Beyond ‘Business as usual’ – transformative approaches for closing gender gaps
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Transcript of Beyond ‘Business as usual’ – transformative approaches for closing gender gaps
Beyond ‘Business as usual’ – transformative approaches for closing gender gaps
Ranjitha Puskur12th July 2013, Rome
Overview
• AAS rationale• Our focus• Gender
transformative RinD
AASRationale
Aquatic Agricultural Systems
Systems and livelihoods – not commodities
Integrated Agricultural Systems
Sustainability & scale
Rural poverty
Number of rural poor (millions) (<US$1.25 per day)
“… there are serious and growing threats to the productivity and resilience of the Green Revolution lands. Equitability has also been low. The larger landowners have reaped most of the benefits, while the poor and landless have missed out.” (Conway 2012)
Our focus
Mekong Mekong The Coral TriangleGBM*GBM*
ZambeziZambezi
Population living on <$1.25/day, per grid cell (resolution : 9 km at the equator)
NigerNigerLakes Victoria-Kyoga
Lakes Victoria-Kyoga
Source of poverty map: CGIAR SRF Domain Analysis Spatial Team (2009)
*GBM: Ganges-Brahmaputra-Megna delta
(where learning from Coral Triangle will be scaled out)
South Pacific CommunitySouth Pacific Community
African InlandAsia mega deltas
• High numbers of poor and/or High % of total population dependent on AAS• High vulnerability to change (climate/sea level/water)• Potential to scale out
Geographical Focus
African Coastal
People using AAS
System Area (km²) People <US$1.25/day
Africa – f’water 800,000 70m 43m
Africa - coastal 300,000 12m 7m
Asian Deltas 50,000 100m 40m
Islands SEA + Pfc 650,000 54m 22m
236m 112m
Source: Bené & Teoh, in prep.
The RinD Approach: Programmatic Theory of Change
Countries and hubs
Our research agenda
Gender transformative approachesGender transformative approaches
Integrated themes:Gender
Health & NutritionLearning/Sharing/Communication
Engagement & EmpowermentEffective Partnerships
High potential NRM value chainsFishAquatic Plants
Farm productivity & diversificationDiversified farming systemsDietary diversification
Baseline studiesEcosystem servicesAgrobiodiversityAgric. Knowledge + info systemsGovernance
High potential agric. value chainsCattleRice
HUB strategic initiativesFlood risk managementGender transformative approachAwareness + communication in schoolsCanal management
Program operationsGovernance
ManagementCommunications
Capacity building for implementation
Community level initiatives
Barotse Hub, Zambia
Research Themes
• Sustainable increases in productivity• Improved access to markets• Strengthened resilience and adaptive
capacity• Enhanced gender equality in access to and
control of resources and decision making• Improved policies and institutions• Scaling up (knowledge sharing and
learning)
Gender transformativeRinD
Gender gaps in Agriculture
• Sticky gaps
• Raises big questions…how to close this gap? Is ‘closing
the gap’ enough to lead to lasting, positive
development outcomes?
• Consequences of inequality being addressed, but not
causes
Gender equality and Economic growth
• Asymmetrical relationship• More consistent and robust evidence that
gender equality contributes to economic growth – less the other way (Kabeer and Natali 2013)
• Interrelationships too weak to be self-sustaining (Duflo 2011)
Closing gender gaps
Economic empowerment
Changes in social norms and attitudes
Need a two- pronged approach to push both the levers
Sustainable? Inter-
generational?
Wider impacts?
Key features of Gender Transformative Approach in AAS
• Integrates transformative interventions with
agricultural systems interventions
• Understands people and social diversity in their
context
• Engages with both women and men
• Enables critical learning, reflection & questioning
• Dynamic & iterative
• Multi-scale
Impact Pathway
Gender and development
analysis, methods and tools focused
on AAS development
challenges
Analysis, tools and methods
used to design and implement
gender transformative RinD strategies
and interventions in AAS
Changes in gender roles and norms
Increased access to assets, resources, knowledge, skills, social networks,
markets and services
Equity enabling policies and institutions
Improved range and quality of life choices
Control of decision-making
Enhanced engagement in
markets
Enhanced benefits from use
of assets, resources
Gender equitable systems and structures
Higher participation and leadership in
community initiatives
Reduced poverty
Increased food
security
Improved nutrition
Sustainable NRM
Research outputs Research
outcomes
Development outcomes SLOs
AAS Gender Research Agenda• How do social norms and gender relations influence agricultural development
outcomes for marginalized social groups?
– In-depth social and gender analysis
• What combinations of technical and transformative interventions foster
gender transformative change in different contexts?
– Design of technical + transformative interventions based on the analysis and
Participatory development of Theories of change
– Integration of transformative interventions in Participatory Action Research under
various initiatives in program
– Systematic testing of combinations of interventions
• How do these transformative changes contribute to agricultural development
outcomes like poverty reduction, food and nutrition security?
– Development of metrics to evaluate transformative change and its contribution to
development outcomes
Some transformative change mechanisms
• Household approaches (SIDA, IFAD)
• Behavioural change communication and African
Transformation Methodology (Johns Hopkins University)
• Working with faith leaders (Channels of Hope – World
Vision)
• Learning from Dimitra project on gender in communication
for development (FAO)
• Gender Equity Movement in Schools (GEMS – ICRW)
• Collective action and networks
Generating evidence to demonstrate contributions
• Theory-based and participatory designs – understanding if and how change
happened
• Qualitative comparative and quasi-experimental designs will be woven in as
appropriate – to understand if and why the transformative approaches are
better and generate evidence base to scale out
– Context-specific treatments identified based on the results of social and gender
analysis
Examples:
• In Barotse Flood Plain, Zambia
-African Transformation methodology with randomly selected PAR groups
-Applying for WorldBank Gender innovation Lab funding
• In Bangladesh, where Feed the Future Program is operating
-Feed The Future, with GTA integrated in some communities
- Feed the Future, regular
An example - Livelihood choices, gender roles and associated norms in Barotse Flood Plain, Zambia
Fish value chains
•Men fish using nets in deep waters and women using baskets in
shallow waters and when floods recede
•Women mainly engaged in selling fish without any value addition– Women do not use nets as they are heavy and difficult for them to
handle and, going into deep waters is dangerous.
– ‘If a women fishes with a net, she cannot give birth.’
– ‘Bible stipulates the different roles of men and women and there is
no need for change in gender division of labour.’
– ‘Ladies come from the rib of the man and cannot consider
themselves to be equals.’
– Men and women take up roles based on
knowledge/awareness/training which they received as children• Girls learn from their mothers and boys from their fathers
Cultures and norms are not static!
• Significant changes in norms and acceptance of women
going out fishing into deep waters and at nights with
their husbands– ‘Women paddling is not a bad omen anymore.’
– ‘A good wife these days is someone who can earn some
money to take care of the family’.
• Men and women in village with multiple NGOs operating
seemed to be more open and accepting of changes in social
norms
• Increasing awareness of importance of education for girls –
most girls go to school now
Main actor groups
Practice changesKAS changes needed
• Gender analysis integrated into RinD process
• Gender analysis used to inform RinD design, conduct, analysis and M&E
• Gender-conscious outputs and communication content / techniques
• Implement programs using GTAs
• Become active acceptors of gender integration & analysis (ie. actively seek ways of integrating gender concerns into R&D)
• Develop skills to integrate gender into RinD programs
RinD collaborators- Government orgs- NGOs- Research institutions- Private sector- Media
• Gender analysis integrated into research process with adequate resources allocated
• Gender analysis + transformative approach used to inform research design, conduct, analysis, outputs and M&E
• Become active acceptors of gender integration & analysis (ie. actively seek ways of integrating gender concerns into research)
• Develop skills to integrate gender into RinD programs
AAS Internal- Implementing teams- PLT + POP
• Accepting a wider range and quality of life choices for men and women (including changes in the roles and responsibilities within households and communities).
• Joint decision-making in households and communities.
• Owing and controlling a wider range of resources and assets by women and other marginalized groups
• Understanding and appreciating that gender equality can be win-win
• Increased awareness and acceptance of alternative gender roles
• Overcoming fears of changing norms and roles
• Gaining confidence in exercising alternative behaviours and practices
• Developing communication and negotiation skills
• Communities• - Different social
groups• - Opinion leaders
Research to influence- Government / policy decision-makers- Politicians - Donors- Private sector-Media-NGOs
• Become active acceptors of relevance of gender equality to programs, policy, achieving dev and other goals
• Decrease fears of acting to change norms
• Increased understanding of gender
• Change policies / institutions / legal arrangements / regulations
• Allocate sufficient funding for gender transformative programs
• Acknowledge and reward value of both men and women in industry
• Change media portrayals of gender roles
• Adopt GTA as std practice (NGOs)
•Instigate organizational change processes •Capacity-building programs•Provide expertise and input to research, or direct to resources that can provide these
Program action
•Incentivize organizational change processes •Capacity-building programs•Provide technical advice on implementing a gender transformative approach
•Persuasive communication of gender research motivation, approach and outputs • Generate and communicate evidence of effects of GTAs•Partnerships with local policy advocacy groups
•Portraying alternative gender roles / Demonstrating positive deviance • Social media and behavioural change communication initiatives•Household and gender relations approaches
Translating the approach into action – what are key elements?