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Where the mind is without fear and the head isheld high

Where the knowledge is free

Where the world has not been broken up intofragments by narrow domestic walls

Where words come out from depth of truth

Where the tireless striving stretches its armstowards perfection

Where the clear stream of reason has not lost itsway into the dreary desert sand of dead habits

Where the mind is led forward by theeinto ever-widening thought and action

Into that heaven of freedom my father let mycountry awake.

1

-Tagore-

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BIOTECHNOLOGY

IN VIVO

IN VITRO IN CYBO

IN SILICO

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GENE

BIODIVERSITYBIO

REMEDIATION

GMO

AND

TRANSGENICBIO-SAFETY

WTO

IPR

NANOTECH

BIO

INFORMATICS

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B

I

O

D

IV

E

R

S

IT

Y

BIOTECHNOLGY

R

I

C

H

P

OO

R

POOR RICH

1

2 3

4Middle East

Brazil

Mexico

Chile

Ethiopia

Central America

No country

USA

Japan

France

Germany

U.K etc

RI

C

H

P

O

O

R

POOR RICH

B

I

O

D

IV

E

R

S

IT

Y

BIOTECHNOLGY

Possible

INDIA

CHINA

Biodiversity flow

Biotech flow

S

N

Not Possible

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GMAMemberCompanies

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The Us and other countries in the Miami

group were able to put biotechnology into

the Seattle Ministerial agendaTheMiami group comprises of

US Argentina

Canada Uruguay

Australia Chile

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Working Party on

Biotechnology

It was set up as a mandate to consider

the adequacy and effectiveness of theexisting rules

As well the capacity of the WTOmembers to implement these rules

The Working group has to report tothe General council within a definitetime-frame.

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What is Bio technology ?

At its most basic, biotechnology involves

the manipulation of genetic material This genetic material is then used in some

way, to affect the manner in which a living

entity behaves.

This behaviour can include reproduction

and resistance to disease and chemicals

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Central Issue of

biotech patentability This rests on the difference between the

essentially biological and non-biological

and microbiological The former i.e essentially biological need

not be patented

But the laternon biological andmicrobiological must be patented.

According to new GATT agreement, allbiotechnology products may be patented

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TRIPS and Biotechnology

TRIPS Agreement mandates member states to

provide protection for plant varieties

Either by patents or some home grown system

of regulation.If home grown system of

regulation is used it must be an effective

one.This protects the developing countries

If any dispute arises that would go to the panelof the WTO settlement body.

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TheThird worldhasbeenrepeatedlyaccused of

piracybythe Industrial countries

1986 US Surveystates

Lossdueto ineffectiveandinadequateprotection

ofintellectualpropertyis US$23.8bn

US Agrochemical Industrieslossesis over

US$200mn. US Pharmaceutical Industry claimsaloss of

US$ 2.54bn

Charges

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Industrial patent Redefined

Lastdecadeandahalf, thisindustryhasscored

animpressiveseries oflegalandpolicy

victoriesprogressivelyexpanding thescopein

intellectualpropertylaws. Aftergaining patentsprotectioninthe US for

geneticallyengineeredmicro-organisms,plant

andanimals,the Industryturneditsattentionabroad.

It worked withthe US Governmentto secure

thosemarketprotectionsaroundthe world.

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This African country has invaluable germ-plasm to commercially develop and export

high-tech coffee varieties can be severelyrestricted byEscagenetics patent claim onC.arabica.

Ethiopia could also be prohibited fromexporting transgenic coffee beans to the US

or other countries where the patent isrecognized under the TRIPS agreement.

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A threat to Global Food security

Company PatentEscagenetics a US based

biotechmajor

Giant Coupe Limagrain

a

Biotechseedsubsidiary

DNA plant technology

USCalgene Inc ofthe US

All geneticallyengineered

Coffeeplants

Onallmelons,muskmelons

and cantaloupes

Alltransgenicpeperplants

Ownsall genetically

engineeredplantsinBrassicafamily.rapeseed,broccoli,cauli

flower,cabbageandbrussel

sprouts