Biology Exam 2 Notes

8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes

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Large _ like _ move around between

_ _ cellular compartments in _ cells

Large MOLECULES like PROTEINS,

move around between MEMBRANE

BOUND cellular compartments in

EUKARYOTIC cells

NUCLEAR TRANSPORT:

Nucleus carries _ information for _synthesis in cells. Therefore, what

goes _ and _ of the nucleus are very

precisely _ in cells.

Nucleus carries GENETIC informationfor PROTEIN synthesis in cells.

Therefore, what goes IN and OUT of

the nucleus are very precisely

CONTROLLED in cells.

Two membranes together, called the

_ _ surround the _

Two membranes together, called the

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, surround the

NUCLEUS.

There are numerous holes in the

envelope known as _ _ _. They arelarge _ _ made of more than _

protein subunits.

There are number holes in the

envelope known as NUCLEAR PORECOMPLEXES. They are large PROTEIN

COMPLEXES made of more than 50

protein subunits.

Nuclear Pore Complexes are very _

about what passes through them.

SELECTIVE

Does passage through the nuclear

pore complex require energy?

YES. Passage through the nuclear

pore complex is an ENERGY

REQUIRING PROCESS.

What molecules are imported in thenucleus?

SOME SELECTED PROTEINS NEEDEDINSIDE THE NUCLEUS, REGULATORY

MOLECULES, NUCLEOTIDES, AND

OTHER SELECTED MOLECULES can

go through the pore complex and

into the nucleus

How are molecules imported in the

nucleus?

* _ that go inside the nucleus have a

_ region called the _ _ _. It isidentified by a chaperone called _ ,

and guided inside.

* PROTEINS that go inside the

nucleus have a SMALL region called

the NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL

(NLS).It is identified by a chaperone called

IMPORTIN and guided inside

Importin comes back out of the CHAPERONE


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nucleus with the help of its own _

What molecules are exported out of

the nucleus?

RIBOSOMES and VARIOUS RNA

MOLECULES come out of the

nucleus.

How are molecules exported out ofthe nucleus?

They are exported by anotherchaperone called EXPORTIN

Exportin goes back into the nucleus

with the help of its own _

CHAPERONE

TRANSPORT IN THE

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM:

Proteins produced on _ need to be

_to various different destinations in

the cell, in to _, to the _ _ , andsometimes to the _

Proteins produced on RIBOSOMES

need to TRANSPORTED to various

destinations in the cell: in to theORGANELLES, to the PLASMA

MEMBRANE, and sometimes to the

OUTSIDE.

This section shows what happens to

_ made on ribosomes attached to

the _ _

PROTEINS made on ribosomes

attached to the ROUGH ER.

Ribosomes are on the _ of ER OUTSIDE

How do proteins made on

ribosomes enter the ER lumen?1)

2)

2 processes happen for it to be able

to enter ER lumen

A built in region of the protein called

ER SIGNAL SEQUENCE helps. When aprotein is made, another protein in

the CYTOSOL, called SIGNAL

RECOGNITION PARTICLE (SRP)

comes and binds to it. (Also called

SIGNAL RECOGNITION PROTEIN)

Then it docks with the ER

MEMBRANE and allows the

ribosome to send the newly made

protein through a channel into theER lumen

What happens to the protein once

inside the ER? It gets _ and _ and

passes along the ER until it reaches a

place where a _ _ buds off.

It gets FOLDED and GLYCOSYLATED

(A sugar chain is added) and passes

along the ER until it reaches a place

where a ER VESICLE BUDS OFF


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CHAPTER 7.4 and 7.5 : MOLECULAR TRANSPORT INSIDECELLS (ABOVE)

Where do the vesicles go? These

vesicles released from ER travel

through the _ toward the _ _ and

join the _ _ of Golgi. The _ inside the

vesicles are then released in to the __

These vesicles travel through the

CYTOSOL toward the GOLGI

APPARTATUS and join the CIS (SAME

SIDE) FACE OF GOLGI. The PROTEINS

inside these vesicles are thenreleased into the GOLGI LUMEN

What happens to the proteins once

inside the golgi? Different proteins

get different _ attached. These tags

are mostly _ chains, sometimes _

groups, or small _ attachments etc.

Different PROTEINS get different

TAGS attached. These tags are

mostly SUGAR CHAINS, sometimes

PHOSPHATE GROUPS, or small LIPID

attachments.

These tags are like _ _ on an letter

address. With the help of these tags,

_ on the _ _ face of the golgimembrane _ different proteins into

different _ _ _. The vesicles are then

sent to various destinations, carrying

the _ enclosed in them.

Like ZIP CODES on a letter address.

With the help of these tags,

RECEPTORS on the INNER-TRANS(OPPOSITE SIDE) face of the golgi

membrane ENCLOSE different

proteins into different GOLGI

TRANSPORT VESICLES. The vesicles

are then sent to various

destinations, carrying the PROTEIN

enclosed in them.

The destinations the Golgi Transportvesicles are sent to are : _, _ _, and _

LYSOSOMES, PLASMA MEMBRANE,and ER


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Chapter 7.6 CYTOSKELETON

Cytoskeleton is the _ network of _

inside the cell

FIBROUS network of PROTEINS

inside the cellWhat are the 4 functions of

cytoskelton?

1) Provide strength to the cell2) Maintains and changes the

cell shape

3) Moves contents inside the cell4) Moves the whole cell

What are the 3 kinds of

cytoskeleton? And their ranking in

diameter?

1) Actin microfilamentsthinnest in diameter

2) Intermediate filaments-medium sized in diameter

3) Microtubules- largest indiameter

Of these three types, only _ and _

are involved in _ and _. WHY?

Because those 2 kinds have _

(meaning?)

Only MICRO FILAMENTS and

MICROTUBULES are involved in

MOVING CELL CONTENTS,

CHANGING CELL SHAPE OR MOVING

WHOLE CELLS. B/C they have

POLARITY, meaning THEIR TWO

ENDS ARE DIFFERENT FROM EACHOTHER

Actin Microfilaments: Made up of _,

a _ protein. These Actin _ get

activated by binding to _ and _ to

each other to from long _. They are

normally found in the _ of the cell

and can provide _ _ to cells .

Made of ACTIN, a GLOBULAR

PROTEIN. These actin MONOMERS

get activated by binding to ATP and

ATTACHING to each other to form

long FILAMENTS. Normally found in

the PERIPHERY of the cell and can

provide STRUCTURAL SUPPORT to

cells

When involved in _, actin interacts

with a _ protein called _

When involved in MOVING, actin

interacts with a MOTOR PROTEIN

called MYOSIN

Myosin is another protein that forms

_ _ with numerous _ _

Myosin is another protein that forms

THICK FILAMENTS with numerous


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MOTOR HEADS

The myosin motor heads use _ to

energize and move _ _ to change _ _

The myosin motor heads use ATP to

energize and move ACTIN

FILAMENTS to change CELL SHAPE

You can see actin in (4 places) 1) myosin function in musclecells2) when cells divide3) when single cells like amoeba

crawls

4) in cytoplasmic streaming inplant cells

Intermediate Filaments: These are _

sized filaments made of different

kinds of _ _.

MEDIUM SIZED FILAMENTS. Made of

different kinds of FIBROUS

PROTEINSIntermediate filaments on skin cells,

nails and hair are made of _

KERATIN

Intermediate filaments inside the

nucleus are made of _

LAMINS

Lamins provide _ to the nucleus and

hold _ in place.

STRENGTH to the nucleus and hold

CHROMOSONES in place.

There are other proteins that made

other intermediate filaments

elsewhere in the cell. For example:There are intermediate filaments

that hold the _ in place.

Example of another intermediate

filaments: one that hold the

NUCLEUS in place

Intermediate filaments are not

involved in _ because they do not

have _ (meaning)

Not involved in MOVING because

they lack POLARITY (meaning they

have SAME SIDE ends)

Intermediate filaments only provide

_ _ to the cell

STRUCUTRAL SUPPORT

Microtubules: Made of _ a _ protein.

They assemble into large _ tube like

structures called _. They form a

network of _ inside the cell

Made of TUBULIN, a GLOBULAR

protein. Assemble into large

HOLLOW tube like strucutes called

MICROTUBULES. Form a network of

ROADWAYS inside the cell

When involved in moving,

microtubules associate with _

When moving, associate with

MOTOR proteins called KINESINS or


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proteins called _ or _ DYNEINS

Kynesis and Dynein have _ _ that use

_ to energize and they carry _ or _

along _ _

MOTOR HEADS that use ATP to

energize. They carry ORGANELLES or

VESICLES alng MICROTUBULAR

TRACKSYou can see microtubule functions

during _ _ inside the cell

VESICLE TRANSPORT

Microtubules are essential for _ _,

where microtubules form a _ to pull

_ apart

Essential for CELL DIVISION, where

form a SPINDLE to pull

CHROMOSONES apart

They are also invoved in _ and _

movement

FLAGELLA and CILIA

Inside the flagellum or cilium,

microtubules form _ arrangmentand use _ motor proteins to make

the _ movement of _ and _ to move

cells

9 PAIRS OF MICROTUBULES

AROUND 2 CENTRALMICTROTUBULES called (9+2). Use

DYNEIN motor proteins to make the

WHIPLASHING movement of

FLAGELLA and CILIA to move cells

Cytoskeleton is _, it _, _, and _,

according the to the _ needs.

DYNAMIC, SHRINKS, GROWS AND

MOVES according the CELLS needs


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CHAPTER 8.2 HOW DO ADJACENT CELLS CONNECT AND

COMMUNICATE

In _ _ organisms, many cells work

together forming _ that perform

different functions

In MULTI-CELLULAR organisms, cells

work together forming TISSUES that

perform various functions

What are the three types of cell-cell

attachments in animals? ONLY

FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS!!!!!

1) Tight junctions2) Gap junctions3) Anchoring junctions

Tight Junctions: These are found in _

that need to _ _ the _ between cells

not allowing anything to _ past

between cells

Found in TISSUS that need to

TIGHTLY SEAL the GAP between cells

to now allowing anything to SEEP

past in between cells

Examples of Tight junctions are: (3) Ex 1) Epithelial cells found along the

intestine

Ex 2) Blood vessels

Ex 2) Like a quilt (sealing cells

together to form one large sheet)

Tight junctions keep _ cells _

attached to each other, yet, if

necessary, they can _ them

Keep ADJACENT cells TIGHT

ATTACHED to each other, but if

necessarily can LOOSEN them

Anchoring junctions: These keep _cells attached to each other using _

_ __.

Keep ADJACENT cells attached usingREMOVABLE RIVET-LIKE JOINTS.

One example of anchoring junction

is _? They allows _ adhesion

between cells, meaning cells only _

to other cells if they have matching

_. Have specialized _ called _ that _

matching _ from other cells, and _

with them

DESMOSOMES: allow SELECTIVE

adhering between cells. Meaning

cells only ADHERE to other cells if

they have matching DESMOSOMES.

SPECIALIZED PROTEINS called

CADHERINS that RECOGNIZE

MATCHING CADHERINS from othercells and INTERACT with them

Gap Junctions: As the name implies,

these are _ or _ in the _ _ , allowing

adjacent to _ with each other. The

gaps are surrounded by _ and when

two cells come together, they form a

HOLES or GAPS in the PLASMA

MEMBRANE, allowing

COMMUNICATION between cells.

Gaps are surrounded by PROTEINS

that form a CONTIUOUS HOLE


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_ _ between the two cells. between the two cells that came

together

Only ONE kind of cell juntion is

found in PLANT CELLS, called ?

PLASMODESMATA

Plasmodesmata: They are _ to gapjunctions in animals cells. There are

_ between adjacent _ _ through the

_ _

SIMILAR to animal gap junctions.There are HOLES between adjacent

PLANT CELLS though the CELL WALL

There are _ associated with

plasmodesmata, that regulate the _

of _ through these holes.

PROTEINS associated with

plasmodesmata, that REGULATE the

PASSAGE of MOLECULES through

these holes

_ from one cell can _ and _ with the

_ in the adjacent cells throughplasmodesmata

ER from one cell can EXTEND and

CONNECT with the ER of theadjacent cell


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CHAPTER NINE: CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND

FERMENTATION

Cellular respiration is the process

that produces _, the _ containing

molecule that supplies _ to most of

the _ _

ATP. ENERGY. ENERGY. CELLULAR

FUNCTIONS

When the cell needs to carry out an

_ reactions, it normally gets coupled

with _ breakdown, so that the

reaction becomes _ _

ENERGONIC (requires energy). ATP.

ENERGETICALLY POSSIBLE

9.1 The nature of chemical energy

and redox reactions

This section introduces you to redox

reactions, because cellular

respiration involves many redox

reactions.

Cellular respiration involes many _ _ REDOX REACTIONS

REDOX= _/_ ?? REDOX= REDUCTION/OXIDATION

Reduction means _ electrons, or

electrons moving _ to an atom

GAINING ELECTRONS. Moving

CLOSER to an atom

Oxidation means _ electrons, or

electrons moving _ from an atom

LOSING electrons, or electrons

moving FURTHER from an atom

All reduction reactions areassociated with _ reactions. And

VISE VERSA!!

OXIDATION

When one atom gets reduced;

another atom _ ; or when one atom

gets oxidized another atom gets _

Gets oxidized, gets reduced

During _ cellular respiration, a _

molecule gets oxidized to _ . The

energy released during this process

is used to make _

AEROBIC (in the presence of

oxygen). GLUCOSE oxyd to CO2

(carbon dioxide). Energy released

used to make ATP._ _ _ is a very efficient process to

make a lot of ATP

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

because more ATP is produced in

the presence of oxygen then without

oxygen.

If _ supply becomes _ in organims OXYGEN. LIMITED. FERMENTATION.


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that are adapted to aerobic

respiration, the cells perform an

alternative process known as _ to

produce a few _ with less _

TO PRODUCE A FEW ATP WITH LESS

EFFICIENCY.

9.2 An overview of aerobic cellularrespiration

All living cells continue to make _, all

the time by _ _ , because most of

the _ _ need energy, and _, provides

that energy

All living cells continue to make ATP,

all the time by CELLULAR

RESPIRATION, because most of the

CELLULAR ACTIVITIES need energy

and ATP provides that energy

How many membranes surround the

mitochondria?

TWO

The inner membrane of themitochondira is folded extensively to

form?

CRISTAE

Is there a space between the outer

and inner membrane of the

mitochondria?

YES. There is a space between the

inner and outer membrane of the

mitochondira

Cellular respiration can be divided

into how many steps?

FOUR

Step 1: _, One molecule of _ is

broken down into two molecules of_. This happens in the _.

GLYCOLYSIS: One molecules of

GLUCOSE is broken down into twomolecules of PYRUVATE. This

happens in the CYTOSOL.

Pyruvate is a _ (#) carbon

compound?

Pyruvate is a THREE carbon

compound

Step 2: _ _, _ enters into the

mitochondria, and in the _ of the

mitochondria, pyruvate is converted

to _ _ .

PYRUVATE PROCESSING: PYRUVATE

enters into the mitochondria, and in

the MATRIX of the mitochondria,

pyruvate is converted to ACETYL CoA

Acetyl group has _ (#) carbons TWO

Step 3: _ _ _ ( _ _ ): The two _ in the

acetyl group is completely _ to _.

This happens in the _ _. The _

released during this process are

captured by _ and _, which get

CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE):

the two CARBONS in the acetyl

group is completely OXIDIZED to

CO2 (carbon dioxide). This happens

in the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX.


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reduced to _ and _. These are the

major _ carriers in the cell.

The ELECTRONS released during this

process are captured by NAD and

FAD, which get reduced to NADH

and FADH2. These are the major

ELECTRON carriers in the cellStep 4: _ _ _ and _ _: Electrons

captured in _ and _ are _ to a chain

of molecules located in the _ _ _. A

series of _ reactions happen and the

electrons are passed from _ to _ in

the chain. During this process, _ ions

are transported into the space

between _ and _ , _ _. When the _

concentration builds up there, they_ _ into the _ _ by a process

described as _. The energy of the _ _

is used to make _.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN and

ATP SYNTHESIS: Electrons captured

in NADH and FADH2 are DONATED

to a chain of molecules located in

the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL

MEMBRANE. A series of OXIDATION-

REDUCTION (REDOX) reactions

happen and the electrons are passed

from MOLECULE to MOLECULE inthe chain. During this process

HYDROGEN ions are transported

into the space between OUTER and

INNER MITOCHONDRIAL

MEMBRANES. When the PROTON

concentration builds up there, they

FLOW BACK into the

MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX by a

process described asCHEMIOSMOSIS. The energy of the

PROTON FLOW is used to make ATP.

H+ ions are also called as ? PROTONS

9.3 GLYCOLYSIS

GLYCO = ? SUGAR

LYSIS = ? BREAKING

All reactions of glycolysis happen in

the _?

CYTOSOL

First, _ is energized or activated byadding _ (#) molecules of _. And

then the activated _ is oxidized or

broken down into _ (#) molecules of

_. The electrons released during this

process are captured by _ to form _ .

First GLUCOSE is energized oractivated by adding TWO molecules

of ATP and then the activated

SUGAR is oxidized or broken down

into TWO molecules of PYRUVATE.

The electrons released during this


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The energy released is used to

procude _ (#) _. Finally the net gain

of glycolysis is; _ molecules of _, _

molecules of _, and _ molecules of _.

process are captured by NAD to

form NADH. The energy released is

used to produce FOUR ATPS.

Net gain is TWO molecules of NADH,

TWO molecules of PYRUVATE andTWO molecules of ATP

Production of ATP during a chemical

reaction is also known as _ _ _

SUBSTRATE LEVEL

PHOSPHORYLATION

Glucose is a _ (#) carbon _ Glucose is a SIX carbon SUGAR

Pyruvate is a (#) carbon _ Pyruvate is a THREE carbon ACID

9.4 PROCESSING OF PYRUVATE TO

ACETYL COA

The pyruvate produced by _ is

transported into _ . In the _mitochondria, pyruvate is broken

down into _ and _. The acetyl group

joins with _ _ to make _ _

The pyruvate produced by

GLYCOLYSIS is transported into theMITOCHONDRIA. In the MATRIX

mitochondrial, pyruvate is broken

down into ACETYL GROUP and CO2

(CARBON DIOXIDE) . They acetyl

group joins with COENZYME A to

make ACETYL CoA

9.5 THE CITRIC CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE)

The acetyl CoA donated its _ into the

_ _ _. The acetyl group is completelyoxidized to _ during this process.

Electrons released during this

process are captured by NAD and

FAD to from _ and _

Acetyl Coa donates its ACETYL

GROUP into the CITRIC ACID CYCLE.The acetyl group is completely

oxidized to CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)

during this process. Electrons

released during this process are

captured by NAD and FAD to form

NADH and FADH2

Note that at the end of the citric

cycle all the _ that were present in

the _ molecule have now beencompletely oxidized to _. All the

electrons are now carried in _ and _.

Note that at the end of the citric

acid cycle all the CARBONS that were

present in the GLUCOSE moleculehave now been compleitely oxidized

to CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE). All the

electrons are now carried in FADH

and NADH2

9.6 ELECTON TRANSPORT CHAIN


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AND CHEMIOSMOSIS: BUILDING A

PROTON GRADIENT TO PRODUCE

ATP.

_ and _ donate electrons to being an

_ _ _ .

FADH and NADH2 donate electrons

to being an ELECTRON TRANSPORTCHAIN

Electron transport chain is a series of

_ and some other _ located in the _

_ _. They have the ability to _

electrons (_) and then _ them (_) to

the next componenet of the chain.

The final electron acceptor is _, to

make _ at the end of the electron

transport chain

PROTEINS and some other

MOLECULES located in the INNER

MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE. Have

the ability to ACCEPT electrons

(REDUCTION) and then DONATE

(OXIDATION) them to the next

componenet of the chain. The final

electron acceptor is OXYGEN, tomake WATER at the end of the

electron transport chain.

The accepting of electrons is _?

The donating of electrons is _?

The accepting of electrons is

REDUCTION

The donating of electrons is

OXIDATION

While electrons pass along this

chain, at certain points, _ ions (_)

are taken from the _ and passedonto the other side of the _. This

way, a _ _ is built up between the _

_ _ and the _ .

at certain points. HYDROGEN ions

(PROTONS) are taken from the

MATRIC and passed onto the otherside of the MEMBRANE. This way a,

PROTON GRADIENT is built up

between the INTER MEMBRANE

SPACE and the MATRIX.

Protons tend to come back to the _

from _ concentration of protons in

the _ _ space to the _ concentration

of protons in the _. This is also called

_ _ _ This process is similar to _

Protons tend to come back to the

MATRIX from HIGH concentration of

protons in the INTER MEMBRANE

space to the LOW concentration of

protons in the MATRIX. Also calledPROTON MOTIVE FORCE. This

process is similar to OSMOSIS

Osmosis was first suggested by _ _

as _ _ _ and is now proven _

PETER MITCHELLE MITCHELLES

CHEMIOSMOSIS HYPOTHESIS

proven now CORRECT


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Protons CAN NOT cross the

membrane directly, because they

are _? They _ _ through a special _ _

located across the _ _ , called as _ _

_

CHARGED. They FLOW BACK through

a special ENZYME COMPLEX located

across the INNER MEMBRANE called

as ATP SYNTHASE COMPLEX

The flow of protons _ part of the

enzyme complex, and this _ force

adds a _ group to _ to produde _.

The flow of protons ROTATES part of

the enzyme complex and this

MECHANICAL force adds a

PHOSPHATE group to ADP to

produce ATP

As ATP is produced as a result of _ of

_ _ , this mode of ATP production is

knows as _ _

As ATP is produced as a result of

OXIDATION of ELECTRON CARRIERS,

this mode of ATP production is

known as OXIDATIVEPHOSPHORYLATION

Phosphorylation means ? ADDING A PHOSPHATE GROUP

_ _ supports the production of a lot

of numbers of ATP

AEROBIC RESPIRATION supports the

production of a lot of numbers of

ATP

9.7 FERMENTATION

When there is no _ available, there

is no _ _ at the end of the electron

transport chain.

When there is no OXYGEN available,

there is no ELECTRON ACCEPTOR at

the end of the electron transportchain (REMEMBER ** oxygen is the

final acceptor of electrons in aerobic

respiration)

Without oxygen, electron transport

chain _ _ because there is no _ _ .

This stops the _ _ _ .Therefore _

does not enter the mitochondria.

Instead pyruvate is converted to

other _ _ like _ or _ _ in the _, andcels contiue the process of glycolysis

to produce _ (#) of ATP from each

glucose molecule

Without oxygen, electron transport

chain STOPS FUNCTIONING because

there is no FINAL ACCEPTOR . This

stops the CITRIC ACID CYCLE.

Therefore PYRUVATE does not enter

the mitochondira. Instead pyruvateis converted to other ORGANIC

MOLECULES like ALCOHOL or LACTIC

ACID in the CYTOSOL to produce

TWO ATPS from each glucose

molecule.


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CHAPTER 10: PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosysnthesis happens in all _

tissues

GREEN

The purpose of photosynthesis is to

?

CAPTURE THE LIGHT ENERGY AND

USE IT TO CONVERT CARBON

DIOXIDE (CO2) INTO

CARBOHYDRATES

What is the general equation for

photosynthesis?

CO2 + H20 + light energy

(CH2O)n + O2

The complete process of

photsynthesis happens in _ sets of

separate reactions

TWO

What is the inner membrane of the

chloroplast called?

THYLAKOIDS

What is the fluid inide the

chloroplast called?

STROMA

Where do these reactions happen? IN THE INNER MEMBRANE

(THYLAKOIDS) OF CHLOROPLASTS

AND IN THE STROMA (THE FLUID

INSIDE THE CHLOROPLAST)

The inner membrane carries _ _

arranged in _ types of clusters called

as _ (_ and _)

The inner membrane carries

PHOTSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS

arranged in TWO types of clusters

called PHOTOSYSTHEMS (PS II and

PS I)

Each photosystem has a _ _ _ and a

_ _ _ _

Each photosystem has a ANTENNA

PIGMENT COMPLEX and a REACTION

CENTER CLOROPHYLL MOLECULES.

The two sets of reactions in

photsynthesis are?

LIGHT INDEPENDANT AND LIGHT

DEPENDANT

LIGHT DEPENDANT REACTIONS

Light Dependant Reactions: during

these reactions, _ _ absorb light

ANTENNA PIGMENTS absorb light

energy and transfer it to the


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energy and transfer it to the _ _ . REACTION CENTER

Due to _ input, electrons get excited

to a _ _ _ _ , _ from the reaction

center and start an _ _ _

Due to ENERGY input, electrons get

excited to a VERY HIGH ENERG

STATE, ESCAPE from the reaction

center and start an ELECTRONTRANSFER CHAIN

At PS II , _ molecules are broken

down to replace the lost _ , and _ is

released

WATER molecules are broken down

to replace the lost ELECTRONS and

OXYGEN in released

During electron transport chain,

protons are transported to the _ _

and the resulting _ _ _ generates _.

ATP production by this method is

known as _

Protons are transported to the

TYLAKOID LUMEN and the resulting

PROTON MOTIVE FORCE generates

ATP. ATP production by this method

is known asPHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

What drives the electron transport

chain?

LIGHT ENERGY

The electrons that pass along the

transport chain are finally accepted

by the electron carrier molecule

namned _ that produces _

NADP that produces NADPH

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

Light independent reactions are also

called? Why??

DARK REACTIONS. BECAUSE THEY

DO NOT NEED LIGHT

The _ and _ produced in light

depedent reactions are used here to

produce _ from _

ATP and NADPH used to produce

SUGARS from CO2. (carbon dioxide)

Dark reactions are also known as the

_ _

CALVIN CYCLE

Dark reactions happen in the _ of

the _

In the STROMA of the

CHLOROPLASTS

Dark reactions happen in how many

steps? What are they?

THREE.

1) CO2 FIXATION PHASE2) REDUCTION PHASE3) REGENERATION PHASE

CO2 FIXATION PHASE: an enzyme An enzyme named RUBISCO


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named _ catalyzes the reaction

between _ and a _ Carbon sugar

named _ to generate a _ carbon

compound called _ .

cataylzes the reaction between

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) and a FIVE

carbon sugar named RUBP to

generate a THREE carbon compound

called PGA (PHOSPHOGLYCERICACID)

As inorganic CO2 is converted to an

organic former, this step is called as

_ _

CO2 FIXATION

REDUCTION PHASE: _ gains

electrongs and gets reduced to _.

This step requires _ . _ produced in

light energy reactions provides

energy. This step also requires _. _produced in light energy reactions

provides electrons.

PGA (PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID) gains

electrons and gets reduced to G3P

(GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE).

This step requires ENERGY. ATP

produced in light energy reactionsprovides energy. This step also

requires ELECTRONS. NADPH

produced in light energy reactions

provides electrons.

REGENERATION PHASE: Most of the

_ produced in reduction phase are

converted to _ to continure the

cycle, to fix more _. Some G3P goes

out of the Calvin cycle to produce _ .

Most of the G3P (GLCERALDEHYDE-

3-PHOSPHATE) produced in redution

phase are converted to RUBP to

continue the cycle, to fix more

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) . Some G3Pgoes out of the calvin cycle to

produve GLUCOSE

The outcome of photosynthesis is _

and _

OXYGEN and GLUCOSE

Carbon for glucose synthesis comes

from _

CARBON DIOXIDE

_ is released as a byproduct of

photosynthesis

OXYGEN

Oxygen comes from _ breakdown in

_

WATER breakdown in PS II

_ is the enzyme that catalyses the

critical step of fixing carbon dioxide

into organic form? _ is a competitive

RUBISCO.

OXYGEN


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inhibitor for this reaction?

Oxygen competes with _ for the

same active site in _ enzyme

CARBON DIOXIDE. RUBISCO

Oxygen bound to rubisco reacts with

_ , breaks _ down, releasing _ ratherthan fixing it. This process is known

as?

Oxygen bound to rubisco reacts with

RUBP, breaks RUBP down, realeasingCARBON DIOXIDE rather than fixing

it . This process is known as

PHOTORESPIRATION

Photorespiration is a _ process. A

problem faced by many _ plants,

while some plants have evolved a

mechanism to minimize the problem

(but we do not study that

mechanism)

WASTEFUL. Problem face by many

GREEN plants.

Biology Exam 2 Notes

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