Big Business & Big Business & Industrial CitiesIndustrial Cities

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Sherry Woods,Sherry Woods,Caywood Elementary School Caywood Elementary School Lexington, TNLexington, TN

IntroductionIntroduction

Machines started to replace hand Machines started to replace hand tools.tools.

Inventors developed new Inventors developed new technologies.technologies.

Important time for FREE ENTERPRISEImportant time for FREE ENTERPRISE– An economic system in which businesses An economic system in which businesses

have the freedom to offer for sale many have the freedom to offer for sale many kinds of goods and services.kinds of goods and services.

RailroadsRailroads

Transcontinental Transcontinental railroad – from the railroad – from the Atlantic to the PacificAtlantic to the Pacific

Lincoln’s election Lincoln’s election promisepromise

1862 Union Pacific 1862 Union Pacific RailroadRailroad

Central Pacific Central Pacific RailroadRailroad

Met at Promontory, Met at Promontory, UtahUtah

Others also built tracksOthers also built tracks

Growth of RailroadsGrowth of Railroads

George WestinghouseGeorge Westinghouse– Air brake….made train travel saferAir brake….made train travel safer

Granville T. Woods…improved the Granville T. Woods…improved the air brake and developed air brake and developed telegraph system to help trains telegraph system to help trains and stations communicate.and stations communicate.

Growth ProblemsGrowth Problems

Needed more locomotives, cars, and Needed more locomotives, cars, and trackstracks

Had to pay workers to lay tracksHad to pay workers to lay tracks Needed capital resources…money $$$Needed capital resources…money $$$

– Got some money from the governmentGot some money from the government– Some from investors – invest to buy shares Some from investors – invest to buy shares

in the hope of making money. Shares are in the hope of making money. Shares are called stocks.called stocks.

– Corporations – businesses that sell sharesCorporations – businesses that sell shares– Railroad was the 1Railroad was the 1stst business to become business to become

corporations!corporations!

TelegraphTelegraph

Samuel Morse developed the Samuel Morse developed the Morse CodeMorse Code

Dots and dashesDots and dashes Used electricity along iron wiresUsed electricity along iron wires

RailroadsRailroads

Improved transportationImproved transportation Expanded businesses across the Expanded businesses across the

entire country.entire country.

The Steel IndustryThe Steel Industry

Locomotives became too heavy for Locomotives became too heavy for ironiron

Used steel, but was more expensiveUsed steel, but was more expensive Inventors found a new way to make Inventors found a new way to make

steel more cheaplysteel more cheaply– Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer– Melted iron ore and other metals Melted iron ore and other metals

togethertogether– Blast furnace made steel strongerBlast furnace made steel stronger

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

Entrepreneur (set up new business Entrepreneur (set up new business and takes risks with money)and takes risks with money)

Built a steel mill in Pittsburg, Built a steel mill in Pittsburg, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Very successfulVery successful Built many moreBuilt many more Bought coal and iron mines, ships, Bought coal and iron mines, ships,

so he could lower cost of his steelso he could lower cost of his steel

Carnegie Steel Carnegie Steel CompanyCompany Biggest steel business in United Biggest steel business in United

StatesStates He became one of the richest He became one of the richest

people in the worldpeople in the world

The Oil IndustryThe Oil Industry

John D. RockerfellerJohn D. Rockerfeller 24 years old24 years old Built an oil refinery in OhioBuilt an oil refinery in Ohio Refinery is a factory that makes Refinery is a factory that makes

crude oil into grease, kerosene, crude oil into grease, kerosene, gasoline and other USABLE products.gasoline and other USABLE products.

Bought other refineriesBought other refineries Monopoly – almost complete controlMonopoly – almost complete control

New Industrial CitiesNew Industrial Cities

Inland citiesInland cities Close to resources needed by Close to resources needed by

mills and refineriesmills and refineries Pittsburgh, Chicago, Indiana, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Indiana,

Ohio, MichiganOhio, Michigan Railroad hubs…cities where trains Railroad hubs…cities where trains

make stops on their way to other make stops on their way to other places.places.

Time ZonesTime Zones

24 time zones worldwide24 time zones worldwide 6 time zones in the United States6 time zones in the United States

Growing PainsGrowing Pains

Chapter 5: Lesson 2Chapter 5: Lesson 2

Building RailroadsBuilding Railroads

Needed 1000’s of workersNeeded 1000’s of workers Most immigrants were from Most immigrants were from

Ireland and ChinaIreland and China Civil War VeteransCivil War Veterans African AmericansAfrican Americans Mexican AmericansMexican Americans

Dangerous WorkDangerous Work

400 rails per mile400 rails per mile Pickaxes, shovels, and dynamitePickaxes, shovels, and dynamite Built bridges across canyonsBuilt bridges across canyons Blasted through rock for tunnelsBlasted through rock for tunnels Chinese usually did the explosivesChinese usually did the explosives

– Lowered by basketLowered by basket– Drilled holeDrilled hole– Lit dynamiteLit dynamite– Pulled up…in time…USUALLY!!!!Pulled up…in time…USUALLY!!!!– Worked year round in all kinds of weatherWorked year round in all kinds of weather– Avalanches, snowdrifts, and attacksAvalanches, snowdrifts, and attacks

Work in FactoriesWork in Factories

So many workers….low wagesSo many workers….low wages Didn’t make enough to support familyDidn’t make enough to support family Kids had to work, tooKids had to work, too 1910 made up 1/5 of all workers1910 made up 1/5 of all workers 60 cents for 8 hrs. work60 cents for 8 hrs. work Walked 22 miles a day carrying glassWalked 22 miles a day carrying glass Unsafe machines so many accidents Unsafe machines so many accidents

happenedhappened

Owners against Owners against WorkersWorkers Workers spoke out about Workers spoke out about

problemsproblems Some went on strikeSome went on strike

– Usually just got FIRED!Usually just got FIRED!– Formed labor union – group of Formed labor union – group of

workers who join togetherworkers who join together

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Early labor union leaderEarly labor union leader 13 years old worked as a cigar maker13 years old worked as a cigar maker Federation – made up of many Federation – made up of many

member groupsmember groups AFL American Federation of LaborAFL American Federation of Labor

– Wanted 8 hr. daysWanted 8 hr. days– Better working conditionsBetter working conditions– End to child laborEnd to child labor– Accident insuranceAccident insurance

Labor Unions and Labor Unions and StrikesStrikes Going on strike was the most Going on strike was the most

important way unions had to get important way unions had to get the owners’ attentionthe owners’ attention

Sometimes became violentSometimes became violent– Harvesting Machine Company strikeHarvesting Machine Company strike– Bomb killed seven policeBomb killed seven police

Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike

Carnegie steel millCarnegie steel mill Announced a pay cutAnnounced a pay cut Workers went on strike to protestWorkers went on strike to protest Detectives hired to protect the millDetectives hired to protect the mill Angry union workers and Angry union workers and

detectives got in a fight killing detectives got in a fight killing people from both sidespeople from both sides

Government and Government and BusinessBusiness Wanted government to help Wanted government to help

improve working conditionsimprove working conditions Factory owners did not want the Factory owners did not want the

government to get involved.government to get involved. Government did not want to get Government did not want to get

involved.involved.– Thought businesses would grow best Thought businesses would grow best

if they left them alone to make if they left them alone to make decisions.decisions.

New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants

Chapter 5. Lesson 3Chapter 5. Lesson 3

Asian ImmigrantsAsian Immigrants Chinese immigrants came to United Chinese immigrants came to United

States after the California gold rush in States after the California gold rush in 1849.1849.

Faced prejudice from some Americans.Faced prejudice from some Americans. Had to pay a special tax.Had to pay a special tax. Some were beaten and even killed.Some were beaten and even killed. When gold mines dried up, looked for When gold mines dried up, looked for

other work.other work. Worked for low wages on the railroad so Worked for low wages on the railroad so

they could stay in the United States.they could stay in the United States.

Stopping the ChineseStopping the Chinese

Many Americans wanted to stop Many Americans wanted to stop other Chinese from coming to other Chinese from coming to America.America.

Wanted the others to go back to Wanted the others to go back to China.China.

Americans were worried the Americans were worried the immigrants would take away their immigrants would take away their jobs.jobs.

Unfair LawsUnfair Laws

Chinese had to pay higher taxes.Chinese had to pay higher taxes. Could not work for the states.Could not work for the states. Not allow to sue in state courts.Not allow to sue in state courts. Congress passed a law stopping Congress passed a law stopping

all immigration by Chinese all immigration by Chinese people.people.

Japanese and other Japanese and other AsiansAsians Still allowed to move to the U.S.Still allowed to move to the U.S. Found jobs in agriculture (farming)Found jobs in agriculture (farming) Some bought small farms in Some bought small farms in

California and the southwest.California and the southwest. Later, they too, were mistreated.Later, they too, were mistreated. U.S. convinced Japan to stop U.S. convinced Japan to stop

Japanese from leaving JapanJapanese from leaving Japan

Mexican ImmigrantsMexican Immigrants

Lived mostly in Texas, New Mexico, Lived mostly in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern CaliforniaArizona, and southern California

Few spoke EnglishFew spoke English Barrios, or neighborhoods of Barrios, or neighborhoods of

Mexicans helped Mexican Mexicans helped Mexican immigrants feel at home.immigrants feel at home.

They helped each other find jobs They helped each other find jobs picking lettuce, tomatoes, and picking lettuce, tomatoes, and grapes.grapes.

Mexicans MistreatedMexicans Mistreated

Like other immigrants, they were Like other immigrants, they were treated unfairly.treated unfairly.

Some were beaten and killed.Some were beaten and killed.

European ImmigrantsEuropean Immigrants

LARGEST GROUP of immigrants.LARGEST GROUP of immigrants. Nearly 16 million came between Nearly 16 million came between

1890 and 19201890 and 1920 Britain, Ireland, Germany, Britain, Ireland, Germany,

Norway, and SwedenNorway, and Sweden Italy, Greece, Poland, Austria, Italy, Greece, Poland, Austria,

Hungary, Armenia, and RussiaHungary, Armenia, and Russia

A Better Life in A Better Life in AmericaAmerica Poor and unhappy in their homelands.Poor and unhappy in their homelands. Wanted a better life.Wanted a better life. Came on shipsCame on ships Ellis Island in New YorkEllis Island in New York Most had to live with relatives or lived in Most had to live with relatives or lived in

crowded apartment houses called crowded apartment houses called tenementstenements..

Very low wages; everyone had to work.Very low wages; everyone had to work.

Same PrejudiceSame Prejudice

Like other immigrants, Europeans Like other immigrants, Europeans were sometimes treated badly.were sometimes treated badly.

Sometimes even other Sometimes even other immigrants who were already immigrants who were already here were unkind to them here were unkind to them because they didn’t want them to because they didn’t want them to get their jobs.get their jobs.

Becoming a CitizenBecoming a Citizen

No matter how bad it might be, No matter how bad it might be, most immigrants wanted to most immigrants wanted to become a U.S. citizen.become a U.S. citizen.

They could then take part and They could then take part and vote and serve on juries in court.vote and serve on juries in court.

NaturalizationNaturalization

Process for becoming a citizenProcess for becoming a citizen– Had to live in U.S. for five yearsHad to live in U.S. for five years– Had to pass a test about the Had to pass a test about the

government and history of the government and history of the United States.United States.

– Had to answer in English.Had to answer in English.– Had to take an oath of Had to take an oath of allegianceallegiance, or , or

loyalty to U.S.loyalty to U.S.

Migration by African Migration by African AmericansAmericans Many African Americans moved Many African Americans moved

west after the Civil War.west after the Civil War. Later, however many moved to Later, however many moved to

the North.the North. Settled in industrial cities to work Settled in industrial cities to work

in the factories.in the factories.

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

Why did they move North?Why did they move North?– Farm workers in south suffering from Farm workers in south suffering from

floods, and an insect called the boll floods, and an insect called the boll weevil. Cotton crops had been weevil. Cotton crops had been destroyed.destroyed.

– Children had to work all day in the field Children had to work all day in the field so they often got very little education.so they often got very little education.

– Many factory jobs available in the Many factory jobs available in the North.North.

Life in the NorthLife in the North

Better than the south for mostBetter than the south for most– Living conditions were still poorLiving conditions were still poor– Lived in crowded neighborhoodsLived in crowded neighborhoods– Faced prejudice just like in the southFaced prejudice just like in the south

GOOD PARTGOOD PART– Children went to schoolChildren went to school– Parents could voteParents could vote– Nearly half still live in the North and Nearly half still live in the North and

WestWest

The Growth of CitiesThe Growth of CitiesChapter 5 Lesson 4Chapter 5 Lesson 4

City ProblemsCity Problems

Overcrowded tenemantsOvercrowded tenemants Disease spread rapidlyDisease spread rapidly Insects and rates everywhere Insects and rates everywhere

because garbage pick up was awfulbecause garbage pick up was awful Fire DangerFire Danger

– Wood buildings Wood buildings – Few full-time fire departments.Few full-time fire departments.– Chicago fire of 1871Chicago fire of 1871

City Problems (con’t)City Problems (con’t)

CrimeCrime– More than police could handleMore than police could handle– Gangs sometimes took over Gangs sometimes took over

neighborhoodsneighborhoods

Help for the Cities’ Help for the Cities’ PoorPoor

People tried to help fix problemsPeople tried to help fix problems– Jane AddamsJane Addams

Hull House settlement house (Community Hull House settlement house (Community Center)Center)

– Provided kindergarten for childrenProvided kindergarten for children– Classes on sewing, cooking, and Classes on sewing, cooking, and

EnglishEnglish– Helped try to do away with child laborHelped try to do away with child labor– Tried to improve health and safety Tried to improve health and safety

conditions in mills and factoriesconditions in mills and factories

Hull HouseHull House

More Help for the PoorMore Help for the Poor

– Janie Porter BarrettJanie Porter Barrett African American teacherAfrican American teacher Settlement house in VirginiaSettlement house in Virginia

– Lillian WaldLillian Wald Henry Street Settlement in New York CityHenry Street Settlement in New York City

By 1900, over 100 Settlement By 1900, over 100 Settlement Houses were open in American Houses were open in American cities!!!cities!!!

The Changing CityThe Changing City

The Good Stuff Cities OfferedThe Good Stuff Cities Offered– ParksParks– TheatersTheaters– SchoolsSchools– ZoosZoos– Railroad stationsRailroad stations– Tall office BuildingsTall office Buildings

William Jenney’s William Jenney’s SkyscraperSkyscraper

Used steel frames instead of Used steel frames instead of bricksbricks

Like a steel skeletonLike a steel skeleton Built the first skyscraper in 1885 Built the first skyscraper in 1885

in Chicagoin Chicago

Elevators: Going Up?Elevators: Going Up?

11stst electric elevator put into a electric elevator put into a skyscraper in New York City in skyscraper in New York City in 18891889

Transportation NeededTransportation Needed

Needed a way to get to work Needed a way to get to work fasterfaster

Had been using streetcars pulled Had been using streetcars pulled by horsesby horses

Andrew S. Hallidie invented the Andrew S. Hallidie invented the CABLE CAR…steam poweredCABLE CAR…steam powered

Frank Sprague built electric cable Frank Sprague built electric cable car…called a trolleycar…called a trolley