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Index

Aquifer 141 Artesian 140 Asphalt 210-11

Backfill 277, 278 see also Bentonite; Buffer

Bailer 2, 179, 205, 278 Ballast material 67,68,209 Basalt 13, 20, 25 Bentonite

as annular sealant 286-7 anisotropy 6, 93 Atterberg limits· 90 block 218 bonding 289 as borehole sealant 285 calcium 281 cation exchange 66-7 chips 289-91,292 compaction 6,70-1,93-4,96,278 crack 297 . crushed rock mixtures 65,67-9,70-1,93,

272,276 cis granular 66-7 dehydration 296, 297 diffuse double layer 67, 94 as drilling fluid 291,292 drying 99 electrolyte 90 erosion 65, 93, 272 expansion 74,273 flowability 289 granular 281,291,293-4 heterogeneity 6, 93 high-solid 292 hydration 70, 74 hydraulic conductivity 5, 7, 96-7, 285 liquid limit 66-7,90-3 origin 282 pellets 201, 210 permeabilities 65,67-79,86-92,209,

218,285 piping 5,65-6,78-80,82,93-5,272 plastic limit 66-7, 90-2 porosity 75,81,88 sand mixtures 6, 96-7 sedimentation 70 self-sealing 99 shrinkage 5

shrinkage limit 67 sodium 281,282-5 structure 282-4 swelling 5, 65-6, 73, 74, 88, 209, 273, 274 tablets 206-9,289-91,292 void ratio 80, 87, 89 water content 84,85-7,90-1 workability 289 yield stress 83-6,95

Bond failure 37 hydraulic 25, 269

see also Hydraulic conductivity; Permeability; Plug-rock interface mechanical 37-8,269,273,274

see also Concrete-rock interface; Plug­rock interface; Push-out testing; Stress strength 5,36-8,117-18,

211-12 Borehole

applications 268-9 conditions 270-1 damage 24-5,271,278 emplacement 104, 107, 117-18 hydrogeology 225 inspection 270-1 logging 157,270-1 wall 270-1

see also Well Bridging 205, 277, 278, 286, 295 British Gypsum Ltd 254-5 Buffer 96-7,102,107-9,110,112-13,

117-19,122-3 see also Bentonite

Bulkhead 242 see also Concrete ; Plug

Case study 254-64, 294-7 Casing 189,277, 278, 286 Cement

additives 13 class A 13-14,42 class C 214 class H 207 durability 207-8 grout 4,5,6,7,13,19,29,32,40 longevity 207-8 preparation 13-14 see also Cement plug

326 Index

Cementation Mining Ltd 257-8 Cement plug

axial load 28-9 axial strength 36-9 bond strength 29,37-8 crack 26,52 drilling effects 24-5 drying 4,5,26-7,42-3,45-52,60 under dynamic loading 40, 52-8 expansion 6, 13-14,25-6, 52, 62 hydraulic conductivity 42 interface effects 25-6 length 275 length-to-radius ratio 32, 33, 34 peak shear strength 38 permeability 14,15,20,25 resaturation 27, 49 shearing resistance of 31-6,275 shrinkage 4, 26, 52 strength 28, 232-3 stress distribution 18-19,20

see also Stress stress variation effect 20-4 swelling 13-14

Chemical compatibility 272, 277 Chemical equilibrium 207

see also Chemical compatibility Clay 135, 209-10, 280

see also Bentonite; Buffer; Montmorillonite Colbert Project 294,295 Compaction

backfill 278 bentonite 6, 70-1, 93-4, 96 bentonite-crushed rock mixture

70-1,276-7 bentonite-sand buffer 107-8 buffer 107-8,112-13 granular salt 201-6 in situ 107-8 laboratory 70-1 testing 70-1

Compressive storage 143, 150, 169-70 Concrete

batching 246-7 crack 251 expansion 120-1 hardening 119 mix design 118,247-8 performance 120 permissible stress 242-5 placing 246-7 plug 118 plug construction 233,246-9 plug displacement 121 plug length 230-1,252-4 plug strength 232-3 plug stress 232-3 porous 250 quality control 247 shrinkage effect 248, 251 . shrinkage strain 120

strength 118 temperature 119 thermal effect 248 transporting 246-7 see also Cement; Cement plug

Concrete-rock interface 251 see also Plug-rock interface

Consolidation granular salt 201-5 plug 227, 258

Coring, see Drilling Crack, see Fracture Critical pressure gradient 85- 6

Damage by casing removal 278 around drill hole 24, 271 around excavation 103,104,

196-9,228, 248 Darcy's law 88-9,130,132,151-2,196-9

see also Flow analysis Design

of bulkhead door 242 calculation 233-46 considerations 218-23,270-4 criteria 39, 274-6 under dynamic load 56-60 factors 227-33 location 228 steel load transfer 240-1

Diffusivity 96-8, 135-7, 153-4 Dried cement 26, 56, 60

see also Fracture Drift 7 Drill cutting 277,285 Drillhole, see Borehole Drilling

damage 24-5,271 fluid 291,292 methods 24-5 mud 25 oftest holes 13, 158, 178-9

Dry density 107-8,118 Dye testing 50-2, 175 Dynamic

acceleration 43, 52 compaction 205, 206 deformations 58-9 experiments 42-4, 52-6 frequency 52 loading 40-1,52-6,57-8 scaling factor 59-60

Earth pressure 120 Earthquake 40

see also Seismic Effective porosity 151,152

see also Porosity Emplacement

cementitious seal 278 concrete plug 246-9

Index 327

granular salt 205 - 6 nuclear waste 96-9 salt seal 205-6 see also Bailer; Compaction

Evaporite 3, 6 see also Rock salt

Excavations 227-8 see also Drift; Mine; Ramp; Shaft;

Storage cavern; Tunnels

Factor of safety 118,245-6,253 see also Design

Field site, see Oracle Ridge mine; Superior Arizona; Underground Research Laboratory; Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

Field testing, see Flow testing; In situ buffer compaction; In situ experiment; Isothermal experiment

Filler materials 209 Finite element analysis

on flow 15-20,132-5 on stress 18-19,31-6

Flow analysis axisymmetric 15-18,134-5, 138-40,

147-50,162-5,171 one dimensional 128,136-8,142-7,

165-6,173 see also Finite element analysis

Flow calculation, see Finite element analysis; Flow analysis

Flow net 15-16 Flow testing

with brine 218 with dye 50-2 with gas 214 head-buildup 140-50,154,168-71 high temperature 78-9 longitudinal 76 one-side-configuration 127, 134-5,

155, 183 polyaxial 77-8 steady constant-head 152-3 steady-state flow 131-5,159 tracer 150-2,154,171-6,217

see also Dye testing transient constant-head 153-4 transient flow 135-40, 166-8 two-side configuration 127,155,182 with water 14-15

Fluid barrier 209 Flyash 207

see also Cement Fractional density 202, 203

see also Consolidation Fracture 11,25,216,217 Fuller-Thompson equation 68,69

Geochemistry 227 see also Chemical compatibility

Granite 13,20,42,46-7,102,117-18

Grout cement 206-9 procedure 249-50 PureGold 296 see also Cement

Halite, see Rock salt Heater 102, 109, 117, 124 Heater-buffer interaction 99 Host media, see Rock Host rock, see Rock Hydraulic bond, see Bond Hydraulic conductivity 4,6,7, 15, 118,

158,170-1 see also Permeability

Hydraulic gradient 110,122,130,151 Hydrodynamic dispersion 126,152 Hydrogeology 1l0, 122, 141

Impulse variation 144 In situ buffer compaction 107-8, 112-13 In situ experiment 100-1 In situ testing, see Flow testing; In situ buffer

compaction; In situ experiment; Isothermal experiment

Interbed 189 Isothermal experiment 101, 117-18

Joffe effect 204

Kozeny-Carman equation 88,90-3

Laboratory testing, see Compaction; Dye testing; Dynamic; Flow testing; Push­out testing

Leakage at cement plug-rock interface

25-6,52 at concrete-rock interface 251 through concrete plug 250-1 through rock fracture 25 through surrounding rock 251

Limestone 158 Load

axial 28 see also Push-out testing

thermal 273 transfer 240 seismic 273-4

see also Dynamic see also Stress

Material selection 276-7 see also Design

Mechanical bond, see Bond Mine

abandonment 126 closure 4 discharge 4 flooding 4 safety 126 waste 126

328

Montmorillonite 66-7,96,280-2 see also Bentonite

National Coal Board North Selby Mine 258-64

Nuclear waste repositories 2,28,41,61 see also Waste disposal

Openings, see Excavations Oracle Ridge mine 158 Overcoring 183 Overpack, see Buffer

Performance testing, see Case study; Field testing; Laboratory testing

Permeability basalt 20 bentonite 65,67-79,209,218,285 bentonite-crushed rock mixture

75-80 calculation, see Finite element analysis;

Flow analysis cement plug 15-18,20-5,46-50,

175-8,180 granite 20,46-50,118 granular salt 202-3,206 limestone 158 rock salt 186, 194-6 tuff 20, 178-9

Permeameter 11-12,131 Placement 2,7,275,277-8

see also Emplacement Piezometer 101-2,110,122,158 Plug

annular 26 axial strength 37-8 bearing resistance 234-5 boundary 228 confining pressure effect 20-4, 273 concrete 118,213,246-9 consolidation 227, 258 construction 246-9 control 226-7 deformation 120 design 233-46,249-54,274-6 displacement 121 drilling effect 24-5 drying effect 26 emergency 227 failure 228 fracture effect 25 granular salt 215-17

see also Compaction; Consolidation leakage 250-1 length 230-1,252-4,275 location 228 placement 277-8

see also Emplacement precautionary 226,257-8 seismic effect 273-4

see also Dynamic shape 228-31

Index

shearing resistance 275 see also Bond; Push-out testing

size effect 59-60 strength 232-4, 239 stress 18-19,232

see also Stress taper 237, 238-40 temporary 227,258 thermal effect 248, 273 types 226-7 width 233 see also Bentonite; Cement plug, Concrete;

Plug-rock interface Plugging, see Sealing Plug-rock interface

aperture 26 axial strength 31 flow 25-6,50-1,52 interaction pressure 25-6 leakage 52, 251 shear stress 30-1

Plug-rock permeability ratio 17-18,22-3

see also Finite element analysis Pneumatic packer 159,168,

178,212-13 Porosity 75, 88, 199,206 Portland cement, see Cement Pulse test 140-2

see also Flow testing Pump 11-12,159-60 Push-out testing 29-31,211

see also Bond

Radioactive waste repository, see Nuclear waste repositories; Waste disposal

Ramp 7,97 Recovery variation 142-3 Recrystallization 204 Rock, see Basalt; Granite; Limestone; Rock

salt; Tuff Rock bridge 10, 14 Rock salt

constitutive model 193-4 creep 192-4 dilation 199 disturbed zone 196-9 granular 201-6,215-17,221 healing 199-201 mechanics 191-2 microcrack in 196-7 permeability 194-6 triaxial compression 191-2

Rock specimen, see Basalt; Granite; Limestone; Rock salt; Tuff

Salt, see Rock salt Seal

annular 286-7, 295 bentonitic 215-18

see also Bentonite

Index 329

cementitious 221,275 see also Cement; Cement plug

compressive storage 143 concrete 213-15

see also Concrete design, see Design in situ stress effect 273

see also Stress installation 179-80

see also Compaction; Emplacement; Placement

interference from nearby activities 272-3

length 272,275 location 274 performance 10,211-12

see also Performance testing under pressure 272 removal 175 seismic effect 272-3

see also Dynamic; Seismic system 274,276 thermal effect 273 see also Plug

Sealing design, see Design location 270,274 long-term 190 objectives 268-9 options 189-90 permanent 190,269 plan 270-1 practice 2,186,188-9,276 regulations 1-2,188-9,269 research 2-3 short-term 189-90

Seal-rock interface 211,212 see also Concrete-rock interface; Plug­

rock interface Seismic

activity 273-4 hazard 40-1 load 61 see also Dynamic; Earthquake

Shaft 7,28,225,258-64 Shaking table 43,44, 52

see also Dynamic Site characteristics 270-4

see also Design Smectite 280, 282

see also Bentonite; Clay; Montmorillonite Specific discharge 130 Specific storage 129, 130, 135-7, 153 Stiffness 275 Storage cavern 41,187,272 Strategic petroleum reserve 187-8

Stress analysis 18-19,33-6 axial 11-12, 30-1, 33-4 concrete 242-5 confining 11-12 in situ 273 interface shear 30-1,33-4 invariant 22 permissible stress 242 - 5 plug 18-20,232-3 radial 19 rock 20-4,34-6,231-2 shear 30,33-4,233 steel 245, 246 tangential 19 tensile 34-6

Suction 99,106,122-3 Superior Arizona 29, 178-9 Swelling clay 280

see also Bentonite; Montmorillonite

Temperature gradient 119 Temperature variation 26 Testing, see Field testing; Flow testing;

Laboratory testing Test site, see Oracle Ridge mine; Superior

Arizona; Underground Research Laboratory; Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

Thermal conductivity 98,114 Thermal expansion 112,116 Tuff 13,19,20,29,34-5,67,178-9 Tunnels 7,28,96-7, 126 Type curve 136-7, 138, 139, 144-5,

149-50,154 see also Flow analysis

Underground excavation, see Excavations Underground Research Laboratory 99-100 Uniformity coefficient 276

Ventilation 228 Viscosity 130 Void ratio 89 Volume strain 202

Waste disposal Canada 97-9 Sweden 3,96 United States 186 see also Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant 186,212,213

Water head 231,253 Well

abandonment 269 monitoring 286-7, 294-6 oil and gas 2, 186-7