Beyond Globalization: the Asian Way

of Innovation and Well-Being in

Transdisciplinary Perspective

TGSW2017 1-2-2) a session on

neo-communitarian society version 5.0

exploring the possibility of Asian neo-

communitarian societies after globalization.

ICR Special commitment

Good Governance Puzzle

and Neo-communitarian

society version 5.0 :

Japan and Taiwan

Yutaka TSUJINAKA ICR, Faculty of Humanities and Social

Sciences

University of Tsukuba

2

Why community in the age of

Smart society 5.0

3

4

And why Taiwan and Japan

Reverse Extreme Case, Turkmenistan : Modern Tall Buildings are not proof for good governance and wellbeing (Ashgabat ,marble builds.)

5

LOWER THAN 3 METER SOCIETY AND POLITICS DOES MATTER

Wellbeing Building construction

My concern: people, civil society and politics: Community and association

6

contents • 0:Key terms and the frame • 1:Introduction: needs-Natural disaster, Aging-welfare -

care • 2: Why states are not reliable: small state • 3: Why state is so small in Asia: Late Emerging

state=No welfare state • 4: Expectation goes to Civil Society: “associational

revolution” and community • 5: China • 6: USA • 7: Japan • 8: Solution: neo-communitarian society v.5.0

0: KEY TERMS AND THE FRAME

Before delivering speech

Community and Association • Community = common life = any area of common life,

village, or town, or district, or country, or even wider area. • An integral system, based on the will of individuals wishing

to connect together commonly, also mainly related to shared land or residence

• (accompanied by Emotional attachment but it is not an organism)

• Association = an organization (a part) of social beings(community)

• Pursuit of some common Interest or interests. • Organized functional interest (partial interest), based on

purpose-means-instrumental rationality • （MacIver, R.M.1917) • These are not mutual, binary conflicts or mutually

exclusive. Both of them are key elements of Civil Society

Communitarianism, Communitarian society

• A philosophical or an ethical position, stance or ideology emphasizing and valuing any kinds of communities, connection between the individual and the community.

• No direct relation to the controversy with John Rawls,1971. A Theory of Justice. The most influential book on liberalist ethics in 20th century.

• (No direct relation to Communitarianism school.) Communitarian society 5.0 is word of mine.

Community: a broad perspective

• From residential area to the globe

• (regional community, European community, global community )

• From territorial to functional

• (such as academic community, policy community, or even Virtual currency development community )

Japan and Taiwan

• Assumption (intuitional hypothesis)

• Having Robust neighborhood community and

• Good social capital (bonding and bridging)

• → can be a good model - Asian way of sustainable socio-political model for people well-beings

• → can give impacts /suggestions to the Asian countries.

NHK 2003-2010

Powerful solution

by

Neighbor

hood

Community

To 144 tough cases

And NHAs

Neighborhood Associations (NHAs, 300,000)

→890 out of 1843 Municipalities Surveyed (18 thousand returns)

凡例

自治会規模

自治会数

1 - 50

51 - 100

101 - 200

201 - 300

301 - 500

501 - 999

14

15

• Myself: Political Scientist, Com. Civil Societies • JIGS surveys and related studies

Micro level 「Policy making process」

Meso level 「Political process」

Macro level 「Political system」

Social processes

Comparative statistical survey of NPOs （Organizational statistics）

C. Japan Interest Group Survey（JIGS）

A. Pressure Groups Survey

B. Global Environmental Policy Network Survey

・The initial comparative study on civil society and interest groups—JIGS (Japan Interest Group Survey) — received

responses from over 40,000 Japanese

organizations and over 23,000 overseas

organizations from 15 countries. This

study on civil society is the first of its kind

to be undertaken on such a grand scale. （15 surveyed countries include：Japan, South Korea, USA, Germany, China, Turkey, Russia, Philippines, Brazil, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Poland, Estonia, India, and Thailand)

・By utilizing the JIGS data, we have made possible the mass-production of research results that comparatively reflect on the situation in both Japan and the world on a specific topic.

16

JIGS CSO Surveys 1997-2017 no.1

Country Year Data Source / Survey Method Populatio

n Sample

(a)

Valid Respons

e(b)

Return Rate(%)

(b/a)

Regions (Valid Return Sample)

1.Japan '97 Classified telephone directory/ mail 23,128 4,247 1,635 38.5 Tokyo (1,438) Ibaraki (197)

2.Korea '97 Classified telephone directory / mail 11,521 3,890 493 12.7 Seoul (371) Kyonggi

(110)

3.USA '99 Classified telephone directory / mail 7,228 5,089 1492 29.3 Washington, D.C.

(748) North Carolina (752)

4.Germany '00 Classified telephone directory and list of influential interest groups made by Hoppenstedt (think tank) / mail

4,806 3,100 885 28.8 Berlin (643) Halle

(154)

5.China 01-02 '03-04

“Social Groups” officially registered at the Municipal or District/Country Civil Affairs Bureau / mail

9,536 8,897 2858 32.1 Beijing (627)

Zhejiang(1,782) Heilongjiang (449)

6.Russia '03-04 Registered Organizations（NGO） Database / mail

2,974 1,500 711 47.4 Moscow (411) Saint

Petersburg (300)

7.Turkey ’03-04 Regional survey investigation based on telephone directory / interview

15,730 3,146 841 - Ankara (334) Istanbul (507)

8.Philippine '04-05 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Philippine Foundation Center (PFC) / interview

44,051 5,172 1014 18.5 Manila (855) Cebu

(159)

9.Brazil '05-06 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), organization directory / interview

275,895 2,609 2014 77.2

Belem (193) Belo Horizonte (390) Brasilia (1,132)

Goiania (115) Recife (170)

10.Bangladesh '06-07 Organization directory (registered at the government or institutions) / mail and interview

29,528 5,915 1509 25.5 Dhaka (1,005) Rajshahi (504)

11.a Japan (2nd) '06-'07 Classified telephone directory/ mail 91,101 91,101 15791 17.3 Nationwide Survey

Japan

11.b Japan NPO '06-'07 Registered Organizations（NGO） Database / mail

23,403 23,403 5127 21.9 Nationwide Survey

Japan

11.c Japan NHA '06-'07 Registered Neighborhood Associations (MP)/ mail

296,770 33,438 18404 55 Nationwide Survey

Japan

17

no.2 Total 62573 orgs.(plus 4th JIGS plus NHSs) Needs Taiwan survey

12. a Germany Club and Society

'07-08 Classified telephone directory / mail 4,657 2,660 497 18.7 Berlin (354) Halle (82) Heidelberg (61)

12. b Germany Interest Group

'07-08 Lobbying list and list of influential interest groups made by Hoppenstedt (think tank) / mail

13,717 1,960 312 15.9 Nationwide Survey

Germany

13. Korea (2nd) '08-09 Classified telephone directory / mail 112,917 29,422 1008 3.4 Nationwide Survey

Korea

13. Korea NPO '08-09 Organization directory (NGO) / mail 7,030 7,030 425 6.0

14. China (2nd) 09-11 Organization directory (registered social organizations) / Mail and conference

23,038 2,120 1251 59 Beijing (305)

Zhejiang (558) Heilongjiang (388)

14. China NEU 09-11 Organization directory (registered people-run non-enterprise units) / Mail and conference

21727? 2,021 1271 62.9 Beijing (370)

Zhejiang (444) Heilongjiang (457)

14. China Foundation

09-11 Organization directory (registered foundations) / Mail and conference

298? 277? 118 42.6? Beijing (65) Zhejiang

(33) Heilongjiang (20)

15. a USA Seattle '08-09 Organization directory (comprehensive non-profit orgs)/ mail, web, phone

8,524 4,297 1501 34.9 Seattle(858), King

County

15. b USA Washington D. C.

’09-10 501(c)3 and 501(c)4 / mail, web, phone

3,300 571 17.3 D.C. (237)

Maryland (133) Virginia (201)

16. a Uzbekistan NPO

‘07-08 Organization directory / mail 1,541 1,541 400 26 Nationwide Survey

Uzbekistan

16. b Uzbekistan NHA

‘07-08

602

Nationwide Survey Uzbekistan

17. Estonia '09 Classified phone directory / web 1,662 1,662 344 20.7 Nationwide

18. Poland '09-10 Organization directory (REGON) 22,361 3,000 261 8.7 Mazowieckie (128)

Lubelskie (56) Dolnoslaskie (77)

19. a India Non-Profit and Civic Sector

11-12 List made by a peek organization / mail (including e-maiil)

3,000 3,000 487 16.2 Delhi

19. b India Profit Sector

12 Organization directory (registered at the government or institution)/ mail (including e-mail)

4,968 1,559 251 16.1 Delhi

20. Thailand CSO and NHA

13 mail and reconfirmed with some organizations by phone/ both mail and direct interview

- 2,996/

156 369/142

12.3/ 93.4

Chang Mai (220/76) Ma hong Son (35/6) Lamphun (75/17) Lampang (29/43)

Publishing and Analysis on going: Causal Model of CSO level satisfaction to LG

• In cities where high group cohesiveness is more often observed, local CSOs may have denser networks with other social and political actors.

• Governance networks may enhance public trust in LG.

• Public trust in LG is deemed to contribute to citizen satisfaction (through cooperation between CSOs and LG).

18

NPO, NHA satisfaction to LG ( employing SEM, structural equation model)

19

Oval: latent variable Rectangle: observed variable Circle: error term Coefficients are standardized. Several paths are omitted.

CHALLENGES AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN JAPAN AND TAIWAN

1： Introduction:

NATURAL DISASTERS

1-1

Earthquakes (mag.5≦）: 2000-09

22

The largest Earthquake, Tsunami and Fukusima Incident in Japan

23

24

25

Mutual assistance, and orderly

evacuation sites and long lines

for emergency purchase, after

the disaster

One Index of Good governance: Consumer Price before and after 3.11 no opportunistic price rise (2010=100)

26

97.0

97.5

98.0

98.5

99.0

99.5

100.0

100.5

101.0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

2011 2012

Nationwide

Fukushima

Sendai

Taiwan and earthquakes

Between 1901 and the year 2000 there were 91 major earthquakes in Taiwan, 48 of them resulting in loss of life.[4] The most recent major earthquake was the 921 earthquake, which struck on September 21, 1999, and claimed 2,415 lives. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan

27

AGING, WELFARE, CARE

1-2

Japan：Aging and Aging...

29

In Japan, the first Baby Boomers have left the workforce.

“over 65”!!

Taiwan as well

Aging cohort percentage(11%, over 65) is still lower than Japan, but Less-Birth tendency rapidly appears in recent year.

Facing Same Challenges of Aging society

Taiwan, no 2

Japan, no 1

Country

Aging population account for a proportion of

total population (Year) Duration of doubling ratio (Years)

7% 10% 14% 20% 30% 7%→14% 10%→20% 20%→30%

Taiwan 1993 2005 2017 2025 2040 24 20 15

Singapore 2000 2010 2016 2023 2034 16 13 11

Korea 2000 2007 2017 2026 2040 17 19 14

Japan 1970 1985 1994 2005 2024 24 20 19

China 2001 2016 2026 2036 - 25 20 -

US

1942

1972

2015

2034 -

73

62 -

Germany 1932 1952 1972 2009 2036 40 57 27

UK 1929 1946 1975 2026 - 46 80 -

Italy 1927 1966 1988 2007 2036 61 41 29

Sweden 1887 1948 1972 2015 - 85 67 -

France 1864 1943 1979 2020 - 115 77 -

32

Asian Aging Society (Twins: Taiwan and JPN)

Sources: Executive Yuan, R.O.C. , Population prospects, 2008

Japan, Taiwan (hypothetical) and Asia • Japan’s features, many of below share with Asia but・・

• 1) long history of traditional CSO dating back to the

premodern era • 2) government committing comprehensively to CSO; • 3) preferring self-governance and service over advocacy; • 4) development of indigenous grass-root neighborhood

organizations collaborating with local governments; and • 5) predominance of formal industrial and business

organizations in CSO.

• Asia has not achieved good governance like Japan and Taiwan, while both also has many challenges shared.

• I will tackle the puzzle why Japan and Taiwan can show the good governance in terms of NPS, CSOs.

2: WHY THE STATE IS NOT RELIABLE?

Before Q: Why community?

34

STATES : SMALL BUT

INTERVENTIONIST

(DEVELOPMENTAL)

Asia: No welfare state region

Small Public Sector Employees: JPS the

smallest in the OECD

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

KoreaJapan

GreeceMexico

ChileNew Zealand

SwitzerlandPoland

GermanyAustriaTurkey

PortugalNetherlands

Czech RepublicSlovak Republic

SpainItaly

United StatesOECD

AustraliaSlovenia

IsraelIreland

BelgiumCanada

LuxembourgUnited Kingdom

EstoniaHungary

FranceFinland

SwedenDenmark

Norway

Employment in general government as a percentage of the labor force (2011)

36

Asian states as small government(?) Smaller than Japan （Taiwan, the smallest)

3: LATE EMERGING STATE =NO WELFARE STATE (VS. EUROPE)

Why community?

Why state is so small in Asia?

38

Industry demographics : Late starter Japan vs. Germany Scissor-shaped Graph vs. . long 2nd !

39

• In spite of the rapid economic growth, the secondary sector was not the largest. • The turning point of JPN was around 1960. Post-industrialization starts in the 1970s.

Japan and Taiwan (compressed industrialzation)

40

• In spite of the rapid economic growth, the secondary sector was not the largest. • The turning point was around 1960. Post-industrialization starts in the 1970s.

Industry demographics position of 2nd sector

Scissor-shaped Asia vs. long 2nd Western Advanced 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1872 1880 1980 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1947 1950 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

構成

比(％

)

(b) 韓国 1950-2010

第1次産業

第3次産業

第2次産業

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

構成

比(％

)

(d) 米国 1870-2010

第1次産業

第3次産業

第2次産業

その他

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1882 1895 1907 1925 1933 1939 1946 1950 1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

構成

比(％

)

(g) ドイツ 1882-2010

その他

第1次産業

第3次産業

第2次産業

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1866 1886 1896 1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954 1962 1968 1980 1987 1994 2003 2010

構成

比(％

)

(f) フランス 1866-2010

その他第1次産業

第3次産業

第2次産業

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1871 1881 1901 1911 1921 1931 1936 1951 1961 1971 1980 1990 2000 2010

構成

比(％

)

(e) イタリア 1871-2010

その他

第1次産業

第3次産業

第2次産業

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1872 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1987 2001 2008

構成

比(％

)

(a) 台湾 1950-2008

第1次産業

第3次産業

第2次産業

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1951 1961 1971 1980 1990 2000 2010

構成

比(％

)

(h) イギリス 1861-2010

第1次産業

第2次産業

その他

第3次産業

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1872 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1947 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

構成

比(％

)

(c) 日本 1872-2010

第3次産業

第1次産業

第2次産業

その他

Secondary S., Labor, Welfare State vs. Diversity without WS

• Western : Longer-term modernization ⇒ labor majority and CS association growth⇒ democratization with labor unions⇒social democratic, welfare state

• Asian : Short-term modernization and transition⇒unstable CSO and labor union, remaining traditional organizations like NHAs

• ⇒No welfare state, Diversity of regimes

INDUSTRY DEMOGRAPHICS AND ITS SOCIO-POLITICAL OUTCOMES ARE STILL STRONG REGULATING POWER IN ASIA

4 : EXPECTATION GOES TO CIVIL SOCIETY (NON-STATE)!

When the state is not reliable

Target 1997-2017 : JIGS, Civil society Studies

IGs and CSOs: Public functions: Shrinking Gov’t,

Business, Family - “Civil society consists of sustained, organized social activity that occurs in groups that are formed outside the state, market and family.” (Susan Pharr 2003: vii)

・The initial comparative study on civil society and interest groups—JIGS (Japan Interest Group Survey) — received responses from over 40,000 Japanese organizations and over 23,000 overseas organizations from 15 countries. This study on civil society is the first of its kind to be undertaken on such a grand scale. （15 surveyed countries include：Japan, South Korea, USA, Germany, China, Turkey, Russia, Philippines, Brazil, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Poland, Estonia, India, and Thailand)

社会的

つながり

政府

企業 家族

Government

Company Family

Civil

Society

45

NPS=Civil Society (CS) Map: High-Density and Uneven

CS Sectors in Japan (More than100 laws.) Results from the 2007 survey,

Tokyo

Limited liability company (605)[2006]

These figures are mainly for 2007 or later. Information regarding the positioning of groups and organizations was based on the National Institute for Research Advancement's Report No. 980034, Research Report on the Support System for Citizen's Public-Interest Activities, (in Japanese), 1994, p.27. The author has revised all figures used to represent the number of each type of organization.

Special Public Promotion Corporations

No juridical Organizations

Private School Corporations (7,875) [2006]

Social Welfare

Corporations (18,258) [2005]

Incorporated Foundations (12,321)

[2006]

Religious Corporations (182,796) [2005]

Private Organizations with a place of business (42,000)

Private Organizations without have a place of business (43,000)

Authorized NHAs (22,051)

Community Based NHAs (296,770) [2003]

Authorized Special Public Trust

Public Trust(578) [2006]

Management Unions of Condominium

Joint-Stock Corporations (2,490,748) [2006]

Areas in which interest associations, NGOs, and private NPOs

exist

: Concept in terms of legal

status

: Concept in terms of tax

policy

Medical Societies

41,324[2006]

For the Public / Public Good For Profit

Political Parties / Political Organizations (75,558) [2004]

Cooperative Societies,

Etc. Consumer Cooperatives (1116) [2004]

969）

Agricultural Cooperatives (3,239) [2007]

Mid-sized & Small Business Cooperative Societies (38,733) [2004]

Credit Unions

Etc.

Governmental Corporations

Incorporated Association (12,572) [2006]

Commercial Union Labor Unions

(61,178) [2005]

Commercial Society (2,734) [2004]

Chambers of Commerce (524) [2004]

Other

(56,494) [2006]

Public Good Corporations, Etc.

Regular

Corporations Medical Foundation

(396) [2006]

Limited Partnerships (32,2001) [2006]

Voluntary Unions

Fo

und

atio

n-ty

pe

Org

an

iza

tions

Unio

n-ty

pe

Org

an

iza

tion

s

Authorized Public Corporations (1,800) [2007]

Specified non-profit Corporations

(33,389) [2007]

Unlimited Partnerships (5,781) [2006]

Corporations having a special semi-governmental status (35) [2008]

Private corporations set up under special laws (37) [2007]

Independent administrative institution (102) [2007]

Medical Societies 41,324[2006]

Limited liability company (605)[2006]

46

“ASSOCIATIONAL REVOLUTION” IN 1990S

In the world except for Japan?

1990s “Associational Revolution”? (JIGS data:When CSOs are established?) (cf.Lester M. Salamon 1994)

“Associational revolution” since the 1990s though 21 century? How about JPN, China?

Focusing Asia: The impact of Regime change?

Tokyo survey: After the wartime(WWII), many CSOs were established and has survived for

a long time. Robust the post-war structure has become the infra-structure of 55 regime.

Other cities surveys: Most CSOs within recent two decades. How about China?

TOP DOWN SOCIAL ORGANIZING AND CONTROL OF LOCAL AREA AND COMMUNITY

5: China:

BATTLE FOR COMMUNITY POWER AND LOCAL AREA CONTROL

Chinese Case: Gov’t Policy to CSOs

(registered)

52

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Social Org. Pr.Non Profit Org. Foundation

Civil Society (CS) Map in China 　　　　は法人格上の概念，は税制上の概念，　　　　は中国市民社会の領域を指す。

　　　　　はJIGS調査の対象であり，本

書の主たる分析対象である(民弁非企

業単位(第8章，第10章)，基金会(第9

章，第10章)，社会団体(第4章，第5章，

第6章，第7章，第10章，第16章，第17

章))。

　　　　　はJIGS調査の対象ではないも

のの，本書の分析対象となっている市民社会組織である(人民団体(第11章)，

社区(第12章)，農村の民間組織(第13

章)，草の根NGO(第14章) )。

資料)『中国統計年鑑』，『中国社会組織年鑑』，『中国基本単位統計年鑑』，各人民団体，民政部門で登記を免除する社会団体のホームページを参照。

出所)辻中(2002：234‐235)を参照し，上

記の資料に基づき，黄媚作成。

市場領域市民社会領域

社会団体法人

国家領域

国有持株企業(261,944)

集団持株企

業(270,139)

香港・マカ

オ・台湾・外

資企業(198,371)

私営企業(5,792,102)

その他(808,644)

事業単位法

人(725,000)

企業法人

人民団体(6,979,202)

政党

中国共産党組

織(39,423)

政協と民主諸

党派組織(6,194)

国務院の批准により、民

政部門での登記を免除されている社会団体(776,067)

民弁非企業単位(204,388)

基金会(2,614)

社会団体(254,969)

二級団体

法人格のない社会団体等

総工会(2,320,000)

工商業連合会(47,203)

社区(160,352)

社区で登記する業主

委員会、届けを提出

する社会団体、また

は未登記の社会団体

都市居民委員会(89,480)

農村村民委員会(589,653)

工商行政管理局で登記する草の根NGO、国際

NGO、民間シンクタンクなどの市民社会組織

農民専業合作社(509,000)

一部未登記の草の

根NGO

任意団体

組

合

性

財

団

性

学生団体宗族(血縁団体)

地縁団体

農村娯楽

組織

その他

一部宗教組織

国家機関(399,694)

Community Committees,

after People's commune

and work unit system 2.自治组织。截至2016年底,基层群众自治组织共计66.2万个。其中：村委会55.9万个，比上年下降3.8％，村民小组447.8万个,村委会成员225.3万人，比上年下降1.9%；居委会10.3万个，比上年增长3.3％，居民小组142.0万个,居委会成员54.0万人，比上年增长5.4%。全年共有9.7万个村（居）委会完成选举，参与选举的村（居）民登记数为1.7亿人，参与投票人数为0.9亿人。

图13 自治组织 http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjgb/201708/20170800005382.shtml

CCP Top leader, Xí Jìnpíng clearly realizes their importance.

FROM BOTTOM UP, OR RIOTING USA; TRUMP’S VICTORY

6: USA

55

Majority voting group in the constituency （Blue: White,

less than high school, Light blue: white college, grey: white bachelor, Cream :minority

all(2012 election timing)(New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/07/us/how-trump-can-

win.html?action=click&contentCollection=Election%202016&region=Footer&module=WhatsNext&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&moduleDetail=undefined&pgtype=Multimedia

Where Trump was supported: US Presidential Election 2016：Republican（Red) or Democrat (blue)：USA Today http://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/how-the-election-unfolded/)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Number of Associations（per 100,000 people）

business Labor Citizen

professional political N.E.C.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Employees in the associations（per 100,000

people）

business Labor Citizen

professional political N.E.C.

US Books on community problems

• Theda Skocpol,Diminished Democracy: from Membership to Management in American Civic Life, (University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).

• Robert David Putnam,Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community, (Simon & Schuster, 2000).

ERODING TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

7: Japan:

NHAs, SOs, and NPOs year of establishment

62

0

50

100

150

200

250

1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1986 1991 1996 1999 2001 2004 2006 2009 2012 2014

Total

Business

Labor

Cultural

Poitical

N.E.C.

Association Employees in Japan (p/100,000）

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

Women's/Youth Clubs PTA Agriculture Fishery Organizations

Labor unions Commerce & Industrial Associations religious organizationsHobby N.E.C. Not particiapateNeighborhood Associations Senior Clubs Civic, Citizens,NPOs

political, politician support alumini associations

Changes of Organization Participation Rates of Voters by Types of Organization ( Surveyed by the Association for Promoting Fair Elections

＃of Healing (Iyashi) related articles in Japanese papers and magazines (Matsui 2013)

65

TOWARD NEO-COMMUNITARIAN SOCIETY VERSION 5.0

8: Solution

66

TENTATIVE PERIODIZATION: COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Development of communitarian society

communitarian society version 1.0 primordial community (Pre-modern)

No separation between community and

society

C.=residential area ＝polis, polity, state

Plato, Aristotle: polis

Christianity: religious community

Feudalism

Johannes Althusius: subsidiarity,

federalism

68

Polis=City state or traditional Village

communitarian society version 2.0

separation and differntiation between community

and association: finding of the difference

Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)

Georg Simmel (1858-1918)

Ferdinand Tönnies(1855– 1936)

geminshcaft

Max Weber (1864- 1920) community

Karl Heinrich Marx(1818 – 1883)

Vs. industrialization, industrial

revolution 1st and 2nd , functional

society 70

INDUSTRIALIZATION, MASS SOCIETY: ISOLATION, ALIENATION AND POWER STRUCTURE

71

communitarian society

version 3.0

R.M. Maclver 1882-1970

(A.F.Bentley 1870-1957)

(Graham Wallace 1858-1932)

Vs. Mass society

Great society, Industrial revolution 2nd, 3rd

And mass production

CPS: community power structure

(USA:1950s-60s)

72

neo-liberalism, globalism

73

communitarian society

version 4.0

Amitai Etzioni

Robert Putnam

Vs. John Rawls,1971. A Theory of Justice,

Vs. neo-liberal, global society

Mass media (TV), information society

Post-industrialization, post-welfare society

Post-communism, post-cold war

74

Smart society, society 5.0

75

communitarian society

version 5.0

Smart society, society 5.0

IoT,AI

Vs. Post neo-liberalism/globalism

Post-welfare society

The age of Social innovation

76

Asia has enough NHA community

77

• Mahalla in UZ / Mohalla Committee in Bangladesh, many Islamic societies

• PRI (Panchayati raj institutions) in India • chumchon yoi nai khet tessaban =Urban Community in the

Municipality of Thailand • Ban Sang Hwei（班常会）in Korea (as well in Okinawa） • 「社区居民委員会」業主委員会「村民委員会」in China • Taiwan 台湾：村里、（隣）, • RT(Rukun Tetangga=隣組）, Rukun Warga in Indonesia • In many areas, especially in Asia something equivalent can be

easily found. • Generally, not easy to conduct research, because of its

informality, or semi-formality.. • Would-be Key factor to understand the non-Western

governance and the role of civil society.

Neo-communitarian society version 5.0

(Tradition plus society 5.0)

How to integrate Community,

Association and smart society!

From residential area to the globe.

From territorial to functional.

78

JAPAN AND TAIWAN HAVE ENOUGH STUFF OF COMMUNITY, ASSOCIATION, AND SMART SOCIETY. THEREFORE THEY HAVE HIGH POTENTIALITY TO INTEGRATE THEM.

Japan and Taiwan

Strategic significance of International advanced Taiwan and Japan Studies

• To imagine the future, Social Innovation in Community Needed.

• In conclusion, we can imagine the Future from communitarian 5.0 perspective.

• Let us theorize together our society as Asian way of sustainable socio-political model for people well-being,