Biology EOC Review Name: ____Key__________________________

Period: ______

1.01 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific Investigations.

The Scientific Method:

1. List and describe the steps of the Scientific Method. 1. Question/problem (what you are trying to solve) 2.

Hypothesis (educated guess to the question) 3. Materials (what you can use) 4. Procedure (steps to conduct

the experiment) 5. Data (information collected during the lab 6. Conclusion (summing up what you saw in the

lab using data)

2. Why do many experiments make use of a control group? __so they have something to compare their results

to__

3. What are the characteristics of a good experiment? _Detailed, thorough, repeated, contain all of the

variables_____

4. What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable? Independent is what you change,

dependent is what you are looking for or measuring - results

1.2 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions.

5. You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open.

The data is below. Graph this data.

Breathing rate Temperature

19/min 5 deg C, 25/min 10 deg C, 30/min 20 deg C, 34/min 30 deg C,

37/min 35 deg C

6. What is the independent variable? The dependent variable?

Temperature breathing rate

7. What is the best type of graph for this data? Why?

Line, it’s easier to see quantity change

8. What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temperature?

As temp increases so does breathing rate

9. What would be a good control for this experiment?

Same fish in a tank with a constant temperature

10. How do you think the breathing rate was measured?

Watching the gill movement

11. What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more?

Any logical answer (ex: will increase breathing until it gets too hot)

12. Why would it be a bad idea to do this? You could kill the fish if it gets too hot

1.3 Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic and evidence to:

explain observations, make inferences and predictions, and explain the relationship between evidence and

explanation.

An experiment was done that measured the Effects of Nitrates on the Growth of Algae. Growth of algae was determined

by how well the water transmitted light. The less the light transmission than the greater the algae growth blocking the

transmission of light.

13. Looking at the graph what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in the water?

Nitrates increased algae growth over time.

14. What other data would you like to have?

Any logical answer

15. What would you predict would happen if this same data was

gathered at the end of week 8?

Light transmission would be very close, if not at, zero.

Biology EOC Review 16. Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth?

Nitrates may be a food for algae.

Analyze the matter-energy relationships of living and non-living things:

1. What are the differences between living and non-living things: List the 8 characteristics of life:

Growth & development

Reproduction Responsiveness Heredity

Cellular organization

Metabolism Homeostasis One or more cells

2. What are the ways that living things get energy to live?

Eat other organisms, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis

3. What are some of the ways that living things use energy?

Grow, reproduce, breathe, and maintain homeostasis

4. What are some ways that cells maintain homeostasis?

Osmosis, diffusion,

5. How do biological materials respond to acids and bases? What is a buffer?

They use buffers (which neutralize acids and bases) to maintain whatever pH is needed for that section of the

body

2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell specialization, and

communication among cells within an organism.

Cell theory and Organelles.

6. What does the term “membrane bound organelles mean?” What cell type are they found in?

It is a part of the cell that contains protective coverings. They are found in eukaryotic cells.

7. What are the three parts of cell theory?

1. All living things contains 1 or more cells 2. Cell is the basic until of life 3. All cells come from preexisting

cells

The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane.

8. What is the function of the cell membrane?

To maintain homeostasis

9. What are some of the functions of these

proteins and other molecules?

Some keep the cell fluid (moveable). Some

allow larger molecules to pass through.

10. Put the following in order from smallest to largest:

Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues

_____4______ _____1______ ____3_______ ____2_______

Biology EOC Review 11. What is a feedback mechanism?

It is something that responds to a stimulus. For example, the body will respond to a woman giving birth by

contracting muscles. Or a body will respond to adrenalin during a flight or fight response to divert blood flow from the

digestive system to the brain and muscles.

12. Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.

Cell Part and Letter Structure Description Function Letter/Number

Nucleus

Big circular object in the cell. Contains a

nuclear membrane

Control center of the cell A/6

Plasma Membrane

Two layer of lipid that surround the cell Protects the cell, helps maintain

homeostasis

K/11

Cell wall

Thick structure that surrounds the plant

cell

Protection, maintain cell shape J

Mitochondria

Kidney bean shaped organelle Makes energy L/1

Vacuoles

Large light colored organelle Storage space G

Chloroplasts

Green, oval shaped organelle Creates energy from the sun (site of

photosynthesis)

I

Ribosomes

Small circle that can be found in the cell

or attached to the RER

Site of protein synthesis M/13

13. Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)?

__left___________________________

14. Which structures are found only

in the plant cell?

__chloroplast, cell wall_____

15. Which structures are found only

in the animal cell?

___Lysosome________________

2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement of

materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.

Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left.

16. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?

Because they were too large to move through the membrane

17. How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell

membrane?

It only allows certain materials through

18. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch

concentration greatest (left or right)?

Right

Biology EOC Review 19. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?

Left

20. In osmosis, water moves from an area of _high______ to an area of __low___ concentration. (higher/lower)

21. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

To the left, because the concentration of dark molecules is lower to the left

22. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of _high____ to an area of _low_____ concentration. (higher/lower)

23. Which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. __water will move inside the cell_________

b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. _water will move outside the cell_________

24. What is homeostasis?

Maintaining internal conditions regardless of that is happening ‘outside’

25. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance

Osmosis to control water concentration, muscle movement/sweat to control temperature, buffers to control pH,

insulin to control glucose

26. Comparison of active and passive transport

PASSIVE TRANPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Requires energy?

No Yes

Low to high concentration or

high to low concentration?

High to low Low to high

Examples

Water movement Salt movement

Energy use and release in biochemical reactions.

27. Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines

attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.

28. How many phosphates? ATP? __3______ ADP? ____2___ AMP? ___1______

29. What cellular process produces ATP?

Cellular respiration

30. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.

Anything that requires energy like muscle movement.

2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and

photosynthesis.

31. What are the reactants and products for each of these?

Process Reactant Product Example?

Photosynthesis Water, CO2

C6H12O6, O2

Cellular Respiration

(Aerobic)

C6H12O6, O2

Water, CO2

Cellular Respiration

(Anaerobic)

C6H12O6

Lactic acid, ethyl

alcohol, CO2

32. Which reaction makes the most ATP? ___Electron Transport Chain________ What gas is the final electron

acceptor? ___Oxygen_____

Biology EOC Review 33. How do factors such as pH, temperature, light and food availability affect these reactions?

If any one of these is too high or low neither one will work properly.

34. Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide,)

A) Water carbon dioxide glucose oxygen

B)

Glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water 35. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis? (A or B) __A______

36. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? (A or B?) ___B_____

37. Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy? Photosynthesis

38. Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)? Cellular respiration

39. Which reaction releases the most energy? __Cellular Respiration Why? It creates ATP

40. Which reaction requires chlorophyll? _Photosynthesis What is the purpose of the chlorophyll?

To absorb sunlight

41. Which reaction requires light? Photosynthesis What is the light used for? Energy to create sugar

42. Which organisms carry out process A?

Plants

43. Which organisms carry out process B?

Plants and animals

44. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? _photosynthesis__________________________

45. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? _cellular respiration_________________________

46. Compare and contrast: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation. (# ATP, where it occurs)

Alcoholic produces 2 ATP, ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation produces 2 ATP

and lactic acid

2.4 Investigate & describe the structure & function of enzymes & explain their importance in biological systems.

47. What is the function of enzymes in cells? (Or, what is a catalyst?)

To speed up a reaction

3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and

translation), and gene regulation.

1. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what needs to be added to it to make it a double

helix? Give the complementary nucleotide sequence. _C, T, G, G, C, T____ ______ ______ ______

2. Describe the structure of DNA. What are the black pentagons? _Deoxyribose sugar____ What are the nitrogen

bases? _ATCG_______ What weak bonds hold the complementary

bases together? ___Hydrogen_____________________

+ +

Biology EOC Review 3. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?

___CUGGCU____________

4. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left)

_____Ser - Val__________________________________________

5. What is a codon? A set of three nitrogenous bases

6. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table.

RNA DNA

Sugars Ribose Deoxyribose

Bases ATCG AUCG

Strands One Two

Where

In Cell

Nucleus and cytoplasm Nucleus

Function

Transcribe and translate

DNA

Carries genetic information

7. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? __peptide__________________

8. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

1) __mRNA – transfers DNA information to the ribosome__________________________________

2) __rRNA - helps assemble proteins_______________________________________________________

3) __tRNA – brings amino acids to the ribosome___________________________________________

9. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? ___hydrogen_________________________

10. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?

So they can separate easily for replication and transcription

11. Describe the process of DNA replication. What enzyme breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between bases? _DNA

helicase unzips DNA and free bases attach to

the exposed bases____________

How many pieces of DNA are made? _2 – each

contains 1 new and 1 old strand_________

12. Describe the process of protein synthesis:

What is transcription?

DNA - RNA

13. What is translation?

RNA - proteins

Biology EOC Review

14. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?

The bases don’t match up correctly, causing an indent or bulge

15. How does this affect the mRNA?

The wring information will be transcribed

16. How can this affect translation?

The wrong amino acid will be brought.

17. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? ___the protein will be messed up so it may not

work correctly._

Cell Cycle

Look at the diagram of the cell cycle.

18. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?

S phase - synthesis

19. What does GI and G2 represent?

Cell growth

20. What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? _interphase_____________

What does the cell do during this time? Grow and replicate DNA

21. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? (Y/N?)

No – it’s usually considered part of interphase

22. What is cancer? What are some causes of cancer?

When the cell cycle’s checkpoints are not working properly and the cell continuously divides.

3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.

23. Complete the following Chart of Mitosis and Meiosis.

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Type of reproduction

(Asexual or sexual)

Asexual Sexual

Chromosome number of mother

cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)

2N 2N

Chromosome number of daughter

cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)

2N 1N

Number of cell divisions

One Two

Number of cells produced

Two Four

When does replication happen? Any time To create gametes

SOURCES OF VARIATION

Crossing over Never During prophase

Random assortment of

chromosomes

Never Yes

Gene mutations Sometimes Sometimes

Nondisjunction Sometimes Sometimes

Fertilization Never Always

Biology EOC Review

24. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell

division) in order. Then Name them.

1st: ___C_______ called __interphase_________

2nd: ___B________ called __prophase______

3rd: ____E_______ called __Metaphase__

4th: ____A_______ called _anaphase_________

5th: ___D________ called __telophase________

25. How many chromosomes do humans have in their… Body cells? __46___ Sex cells? __23_______

26. What does Diploid mean? The full possible number of chromosomes

27. What does Haploid mean? Half the number of chromosomes

28. When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? _prophase I_______________

29. What is the major focus of Meiosis I? __genetic variations_______________________________________

30. What is the major focus of Meiosis II? __halving the chromosome number___________________________

3.03 Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance: (dominant, recessive and intermediate traits, multiple alleles,

polygenic traits, sex-linked traits, independent assortment, test cross, pedigrees, and Punnett squares)

31. What does it mean when a trait is dominant? ___It expresses itself over others______________ Letters? __TT___

32. What does it mean when a trait is recessive? ___It can ‘hide’ for generations if it is overridden by a dominant

trait______ Letters? __tt_____

33. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the parents genotypes.

Tt

34. Give the phenotype for the parents.

Tall

35. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

TT – tall, Tt – tall, tt - short

36. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?

1:2:1

37. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

3:1

38. What does it mean to have multiple alleles? _Several locations on the gene that codes for a trait_____

Sex Chromosomes

39. What are the sex chromosomes in males? ____XY______________ In Females? ______XX_____________

Biology EOC Review

Pedigrees

40. What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree?

Recessive

41. How do you know?

It skips a generation

42. Using A,a, what is the genotype of person II4?

aa

43. What is the genotype of person I3?

Aa

Test Cross

44. Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait.

Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.

Mendel’s Laws

45. How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment?

Meiosis allows for crossing over during prophase 1.

46. Double check your learning, solve the following genetics problem:

A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among

themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and

phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.

3.05 Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including: development of the

theory, the origin and history of life, fossil and biochemical evidence, mechanisms of evolution, and applications

(pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

47. In the following chart, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of evolution.

Discussion of importance to evolutionary theory

Understanding of geology

(Changes in the earth)

Temperature variations can cause extinctions

Malthus’ ideas about population

Growth

The larger the population the less chance of an evolutionary change

Anatomical comparisons

Which creatures are related

Patterns in fossil evidence

What organisms existed eons ago and how they are similar to today’s organisms

Lamarck’s ideas about inheritance

Of acquired characteristics

Use or don’t use a trait does it get passed on?

Biology EOC Review Biochemical comparisons

(DNA and proteins)

How DNA patterns are similar

The role of variations

Genetic mutations cause evolution

The role of sexual reproduction

Meiosis results in genetic variation

The role of geographic isolation

Species may evolve differently than other because they cannot interbreed

The importance of the

environment

Factors can hinder or help evolution (weather patterns, temperature variations,

rainfall amount, etc)

48. What is a vestigial structure? Name a few in humans.

A structure that does not serve a purpose: appendix, tailbone

49. Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

1) Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?

gene mutations

2) Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?

Changing to better fit your environment

3) Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?

It means those organisms will be better able to survive and reproduce, passing on their traits.

4) Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their

genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?

To be the best you can be in that environment: healthy, able to find mates, etc

5) The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of

selected genes increase?

Because more and more of the organisms will be able to survive and reproduce – passing on those gene.

6) What is Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? What is Artificial Selection?

Survival of the fittest in a natural environment. Artificial means that something (usually humans) have intervened

and chosen traits to be passed on (dog and cat breeds)

50. What happens when pesticides and antibiotics are used and how does it relate to evolution?

The targeted organisms can build up a resistance to the pesticide/antibiotic, reassign that resistance onto future

generations rendering the pesticide/antibiotics useless.

4.01 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. (Historical development

and changing nature of classification systems, similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

organisms, similarities and differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms, classifying organisms using a key)

1. In the times of Linnaeus, he used _____________________________ to classify organisms. In the time of technology,

now we mostly use _________________________________ to classify organisms.

2. Why is the current classification system continually undergoing change?

We keep finding new organisms that challenge our original ideas of groups

3. What is the current seven-level classification system? (KPCOFGS)

____kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species_______________________________________

4. What is binomial nomenclature?

Scientific name given to every known organism

5. How do you write a “scientific name?” ___Genus species____________________________________

Biology EOC Review 6. DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify

organisms. They try to determine a “common ___ancestors_______________.”

7. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree,

which pairs of organisms are most closely related?

Salamanders & frogs, lizards & snakes, crocs & birds

8. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?

lungfish

9. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to?

Lizards & snakes

10. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various

kingdoms.

Archaea Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Eukaryotic or

prokaryotic

Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Both Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Multicellular or

single-celled

Single Single Both Multi Multi Multi

Sexual or

asexual

reproduction

Asexual Asexual Both Both Both sexual

Autotrophic or

heterotrophic

Both Both Both Hetero Auto Hetero

Aerobic or

anaerobic

Both Both Both Both Aerobic Both, but

mostly

aerobic

Cell walls or no

cell walls

None None Both Cell walls Cell walls None

Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.

1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2

b. leaf is broad……… go to 5

2. a. needles are short ....go to 3

b. needles are long…...go to 4

3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock

b. underside of needles silver ..balsam 11. What am I? 4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine ___pitch pine______________

b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine

5. a. edge of leaf round…go to 6

b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7

6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen

b. no minty odor…..laurel

4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following

groups accomplish essential life functions including…

12. Compare the following two types of cells.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Membrane-bound organelles X

Ribosomes X X

Types of chromosomes Circular X shaped

Size Smaller Larger

Biology EOC Review 4.05 Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment.

13. What is a stimulus? What is a response?

Something that goes into an organism, how the organism reacts to the stimulus

14. Why is it important that organisms are able to respond to their environment and surroundings?

Having the appropriate response increases the chance of survival

15. What are some ways that animals communicate?

Vocally, with body motions, color

5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems

(techniques of field ecology, abiotic and biotic factors, and carrying capacity)

1. How do organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes relate to each other?

Organisms make up a species, which makes up a population, which makes up a community. Communities are in

an ecosystem and multiple ecosystems make a biome.

2. What is an organism’s habitat? What is its niche?

Where it lives, its role in the environment

3. In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships.

Relationship Definition Example

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit Acacia tree and ants

Commensalism

One benefits the other is neither harmed or

benefited

Spanish moss on trees

Parasitism

One benefits the other is harmed Ticks on a deer

Predator-Prey Relationships

4. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? ___Hares________ Which is the predator? __Foxes__________

5. Which population increases (or falls) first and why? Hares, because the foxes’ population is low and not able to eat as

many hares

6. Which population increases (or falls) second and why? Foxes, with the increased prey have more to eat, which means

they will be more reproductively successful

7. Why are predator/prey relationships important in an ecosystem? (Consider population dynamics in your answer.)

Prey eat many of the plants and possible other animals in an ecosystem. Without them kept in check by the

predators they could destroy the habitat for others

12. What is carrying capacity?

How many organisms are able to survive in a certain environment

13. What are density dependent limiting factors? What are density independent limiting factors?

a density-dependent factor intensifies as the population size increases, affecting each individual more

strongly. A density independent factor affects the size of a population independent or regardless of the

population density. Biotic and Abiotic Factors

14. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment.

Trees, animals, bacteria

15. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment.

Air, temperature, soil

Biology EOC Review 16. Give an example of how biotic & abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect carrying capacity.

Temperature gets really hot in a desert biome, it is going to decrease the amount of plants and animals that can

survive

Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time

17. What kind of growth curve is shown by

the graph to the right?

18. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?

19. During what month were rabbits in

exponential growth?

5.02 Analyze the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in the ecosystem (relationship of the carbon cycle to

photosynthesis and respiration and trophic levels – direction and efficiency of energy transfer).

Carbon cycle Diagram

20. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? ____combustion, cellular respiration__________

21. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? ___photosynthesis___________________________

Biology EOC Review 22. How does photosynthesis and cell respiration relate to Carbon cycle?

Cellular respiration puts carbon into the atmosphere, photosynthesis takes it out.

23. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Too much carbon blocks the heat and sun’s rays from leaving earth, thus heating it up

24. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?

It could change the weather patterns and oceans currents, thus changing the biomes

25. How do bacteria play a role in the Carbon Cycle?

When bacteria decompose they release oxygen

Food Webs

26. What are the producers in this food web?

Blossoms, nuts, bark, leaves

27. What are the primary consumers (herbivores)

in this food web?

Bees, mice, deer, rabbit, insects

28. What are the secondary consumers in this food

web?

Bear, wolf, toad, red fox, birds

29. What are the highest level consumers in this

food web?

bear

30. How does energy move through a food web?

It decreases as the levels increase

31. How does matter move through a food web?

It moves up the food web

32. What is a food chain? Give an example of one

from this food web.

A part of a food web: blossoms, bees and

bear

33. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain:

leavesinsectsbirdsredfoxbear

34. Where is the most energy in this pyramid?

On the bottom

35. Where is the least energy in this pyramid?

On the top

36. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?

It decreases

37. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? THE

_____sun_____________!

38. What is a biome? What are the two limiting factors in a biome?

Locations with similar characteristics: light, temperature

Leaves

Insects

Birds

Red fox

Leaves

Bear

Biology EOC Review

Foaming Spuds

Directions: Use the following information to answer questions 1 through 6

Mike and Kelsey were studying how hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cells breaks down to form water and

oxygen. When this reaction happens, bubbles of oxygen gas are released, producing foam. This reaction is

described as follows:

A protein named catalase, found in all cells including potatoes, increases the rate of this reaction. Mike and

Kelsey used potato juice as the source of catalase to do the following controlled experiment.

Question: What is the effect of the acidity of potato juice on the volume of foam produced when hydrogen

peroxide is added to potato juice?

Prediction: As the acidity of potato juice decreases (higher pH), the volume of foam will increase.

Materials: graduated cylinders labeled pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and

pH 9

potato juice from the same potato,

divided and adjusted to four acidities:

pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and pH 9

hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2)

beaker

stopwatch

stirring rods

thermometer

Procedure:

1. Label four graduated cylinders, one for each acidity.

2. Put 10 milliliters of potato juice at pH 6 in the appropriately labeled cylinder.

3. Do the same for each of the other cylinders.

4. Monitor the room temperature to make sure the temperature remains the same throughout

the investigation.

5. Add 5 milliliters of hydrogen peroxide to each graduated cylinder, stir for two seconds. Wait

three minutes.

6. Measure and record the volume of foam in each graduated cylinder as Trial 1.

7. Clean all graduated cylinders and stirring rods.

8. Repeat steps 1 through 7 two times for Trials 2 and 3.

9. Calculate and record the average volume of foam for each acidity of potato juice.

Biology EOC Review

Data: Acidity of

Potato

Juice vs.

Volume of

Foam

1. Write a

conclusion

for this

controlled experiment. In your conclusion, be sure to:

Answer the experimental question.

Include supporting data from the Acidity of Potato Juice vs. Volume of Foam table.

Explain how these data support your conclusion.

Provide a scientific explanation for the trend in the data.

Question: What is the effect of the acidity of potato juice on the volume of foam

produced when hydrogen peroxide is added to potato juice?

Conclusion:

Acidity of

Potato Juice

(pH)

Volume of Foam

(Milliliters)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

6 22 25 25 24

7 32 38 36 35

8 41 42 42 42

9 32 29 30 30

Biology EOC Review

2. How could Mike and Kelsey be more certain the results of their experiment are reliable?

a. Test the reaction with other acidities of potato juice.

b. Repeat the experiment the same way.

c. Increase the volume of potato juice.

d. Use a different type of plant juice.

3. What did Mike and Kelsey do to make the results of their experiment valid?

a. Recorded the volume of foam in milliliters.

b. Calculated the average volume of foam for each acidity.

c. Measured the volume of foam at each acidity three times.

d. Waited three minutes before measuring the volume of foam.

4. What was the responding (dependent) variable in their investigation?

5. What was the manipulated (independent) variable in their investigation?

Biology EOC Review

6. Now plan a NEW controlled experiment to answer the question in the box. You may use any materials and

equipment in your procedure.

Be sure your procedure includes:

logical steps to do the experiment

two controlled (kept the same) variables

one manipulated (independent) variable

one responding (dependent) variable

how often measurements should be taken and recorded

Question: What is the effect of the temperature of potato juice on the time for

bubbling to stop after the hydrogen peroxide is added?

Procedure:

Biology EOC Review

YSC: In complex systems, entirely new and unpredictable properties may emerge. Consequently, modeling a

complex system in sufficient detail to make reliable predictions may not be possible.

Create a simplified model of a complex system. Trace the possible consequences of a change in one part of the

system and explain how the simplified model may not be adequate to reliably predict consequences.

While helping to plant a school garden, Becky and Juan observed many

different types of plants. They drew the following diagram of a green

pepper plant growing in the garden.

Becky and Juan used a greenhouse as a model of a garden ecosystem to

predict effects of amount of sunlight on green pepper production in a

garden ecosystem.

Describe two ways the greenhouse model may lead to unreliable

predictions about the effects of amount of sunlight on green pepper

production in a garden ecosystem.

In your description, be sure to:

Describe two differences that make a garden ecosystem more

complex than the greenhouse.

Describe how each difference could cause predictions about

green pepper production in a garden ecosystem to be unreliable.

One Way:

Another Way:

APPB: The technological design process begins by defining a problem in terms of criteria and constraints,

conducting research, and generating several different solutions.

Biology EOC Review

José and Tasha noticed last year the blueberry plants in their neighborhood garden had many flowers, but

produced only three kilograms of berries. They wanted to change the garden so the blueberry plants would

produce more blueberries this summer. While making the changes to the garden, José and Tasha documented

the stages of their design process as follows.

Problem: Change the neighborhood garden so the existing blueberry plants will produce more blueberries.

Research the Problem: Research what blueberry plants need to grow, be healthy, and produce berries.

Needs of Blueberry Plants

Mineral nutrients Nitrogen

Amount of light At least 6 hours of full sunlight every day

Amount of water Regular with moderate amount

Type of pollinating

insects

Bees

Needs of the pollinators Nectar, pollen, water, nesting place

Explore Ideas:

√ Add a layer of bark to the garden so the soil can hold more water.

√Water the plants at night so the water will evaporate more slowly.

√ Add fertilizer to increase the mineral nutrients in the soil.

√ Add flowers like lavender, roses, or pansies.

√ Put a bee house near the plants.

Plan Summary: Add a bee house and some lavender plants to the neighborhood garden to attract more bees to

the blueberry plants.

Steps to Do the Plan:

1. Put a bee house in the middle of the blueberry plants.

2. Plant lavender plants around the edge of the blueberry plants.

3. Water the garden every day.

4. Remove the weeds in the garden every week.

Diagram of Solution:

Biology EOC Review

Test Solution: Measure and record the mass of all the blueberries harvested this year. Compare the mass of the

blueberries this year to the mass of the blueberries last year.

Test Results: Ten kilograms of blueberries were harvested, which is seven kilograms more than last year.

Jose and Tasha want to improve the soil in the garden by increasing the population of worms in the soil.

Describe how to begin solving this problem.

Be sure to describe the following stages in your design process:

Research the Problem: Describe any scientific information needed to solve the problem and how to

collect that information.

Explore Ideas: Describe several possible solutions to the problem, including any useful scientific

concepts.

Problem: Increase the population of worms in the soil

Research the Problem:

Explore Ideas: