Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution

Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution• Constitution ratified in 1787

Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution• Constitution ratified in 1787• Bill of Rights adopted by Congress in 1791

First Amendment

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Has Congress passed laws restricting freedom of speech or the press?

Has Congress passed laws restricting freedom of speech or the press?• Threat to assassinate president

Has Congress passed laws restricting freedom of speech or the press?• Threat to assassinate president• Offer a bribe to police officer

Has Congress passed laws restricting freedom of speech or the press?• Threat to assassinate president• Offer a bribe to police officer• Treasonous to print war secrets... although usually not

prosecuted (see New York Times)

Has Congress passed laws restricting freedom of speech or the press?• Threat to assassinate president• Offer a bribe to police officer• Treasonous to print war secrets... although usually not

prosecuted (see New York Times)• Broadcast obscenities

Has Congress passed laws restricting freedom of speech or the press?• Threat to assassinate president• Offer a bribe to police officer• Treasonous to print war secrets... although usually not

prosecuted (see New York Times)• Broadcast obscenities• Child pornography

Has Congress passed laws restricting freedom of speech or the press?• Threat to assassinate president• Offer a bribe to police officer• Treasonous to print war secrets... although usually not

prosecuted (see New York Times)• Broadcast obscenities• Child pornography• Libel (more to come later)

Has Congress passed laws restricting freedom of speech or the press?• Threat to assassinate president• Offer a bribe to police officer• Treasonous to print war secrets... although usually not

prosecuted (see New York Times)• Broadcast obscenities• Child pornography• Libel (more to come later)• However, in general, the U.S. is considered among the

nations with the freest press in the world thanks to the First Amendment

Who has least press freedom?

Who has least press freedom?• Eritrea, North Korea, Turkmenistan, Syria, Somalia, Iran,

China, Vietnam, Cuba

Who has least press freedom?• Eritrea, North Korea, Turkmenistan, Syria, Somalia, Iran,

China, Vietnam, Cuba• Commonalities: Communist or Islamic

But on college campuses...• “Hate speech” codes

But on college campuses...• “Hate speech” codes• University of Pennsylvania “water buffalo” case: student

charged with violating speech code when he called boisterous black women students “water buffalo” (Hebrew: behema, means “foolish person”)

• Prosecuted by the University with threat of expulsion• University grudgingly dropped charge• Most campuses have them

But on college campuses• “Discriminatory harassment includes conduct (oral,

written, graphic or physical) directed against any person or, group of persons because of their race, color, national origin, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, disability, or veteran's status and that has the purpose or reasonably foreseeable effect of creating an offensive, demeaning, intimidating, or hostile environment for that person or group of persons”

Highly skilled journalism professionals

History of Journalism

Luke 1:1-4

  Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled among us, 2 just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word. 3 With this in mind, since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, I too decided to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 4 so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught.

Luke 1:1-4

Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled[a] among us, 2 just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word. 3 With this in mind, since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, I too decided to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 4 so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught.

How Mr. G would amend the preface

How Mr. G would amend the preface

Somewhere, not too far from here, at this very moment, a church is feeding the homeless. A factory is making the best orange juice in the world while offering great jobs to thousands of area residents. A pharmaceutical saleswoman is introducing a new arthritis drug that will enable thousands of Sarasotans to lead better lives. A high school senior is completing his eight-mile run in the heat as he prepares for cross-country season.

Just a typical day in America, in other words.

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440• 1600: first weekly papers in Europe

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440• 1600: first weekly papers in Europe• 1665: Oxford Gazette (later London Gazette), first true

English-language newspaper

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440• 1600: first weekly papers in Europe• 1665: Oxford Gazette (later London Gazette), first true

English-language newspaper• 1690: Publick Occurrences published in Boston; fails

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440• 1600: first weekly papers in Europe• 1665: Oxford Gazette (later London Gazette), first true

English-language newspaper• 1690: Publick Occurrences published in Boston; fails• 1704: Boston News-Letter published; it makes it!

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440• 1600: first weekly papers in Europe• 1665: Oxford Gazette (later London Gazette), first true

English-language newspaper• 1690: Publick Occurrences published in Boston; fails• 1704: Boston News-Letter published; it makes it!• Daniel DeFoe publishes first instant book, “The Storm”

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440• 1600: first weekly papers in Europe• 1665: Oxford Gazette (later London Gazette), first true

English-language newspaper• 1690: Publick Occurrences published in Boston; fails• 1704: Boston News-Letter published; it makes it!• 1729: Ben Franklin takes over The Pennsylvania Gazette

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440• 1600: first weekly papers in Europe• 1665: Oxford Gazette (later London Gazette), first true

English-language newspaper• 1690: Publick Occurrences published in Boston; fails• 1704: Boston News-Letter published; it makes it!• 1729: Ben Franklin takes over The Pennsylvania Gazette• 1776: Declaration of Independence printed throughout

colonies

History of journalism• Gutenberg printing press in 1440• 1600: first weekly papers in Europe• 1665: Oxford Gazette (later London Gazette), first true

English-language newspaper• 1690: Publick Occurrences published in Boston; fails• 1704: Boston News-Letter published; it makes it!• 1729: Ben Franklin takes over The Pennsylvania Gazette• 1776: Declaration of Independence printed throughout

colonies• Bill of Rights codifies freedom of press, first established in

Zenger case

History of journalism: 1800s• 1800: 20 dailies, 2,000 weeklies in U.S.

History of journalism: 1800s• 1800: 20 dailies, 2,000 weeklies in U.S.• 1833: “penny papers” emerge with publication of New

York Sun

History of journalism: 1800s• 1800: 20 dailies, 2,000 weeklies in U.S.• 1833: “penny papers” emerge with publication of New

York Sun• 1851: New York Times published

History of journalism: 1800s• 1800: 20 dailies, 2,000 weeklies in U.S.• 1833: “penny papers” emerge with publication of New

York Sun• 1851: New York Times published• 1880: first photo published in newspaper, whew!

History of journalism: 1800s• 1800: 20 dailies, 2,000 weeklies in U.S.• 1833: “penny papers” emerge with publication of New

York Sun• 1851: New York Times published• 1880: first photo published in newspaper, whew!• 1890s: Era of “yellow” journalism

History of journalism: 1800s• 1800: 20 dailies, 2,000 weeklies in U.S.• 1833: “penny papers” emerge with publication of New

York Sun• 1851: New York Times published• 1880: first photo published in newspaper, whew!• 1890s: Era of “yellow” journalism• New York dailies battle it out: , NY Press, NY Sun, NY

Times, NY Tribune and especially the World (Pulitzer) and Journal (W.R. Hearst)

Yellow journalism• Sensationalism!• Scare headlines in huge print, often of minor news• Lavish use of pictures, or imaginary drawings• Use of faked interviews, misleading headlines, pseudo-

science, and a parade of false learning from so-called experts

• Emphasis on full-color Sunday supplements, usually with comic strips (which is now normal in the U.S.)

• Dramatic sympathy with the "underdog" against the system

LAF JOURNO STUDENTS EXPLOITED BY MANIAC TEACHER!!!!

Professional journalists: part deux

History of journalism: 20th century• Early 20th century: muckrakers

Muckrakers• Term comes from Pilgrim’s Progress: "the Man with the

Muck-rake" who rejected salvation to focus on filth• Began in early 1900 in magazines such as Collier’s,

Munsey’s and McClure’s when reform-minded journalists investigated official corruption and social problems

• Associated with progressive movement, “social justice”• Today, the term describes either a journalist who writes in

the adversarial or alternative tradition or a non-journalist whose purpose in publication is to advocate for reform and change

History of journalism: 20th century• Early 20th century: muckrakers• 1920: first regular radio broadcast, CBS, NBC soon form

networks

History of journalism: 20th century• Early 20th century: muckrakers• 1920: first regular radio broadcast, CBS, NBC soon form

networks• 1939: CBS and NBC begin regular television broadcasts

History of journalism: 20th century• Early 20th century: muckrakers• 1920: first regular radio broadcast, CBS, NBC soon form

networks• 1939: CBS and NBC begin regular television broadcasts• 1941: FDR declares war on Japan, carried live on radio;

Americans turn to radio for immediate WWII news

History of journalism: 20th century• Early 20th century: muckrakers• 1920: first regular radio broadcast, CBS, NBC soon form

networks• 1939: CBS and NBC begin regular television broadcasts• 1941: FDR declares war on Japan, carried live on radio;

Americans turn to radio for immediate WWII news• Television sales boom post-war; “big three” of ABC, CBS,

NBC start to emphasize television news

History of journalism: 20th century• Early 20th century: muckrakers• 1920: first regular radio broadcast, CBS, NBC soon form

networks• 1939: CBS and NBC begin regular television broadcasts• 1941: FDR declares war on Japan, carried live on radio;

Americans turn to radio for immediate WWII news• Television sales boom post-war; “big three” of ABC, CBS,

NBC start to emphasize television news• 1963: JFK assassinated, TV becomes place to go for

immediate news

History of journalism: 20th century• 1970-present: newspapers begin their decline

History of journalism: 20th century• 1970-present: newspapers begin their decline• Until 1982 Sarasota had two daily newspapers. Today

only the Herald-Tribune survives and its circulation today is about 73,718... half that of 1976... while the population of the area has more than doubled

Top newspapers 2013• Wall Street Journal: 2.3 million• New York Times: 1.8 million• USA Today: 1.6 million• Los Angeles Times: 653,000• San Jose Mercury News: 584,000• New York Daily News: 516,000• New York Post: 500,000• Washington Post: 475,000• Chicago Sun Times: 471,000• Denver Post: 417,000

History of journalism: 20th century• 1970-present: newspapers begin their decline• Until 1982 Sarasota had two daily newspapers. Today

only the Herald-Tribune survives and its circulation today is about 83,000... half that of 1976... while the population of the area has more than doubled

• 1980: CNN launches, the first 24-hour news channel

History of journalism: 20th century• 1970-present: newspapers begin their decline• Until 1982 Sarasota had two daily newspapers. Today

only the Herald-Tribune survives and its circulation today is about 83,000... half that of 1976... while the population of the area has more than doubled

• 1980: CNN launches, the first 24-hour news channel• 1981: IBM PC introduced

History of journalism: 20th century• 1970-present: newspapers begin their decline• Until 1982 Sarasota had two daily newspapers. Today

only the Herald-Tribune survives and its circulation today is about 83,000... half that of 1976... while the population of the area has more than doubled

• 1980: CNN launches, the first 24-hour news channel• 1981: IBM PC introduced• 1982: USA Today launches. ‘McPaper’ is today the 2nd

largest daily, 1.6 million circulation

History of journalism: 20th century• Late 1990s: internet moves out of academia and into the

mainstream

History of journalism: 20th century• Late 1990s: internet moves out of academia and into the

mainstream• 1996: Drudge Report begins as email report

History of journalism: 20th century• Late 1990s: internet moves out of academia and into the

mainstream• 1996: Drudge Report begins as email report• 1996: Nokia introduces first smartphones

History of journalism: 20th century• Late 1990s: internet moves out of academia and into the

mainstream• 1996: Drudge Report begins as email report• 1996: Nokia introduces first smartphones• 1995 and on: LAF journalism students born... let the

revolution continue!

Assignments 9/3• Read and study pages 16-17 of Inside Reporting

Assignments 9/3• Read and study pages 16-17 of Inside Reporting• During the week, pick out three big news stories that

interest you. Write a two-sentence summary of what’s going on in each story.

• Then, using the seven criteria of what makes news (the right column of page 17), analyze what criteria are at play in each story.