cat = black and white cat (Pinto!)


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• Sex-linked inheritance: Where the gene is transmitted on one of the sex chromosomes (X mostly), More common in men

• Multiple Alleles: More than 2 alleles for any gene, blood types, AB, A, B, O

• Polygenic inheritance: Many genes for one trait – like green eyes, skin color

• Autosomes: All chromosomes except sex chromosomes (X, Y)

• Karyotype: A picture of chromosomes used to find abnormal genes


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Things to Remember:Genetic Technology

• Recombinant DNA is any DNA that has been changed

• Plasmids: Little circles of DNA used in recombinant DNA, found in bacteria

• Gel electrophoresis: Separates the DNA into lines, used in forensics

• Human Genome Project: Mapping all genes in all human chromosomes

• Stem cells: cells that have the ability to create different types of cells

• Transgenic Organism: Organisms that have the DNA of another organism


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Things to Remember:Evolution

• Charles Darwin studied animals in the Galapagos Islands, came up with the hypothesis of natural selection

• Louis Pasture helped put a stop to the belief in abiogenesis (snakes from sticks…)

• Natural Selection: 1. more offspring than can survive 2. variations in offspring 3. some variations have more advantages 4. those that survive, make more babies!

• Gene pool: all the genes in a population• Co-evolution: two organisms evolve together, flowers and

humming birds• Vestigial structures: useful in ancestors, but not in

organisms now – like our appendix• Speciation: creating two or more species due to geographic

or reproductive isolation – Horses and Donkeys


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Things to Remember:Classification

• Carl Linnaeus: Developed Binomial nomenclature• Homologous structure: similar in structure, but

different functions• Analogous structure: different structure, similar

functions (wings)• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,

Species• Dichotomous Keys: used to identify organisms, always

start at the top• Phylogenic Tree: shows how organisms are related

through common ancestors• Five Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant Animal


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Things to Remember:Ecology

• Biomes: A biome is a large geographical area characterized by certain types of plants and animals.

• Biotic factors: living things; Abiotic factors: nonliving things

• Symbiosis: organisms living together, can be helping or hurting

• Carrying Capacity: How many animals a certain environment can support, go above it, animals die

• Limiting Factors: things that limit the size of a population• Sun Producers (plants) first consumers (herbivores/prey)

second consumers (predators/omnivores/carnivores)• Autotrophs: Make their own food (plants)• Heterotrophs: Can’t make their own food (everyone else)• Carbon Cycle: Plants use Carbon Dioxide, ALL organisms

release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere


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Things to Remember:Animal Behavior

• Innate: genetic (born with it), suckling, migration, hibernation

• Learned: we learn it, habituation (get used to it), conditioning (bell rings, dog drools), imprinting (who mamma is), trial and error

• Social: communication (pheromones), courtship, territory

• Pavlov: came up with classical conditioning, worked with doggies

• Jane Goodall: Observed Chimpanzees in wild

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