Binomial Classification - BTBMd.abhiis.in/four/three/anmsc/Binomial1.pdf · Subclass Spirotrichia...
Transcript of Binomial Classification - BTBMd.abhiis.in/four/three/anmsc/Binomial1.pdf · Subclass Spirotrichia...
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Binomial classification
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KEY CONCEPT
Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.
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Why do we classify living Organisms?
To make this great biodiversity easier to
study!
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• Classification is the grouping of organisms based on similarities of features.
• Taxonomy is the science of studyingclassification. It looks at features and tries to arrange them in a logical order.
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Two main types of classification
Artificial classification: in which easily
observable characteristics are used.
such as colour, mode of locomotion,
habitat etc
Natural classification: which reflects
possible evolutionary relationships,
based on ancestry (phylogeny)
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Early Classification – Aristotle (384 to 322 BC)
• Greek Scholar
• Divided animals into three groups
• Those that fly
• Those that swim
• Those that crawl or walk
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Linnaean Classification System Developed in the mid 1700’s
by Swedish botanist named
Carolus Linnaeus.
Classifies all organisms as
animals or vegetable (plant)
Gave all organisms a two part
Latin name.
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• Why did Carolus Linnaeus develop this system?
The yellow and white
flower with many
small petals
The yellow and
white flower with
no obvious scent
Carl Linnaeus – Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
The pretty flower with a
fuzzy yellow center
surrounded by white
petals which attracts
small bees.
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How it’s organized
• Linnaean
classification
system has seven
levels.
• Each level is
included in the level
above it
• Levels get
increasingly specific
from kingdom to
species.
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A taxon (taxa – plural) is a group of organisms in a
classification system.
A ‘species’ is the fundamental taxon
Groups of similar species form the next largest taxon
called a ‘genus’.
Groups of similar genera form the next largest taxon
called a ‘family’
…and so on, up to the largest taxon = Kingdom.
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Seven Levels of classification
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
King Phillip Called
Others From Germany,
Singapore.
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Limitations of Linnaean Classification
• Physical similarities are not always a result
of a species being closely related
• Unrelated species can evolve similar traits.
Modern classifications uses genetic similarities.
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Recent DNA research has changed
some long standing classifications.
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Binomial nomenclature
• A naming system that gives each
species a unique two part name.
• Uses Latin and Greek words.
• Uses the Genus and Species as first
and last name.
White oak:
Quercus alba
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• Scientific names help scientists to communicate.
– Some species have very similar common names.
– Some species have many common names.
Advantages over common names:
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• Genus - includes one or more physically similar species
that are closely related.
– Always written in italics and Capitalized
• Species – a group of organisms that can successfully breed
and produce offspring.
– Always written in italics and lowercase
Tyto alba
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Binomial NomenclatureFamily
Family Felidae (Cats)
Tiger - Panthera tigris Lion - Panthera leo Kitten – Felis domesticus Cougar – Felis concolor
Genus and species
are always italicized
OR underlined if
hand written
First letter of the
genus is capitalized First letter of the
species is lowercase
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Let's try some simple naming - Latin
The brown caterpillar Noun first descriptor second.
i.e. caterpillar brown
Eruca castane
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Let's try some simple naming - Greek
The spotted reptile
Herpeto halio
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Let's try some simple naming - Greek
Reptile with a flat nose.
Herpeto platyrhino
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Types of Invertebrates
The invertebrates are a group of animals (and animal-
like organisms) that do not have a backbone.
♦ The group of invertebrates without specific organs
is referred to as the lower invertebrates. For
example, Protozoans and Porifera, while the higher
developed invertebrates have a true coelom like
mollusks, annelids, echinoderms, and arthropods.
♦ Generally, the invertebrates are divided into four
groups, based on their cellular composition and
organization, namely Protozoa, Mesozoa, Parazoa
and Metazoa
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Protozoa
• They are for the most part of their lives
unicellular, i.e. made up of one cell
• They are also described as being acellular i.e.
not divided into cells (non-cellular).
• Their vital functions are carried out by
organelles.
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Mesozoa (Greek: mesos =
middle; zoon = animal)
• The name was given because mesozoans are
thought to be intermediate between true
multicellular animals and protozoans (single-
celled/acellular organisms).
• Their bodies are cellular.
• They do not have more than two cell
‘layers’; the outer layer ciliated and the
inner reproductive.
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Mesozoa
• They are bilaterally symmetrical.
• They have no organs.
• They have no body cavity.
• Gametes and agametes are produced from special
cells, which form the central mass of the body.
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Parazoa
• Multicellular invertebrates, which possess
collared flagellated cells that make them
unique among the other multicellular
invertebrates.
• The many cells in their body are not
organized into tissues and organs.
• They are therefore at the cellular level of
organization.
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Metazoa
• Invertebrates with marked cellular differentiation.
• There are two levels of organization in this group:
Diploblastic – includes animals with two cell layers showing
tissue level of organization, where the body is composed of an
inner endoderm and outer ectoderm.
Triploblastic – includes animals with three layers showing
organ level of organization; they possess a third body layer, the
mesoderm between the outer ectoderm and inner endoderm.
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Characteristic features of
Protozoa
1. SMALL, MICROSCOPIC.
2. PROTOPLASMIC GRADE OF
ORGANIZATION.
3. UNICELLULAR, MULTINUCLEATED
(MONOMORPHIC OR DIMORPHIC).
4. SOLITARY, FORMING LOOS COLONY.
5. SYMMETRY – NONE
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Characteristic features of
Protozoa
6. SUBCELLULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL
DIVISION OF LABOUR.
7. LOCOMOTION BY LOCOMOTORY
ORGANS LIKE CILLIA,FLAGELLA OR
THROUGH PSEUDOPODIA.
8. NUTRITION HOLOZOIC OR
HOLOPHYTIC OR PARASITIC OR
SAPROZOIC
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DIGESTION
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9. DIGESTION : INTRACELLULAR
THROUGH FOOD VACUOLES.
10. RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION:
THROUGH GENERAL BODY SURFACE
OR TROUGH CONTRACTILE
VACUOLES.
11. REPRODUCTION – ASEXUAL –
BINARY OR MULTIPLE FISSION.
SEXUAL – CONJUGATION
ENCYSTMENT MAY BE.
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Classification of the
Protozoans
They are broadly divided into four subphyla based mainly on their organelles
and modes of locomotion as follows:
♦ Sub-Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
♦ Sub-Phylum: Sporozoa
♦Sub- Phylum: Cnidospora
♦Sub- Phylum: Ciliophora
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SubPhylum
Sarcomastigophora
Uses flagella or pseudopodia as a means of
locomotion. Ex Amoeba, Entamoeba,
Euglina,Volvox single nucleus(monomorphic),
Asexual reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission.
A. Superclass MASTIGOPHORA
B. Superclass OPALINATA
C. Superclass SARCODINA
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A. Superclass
MASTIGOPHORA
• Body is covered by pellicle; locomotory
organelles are flagella;
• Asexual reproduction by longitudinal
binary fission.
• It includes two classes –
Phytomastigophora and
Zoomastigophora
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Superclass MASTIGOPHORA1. Class
Phytomastigophorea
• Some are with chlorophyll
bearing chloroplasts
• Nutrition is holophytic
• Reserve food is paramyl-
um
• Includes euglenoids and
dinoflagllates
2. Class
Zoomastigophorea
• Mostly parasitic;
• Chloroplasts are absent;
nutrition is holozoic
• saprozoic or parasitic,
Reserve food is glycogen
or volutin.
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Class Phytomastigophorea
(Phytoflagellates): 6
orders
• Order 1.
Cryptomonadida-
Cryptomonas
• Order 2.
Dinoflagellida-
Noctiluca.
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Class
Phytomastigophorea• Order 3. Euglenida -
Euglena
• Order 4.
Chrysomonadida -
Dinobryon
• Order 5. Volvocida -
Volvox
• Order 6.
Chloromonadida -
Chattonella
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Class
Zoomastigophorea (Zooflagellates)- 2
orders
Order 1. Choanoflagellida –ProterospongiaOrder 2. Kinetoplastida-Leishmania, Trypanosoma.
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B. Superclass OPALINATA
• Commensals or
parasites in the gut of
anurans.
• Body is covered by
oblique rows of cilia
but without
infraciliary system.
• Some are binucleate,
others are
multinucleate but
homokaryotic.
• Examples Opalina
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C. Superclass SARCODINA
(=RHOZOPODA)
•Locomotion is brought about by pseudopodia.• It includes three classes –
• Rhizopodea
•Piroplasmea
• Actinopodea
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Class Rhizopodea•It includes amoebas, foraminiferans.
• Amoebas have lobopodia or filopodia
• Foraminiferans have reticulopodia.
•In amoebas body is soft.
• Foraminiferans have a calcareous porous shell.
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Class Piroplasmea
Parasitic; locomotory structures absent; spores are
absent.
Example: Babesia (causes red water fever in cattle)
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Class Actinopodea
These are the ray footed protozoans.
• Locomotory structures are axopodia.
• Skeleton consists of siliceous shell (Radiolaria)
or strontium sulphate spines (Acantharea) or siliceous
shell or radiating needles (Heliozoa).
• Silicious shells of radiolarians form ooze
.
Examples: Collozoum (radiolarian) Actinophrys
(heliozoan) Acanthometra, Actinosphaerium
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Sub-Phylum: Sporozoa
Locomotory organs absent, spores usually
present, endoparasitic) eg. Eimeria, Monocystis,
Plasmodium
It includes three classes - Telosporea,
Toxoplasmea and Haplosporea.
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Class: Telosporea
•Spores without polar capsules and filaments
•Sporozoites are long
• Subclass Gregarinea (Monocystis; Gregarina).
• Subclass Coccidia (Plasmodium).
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Class: Haplosporea
•Spores are present and are amoeboid,
•Reproduction is only asexual, by multiple
fission.
• Each spore contains singl e sporozoite o
Example: Haplosporidium
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Class: Toxoplasmea
Body covered by two layered pellicle
• Only asexual reproduction, by endodyogeny.
• It is internal budding wherein two daughter
cells are produced within a mother cell and the
mother cell is destroyed in the process,
Example: Toxoplasma
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Sub- Phylum: Cnidospora
• Parasitic.
• No special locomotory structures.
• Spores are provided with one or more polar filaments,
which are useful for attachment to the host.
• It includes two classes - Myxosporidea and
Microsporidea
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Sub- Phylum: Cnidospora
Class Myxosporidea
• Extracellular parasites of
cold blooded vertebrates.
• Spores with typically two
capsules each with single
polar filament.
• Example: Myxidium
Class Microsporidea
• Intracellular parasites in
fish.
• Spore with one
intrasporal or 1 -2
intracapsular filaments.
• Example: Nosema
bombycis
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Sub- Phylum: Ciliophora•Complex protozoans.
• Cilia are useful in locomotion and food capture.
• Dimorphic nuclei - macronucleus (vegetative and polyploid) and micronucleus (reproductive and diploid),
•Sexual reproduction by conj ugation, which brings about nuclear reorganization.
•Only class under this subphylum is Class Ciliata. o
Example: Paramecium, Balantidium.
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Class Ciliata
Subclass Holotricha (Paramecium; Balantidium).
Subclass Peritricha (Vorticella).Subclass Suctoria (Ephelota; Podophrya).Subclass Spirotrichia (Stentor)
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Class Ciliata
Subclass Holotricha
• Buccal cillia absent.
• Body cillia simple and
uniform.
• Orders- 6
1.Gymnostomatida
2.Trichostomatida (Balantidium)
3.Chonotricha
4.Apostomatida
5.Astomatida
6.Hymenostomatida
(Paramecioum)
Subclass Peritricha
• Adult wothout body cillia.
• Apical end with buccal
cillia.
• Oreder
• Peritrichida (Vorticella)
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Subclass Suctoria
Subclass Suctoria
• Sessile and stalked body.
• Young with cillia, adult
with suctorial tentacle
• Order- Suctoria
• ex Podophyra
Subclass Spirotrichia
• Reduced body cillia.
• Buccal cillia well marked.
• Ex Nyctotherus
• Orders- 3
• Hetertrichida
• Oligotrichida
• Hypotrichida